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df7e821df8 Update Opposition - but - however.md 2024-06-10 12:11:17 +02:00
92b2dc13a5 Update Opposition - even if.md 2024-06-10 12:11:14 +02:00
d6687db64f Update Question.md 2024-06-10 12:11:11 +02:00
0f95ee154d Update Towards.md 2024-06-10 12:11:07 +02:00
052a32d759 Update Transformation.md 2024-06-10 12:11:04 +02:00
f236e29c26 Update Listing.md 2024-06-10 11:55:23 +02:00
385569d48a Update Adverbs.md 2024-06-10 11:53:40 +02:00
c185d45b43 Update Instead.md 2024-06-10 11:53:38 +02:00
79b9d7f355 Update Description.md 2024-06-10 11:52:36 +02:00
b5e8958662 Update 🔰 Particles (2).md 2024-06-10 11:41:58 +02:00
1d15938af0 Update index.md 2024-06-10 11:40:25 +02:00
729de0b814 Update Considering - for - as.md 2024-06-10 01:56:45 +02:00
f5bda90f53 Update Considering - for - as.md 2024-06-09 01:38:40 +02:00
4a8a5b6c6a Update Considering - for - as.md 2024-06-09 00:15:58 +02:00
f20e5eadd3 Update Opposition - even if.md 2024-06-09 00:15:41 +02:00
aabc00ec27 Update Talking about.md 2024-06-08 18:01:03 +02:00
f0f1441049 Update 🔰 Particles (2).md 2024-06-08 16:21:55 +02:00
2ed69c5a49 Update Opposition - even if.md 2024-06-08 16:21:47 +02:00
d4434245cf Update Time - surprise.md 2024-06-08 16:06:59 +02:00
ac83e4184a Update Time - regularity.md 2024-06-08 16:06:57 +02:00
774dfa1b00 Update Time - recently.md 2024-06-08 16:06:54 +02:00
7479b15e8f Update Time - finally.md 2024-06-08 16:06:52 +02:00
488cd8a490 Update Time - during.md 2024-06-08 16:06:49 +02:00
7d98404201 Update Possibility - wish.md 2024-06-08 16:06:45 +02:00
6eb5c2bb92 Update Possibility - no choice.md 2024-06-08 16:06:42 +02:00
2460b64dca Update Possibility - impossibility.md 2024-06-08 16:06:39 +02:00
461c480f10 Update Possibility - expectation.md 2024-06-08 16:06:36 +02:00
dadae771eb Update Opposition - but - however.md 2024-06-08 16:06:33 +02:00
b96f48c001 Update Opposition - although.md 2024-06-08 16:06:30 +02:00
1f46033081 Update Observation - tendency - feelings.md 2024-06-08 16:06:27 +02:00
780ae4f3cf Update Observation - looking like.md 2024-06-08 16:06:24 +02:00
14cac2ce50 Update Observation - hearsay.md 2024-06-08 16:06:21 +02:00
fe3ac2cea2 Update Obligation - なければ・ないと.md 2024-06-08 16:06:18 +02:00
3aaa48864f Update Connectors - in order to.md 2024-06-08 16:06:13 +02:00
c764ca1d3c Update Can't help - doesn't matter.md 2024-06-08 16:06:08 +02:00
25e17a27b6 Update Opposition - even if.md 2024-06-08 15:47:01 +02:00
0baef0ba9f Update Request.md 2024-06-08 15:46:59 +02:00
192801675f Delete Connectors - even if.md 2024-06-08 15:40:55 +02:00
24dfb636e2 Create Considering - for - as.md 2024-06-08 15:40:52 +02:00
5d15058fff Create Opposition - although.md 2024-06-08 15:40:50 +02:00
cbcc4417e6 Create Opposition - but - however.md 2024-06-08 15:40:48 +02:00
b158c8677e Create Opposition - even if.md 2024-06-08 15:40:45 +02:00
d13f97b9c8 Delete Opposition.md 2024-06-08 15:40:43 +02:00
31 changed files with 335 additions and 226 deletions

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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The goal of this website is to be a synthesis of useful resources for my Japanes
## Sources ## Sources
Of course, since I'm _learning_ the language, I need to borrow what I write from different sources. So this website uses data from the websites listed here. I don't want any recognition of what is here! It's mostly a compilation of what people who are way better in this language have made before. Of course, since I'm _learning_ the language, I need to get inspired from different sources. So this website partly uses information from the websites listed here. I don't want any recognition of what is here! It's mostly a compilation of what people who are way better in this language have made before.
* [Bunpro](https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points) * [Bunpro](https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points)
* [JLPT Sensei](https://jlptsensei.com/#jlpt-grammar-lists) * [JLPT Sensei](https://jlptsensei.com/#jlpt-grammar-lists)
@ -46,8 +46,7 @@ In addition to those I cited, here are other resources I find useful.
* [Jisho](https://jisho.org/), an online dictionary * [Jisho](https://jisho.org/), an online dictionary
* [Tatoeba](https://tatoeba.org), for its sentences database * [Tatoeba](https://tatoeba.org), for its sentences database
* [Tangorin](https://tangorin.com/sentences), for its sentences database
## Any errors? ## Any errors?
If you find any error, please do contact me! You can find my website in the footer of any page of this website. Thanks! If you find any error, please do contact me! I wrote the examples by myself, so they might not be accurate. You can find my website in the footer of any page of this website. Thanks!

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@ -68,14 +68,6 @@ Means "as if".
> え、{中古|ちゅうこ}ですね。==まるで=={新規|しんき}の==よう==です。 > え、{中古|ちゅうこ}ですね。==まるで=={新規|しんき}の==よう==です。
> Eh, it's second-hand? It looks like new. > Eh, it's second-hand? It looks like new.
## むしろ
Means "instead" or "rather".
> [!info] Example
> ==むしろ=={自転車|じてんしゃ}で行こうと思います。
> I think I'd rather go by bike.
## もう ## もう
Means "already". Means "already".

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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
# Can't help - Doesn't matter # Can't help; doesn't matter
## Can't help ## Can't help

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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
# In order to # Connectors: in order to
## のに ## のに

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@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
# Considering - for - as
## としては
🛠 Todo: nuance.
Means "as", "in the role of". The と particle implies a result.
More used for objective judgments.
Used with nouns.
> [!info] Example
> {厳|きび}しいのに{先生|せんせい}==としては==あまり{良|よ}くない。
> Because he is strict, he's not a very good teacher.
## にしては
🛠 Todo: nuance.
Means "considering", "for". The に particle implies a simultaneous existence.
More used to give personal opinions.
Used with verbs and nouns.
> [!info] Example
> 田中さんは{父|ちち}==にしては=={最低|さいてい}です。
> As a father, Tanaka-san is the worst.
## としても
🛠 Todo: nuance.
Means "assuming", "even if".
> [!info] Example
> 私==としても==出来ます。
> I can do it as well.
## にしても
🛠 Todo: nuance.
Means "even if", "even though".
> [!info] Example
> それ==にしても==、{気|き}を{付|つ}けてくください。
> Still, please be careful.
## "As": Gradual change
<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
<p><span class="box">V + (の)</span></p>
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
</div>
<p class="right">+ につれて・にしたがって・と共に・に伴って</p>
</div>
The four following forms have the same meaning of a gradual change:
* につれて
* にしたがって
* と{共|とも}に
* に{伴|とも}って
It means that when when the first part of the sentence changes, the second part changes gradually as well.
> [!info] Example
> {年|とし}をとる==につれて=={髪|かみ}を{抜|ぬ}けます。
> As we get older, we lose hair.
This example works with all forms.
## につれて and にしたがって
In both forms, the change is natural, and is not an intentional change. When the verb expresses gradual change, both can be used.
につれて is more common and more used for personal actions.
> [!info] Example
> {冬|ふゆ}が{地|ちか}づく==にしたがって・につれて=={気温|きおん}が{下|さ}がってきた。
> As winter approaches, the temperatures have lowered.
## にしたがって
This form also has the meaning of "in accordance to". It doesn't express change. It is possible to talk about intention.
> [!info] Example
> {歯医者|はいしゃ}==にしたがって=={毎日|まいにち}{回|かい}{歯|は}を{磨|みが}く。
> I brush my teeth twice a day as recommended by my dentist.
## に伴って
に{伴|ともな}って also has the meaning of a an instantaneous change: when the first part changes, the second part also changes instantly. The first part is the reason of it changing.
> [!info] Example
> オリンピックがある==に伴って=={交通費|こうつうひ}がねあが{値上|ねあ}がりしてしまった。
> As the Olympics are held, transportations cost have increased.
## と共に
と{共|とも}に has 3 other meanings.
### Almost at the same time
It is also used for two actions that happens at approximately the same time. The two actions do not have to be related. They also don't have to be specifically about change.
> [!info] Example
> {鳥|とり}は{鳴|な}き{声|ごえ}をする==と共に=={風|かぜ}が{吹|ふ}く。
> The bird sings and the wind blows.
### Together with
It can also mean "together with". It is much more formal than {一緒|いっしょ}に.
> [!info] Example
> {妻|つま}==と共に=={新|あたら}しい{人生|じんせい}を{始|はじ}めります。
> I am starting a new life with my wife.
### As well as, also
It can also mean "as well as", "also".
> [!info] Example
> パンはチーズ==と共に==フランスに{人気|にんき}{食料|しょくりょう}です。
> Bread, along with cheese, is a popular food in France.

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@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ Means "you could say".
> [!info] Examples > [!info] Examples
> サッカーは{彼|かれ}の{得意|とくい}です。ほとんどサッカーのプロ==と言ってもいい==。 > サッカーは{彼|かれ}の{得意|とくい}です。ほとんどサッカーのプロ==と言ってもいい==。
> Soccer is his strong point. You could almost say he's a pro.
## がする ## がする

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@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
# Instead # Instead
## むしろ
Means "instead" or "rather".
> [!info] Example
> ==むしろ=={自転車|じてんしゃ}で行こうと思います。
> I think I'd rather go by bike.
## 代わりに ## 代わりに
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">

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@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ Means "also", "as well". Means that both N1 and N2 are true (and should share a
⚠ Despite using conditional form, it is not conditional in meaning. ⚠ Despite using conditional form, it is not conditional in meaning.
> [!info] Examples > [!info] Examples
> {母|はは}はポルトガル{語|ご}もできればスペイン{語|ご}{話|はな}せる。 > {母|はは}はポルトガル{語|ご}==も==できれ==ば==スペイン{語|ご}==も=={話|はな}せる。
> My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish. > My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish.
### 上に ### 上に

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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
# Obligation - なければ・ないと # Obligation: なければ・ないと
## Must ## Must

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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
# Observation - Hearsay # Observation: hearsay
## んだって ## んだって

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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
# Observation - Looking like # Observation: looking like
## よう ## よう

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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
# Observation - Tendency & feelings # Observation: tendency & feelings
## がる・がっている ## がる・がっている

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@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
# Opposition: although
## に反して
に{反|はん}して means "contrary to". Opposes the first noun to the rest of the sentence.
> [!info] Example
> {常識|じょうしき}==に反して==、彼は{勉強|べんきょう}しなかった。
> Contrary to common sense, he did not study.
## 割に
<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
</div>
<p class="right">+ 割に</p>
</div>
{割|わり}に means "considering A, B", "although".
> [!info] Example
> このマンションは{古|ふる}い==割に=={高|たか}いです。
> This apartment is expensive considering how old it is.
## ことは~が
<div class="usage">
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ が</p>
</div>
<div class="usage">
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ が</p>
</div>
<div class="usage">
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ が</p>
</div>
⚠ It must be the same verb or adjective at both end!
Means "although".
> [!info] Example
> {勉強|べんきょう}する==ことは==する==が==、まだ{下手|へた}です。
> Although I study everyday, I'm still bad at it.
## といっても
Means "although". Puts a nuance to the first statement describing that it is not as much as imagined, and adds a complimentary information.
> [!info] Example
> {彼|かれ}は{医者|いしゃ}==といっても==、あまり{頭|あたま}が{良|よ}くない。
> He may be a doctor, but he is not very smart.
## に対して
に{対|たい}して.
See [[Towards#In contrast to]].

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@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
# Opposition: but, however
## が
Between two sentences, it has the meaning of "but".
> [!info] Example
> この{建物|たてもの}は大きいです==が==、トイレは{一|ひと}つだけあります。
> This building is huge but has only one toilet.
## でも
This is the basic way to say "but".
> [!info] Example
> コンビニに行きました。==でも==、何も買わなかった。
> I went to the convenience store. But I didn't buy anything.
⚠ Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも]].
## しかし
This is similar to でも, meaning "however", but usually more formal and most commonly found in written form.
> [!info] Example
> {戦争|せん|そう}は{悪|わる}いこと。==しかし==、{人類|じん|るい}はいつも{戦|たたか}っています
> War is bad. However, humanity is always fighting.
## けど・けれども
Means "but". Contrary to でも (which is more stand-alone), this links two clauses. The second clause can also be implicit and not said.
けれども is more formal than けど.
> [!info] Example
> {外|そと}は{暑|あつ}い==けど==行きたい。
> It's hot outside but I'd still like to go.
It can also be used to soften your assertion.
> [!info] Example
> {明日|あした}に行きたい==けど==。
> I'd like to go tomorrow... (but I don't want to cause any inconvenience).
## 「ん・の」「だけど・ですけど」
Means "but", "however".
の is more formal than ん, and ですけど is more formal than だけど.
> [!info] Example
> {手伝|てつだ}いたい==んですけど=={暇|ひま}はない。
> I'd like to help but I don't have time.
## Summing up
🛠 Todo.

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@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
# Connectors: even if, even though # Opposition: even if, even though
## て-form: even if
See [[TeF (4) - even if]].
## のに ## のに
@ -31,52 +35,6 @@ Means "despite", "even tough". Has a negative connotation.
> {掃除|そうじ}すると言った==くせに==、まだ{汚|きたな}いよ。 > {掃除|そうじ}すると言った==くせに==、まだ{汚|きたな}いよ。
> You said you would clean it up, but it's still dirty. > You said you would clean it up, but it's still dirty.
## として
as; in the role of ~
https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%e3%81%a8%e3%81%97%e3%81%a6-toshite-meaning/
https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points/%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6
## にしては
Means "considering". The nuance is that
Used with verbs and nouns.
> [!info] Example
>
for; considering its (something or someone)
https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%e3%81%ab%e3%81%97%e3%81%a6%e3%81%af-ni-shite-wa-meaning/
https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points/%E3%81%AB%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%81%AF
## にしても
Means "even if", "even though".
🛠 nuance?
> [!info] Example
> それ==にしても==、{気|き}を{付|つ}けてくください。
> Still, please be careful.
## さえ (nouns)
🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠
Means "even".
Can be emphasized by used でさえ, and reemphasized with でさえも.
Used with a noun.
> [!info] Example
>
## さえ (verbs)
🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠🛠
even; so much as; not even
https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%e3%81%95%e3%81%88-sae-%e3%81%a7%e3%81%95%e3%81%88%e3%82%82-meaning/
https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points/%E3%81%95%E3%81%88
## たとえ~ても ## たとえ~ても
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
@ -108,7 +66,6 @@ Means "even if X is the case". Used to present possibilities.
</div> </div>
Means "even if", "even though". Means "even if", "even though".
🛠 nuance?
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> {今|いま}で行==ったって==、{間|ま}に{合|あ}わない。 > {今|いま}で行==ったって==、{間|ま}に{合|あ}わない。
@ -142,7 +99,20 @@ It is used to talk about an unexpected result, that is contradictory to the prec
> {自転車|じてんしゃ}の{乗|の}り{方|かた}を{忘|わす}れるはありえないと{思|おも}っていた。==ところが==すっかり{忘|わす}れた。 > {自転車|じてんしゃ}の{乗|の}り{方|かた}を{忘|わす}れるはありえないと{思|おも}っていた。==ところが==すっかり{忘|わす}れた。
> I thought it was impossible to forget how to ride a bike. However, I completely forgot. > I thought it was impossible to forget how to ride a bike. However, I completely forgot.
## ながらも
Means "even while", "despite". It is used to express that while something is one state, something else.
See also [[Time#ながら]].
> [!info] Example
> {病気|びょうき}==ながらも==、パーティーに行くつもりです。
> Although I am sick, I'm planning to go to party.
## 「と・に」しても
See [[Considering - for - as#としても]].
See [[Considering - for - as#にしても]].
## Summing up ## Summing up
🛠 To do. 🛠 Todo.
See also [[TeF (4) - even if]].

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@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
# Opposition
## が
Between two sentences, it has the meaning of "but".
> [!info] Example
> この{建物|たてもの}は大きいです==が==、トイレは{一|ひと}つだけあります。
> This building is huge but has only one toilet.
## でも
This is the basic way to say "but".
> [!info] Example
> コンビニに行きました。==でも==、何も買わなかった。
> I went to the convenience store. But I didn't buy anything.
⚠ Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも]].
## しかし
This is similar to でも, meaning "however", but usually more formal and most commonly found in written form.
> [!info] Example
> {戦争|せん|そう}は{悪|わる}いこと。==しかし==、{人類|じん|るい}はいつも{戦|たたか}っています
> War is bad. However, humanity is always fighting.
## けど・けれども
Contrary to でも (which is more stand-alone), this links two clauses. The second clause can also be implicit and not said.
けれども is more formal than けど.
> [!info] Example
> {外|そと}は{暑|あつ}い==けど==行きたい。
> It's hot outside but I'd still like to go.
It can also be used to soften your assertion.
> [!info] Example
> {明日|あした}に行きたい==けど==。
> I'd like to go tomorrow... (but I don't want to cause any inconvenience).
## (ん・の)(だけど・ですけど)
Means "but", "however".
の is more formal than ん, and ですけど is more formal than だけど.
> [!info] Example
> {手伝|てつだ}いたい==んですけど=={暇|ひま}はない。
> I'd like to help but I don't have time.
## に反して
に{反|はん}して means "contrary to". Opposes the first noun to the rest of the sentence.
> [!info] Example
> {常識|じょうしき}==に反して==、彼は{勉強|べんきょう}しなかった。
> Contrary to common sense, he did not study.
## ながらも
Means "even while", "despite". It is used to express that while something is one state, something else.
See also [[Time#ながら]].
> [!info] Example
> {病気|びょうき}==ながらも==、パーティーに行くつもりです。
> Although I am sick, I'm planning to go to party.
## 割に
<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
</div>
<p class="right">+ 割に</p>
</div>
{割|わり}に means "considering A, B", "although".
> [!info] Example
> このマンションは{古|ふる}い==割に=={高|たか}いです。
> This apartment is expensive considering how old it is.
## ことは~が
<div class="usage">
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ が</p>
</div>
<div class="usage">
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ が</p>
</div>
<div class="usage">
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ が</p>
</div>
⚠ It must be the same verb or adjective at both end!
Means "although".
> [!info] Example
> {勉強|べんきょう}する==ことは==する==が==、まだ{下手|へた}です。
> Although I study everyday, I'm still bad at it.
## といっても
Means "although". Puts a nuance to the first statement describing that it is not as much as imagined, and adds a complimentary information.
> [!info] Example
> {彼|かれ}は{医者|いしゃ}==といっても==、あまり{頭|あたま}が{良|よ}くない。
> He may be a doctor, but he is not very smart.
## に対して
に{対|たい}して.
See [[Towards#In contrast to]].
## Summing up
🛠 Todo.

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# Possibility - expectation # Possibility: expectation
## きっと ## きっと

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# Possibility - Impossibility # Possibility: impossibility
### とても~ない ### とても~ない

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# Possibility - No choice # Possibility: no choice
## しかない ## しかない

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# Possibility - Wish # Possibility: wish
## ぜひ ## ぜひ

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@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ Means "I wonder", "should I?". かな is a neutral form, while かしら sounds
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> この{帽子|ぼうし}を{被|かぶ}ろう==かな==。 > この{帽子|ぼうし}を{被|かぶ}ろう==かな==。
> Should I wear this hat?
## かい ## かい

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@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Means "is it alright if?", "may I?".
> ここに{座|すわ}==てもいい==ですか。 > ここに{座|すわ}==てもいい==ですか。
> May I sit here? > May I sit here?
A more polite way is ても構いません (🛠 put link later). A more polite way is [[Can't help - doesn't matter#ても構わない]].
## ないでください ## ないでください

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@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ Used with nouns. Is used in formal language.
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> {冬|ふゆ}==において=={雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}る。 > {冬|ふゆ}==において=={雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}る。
> Snow falls in winter. > Snow falls in winter.
>
> 荒川==において=={花火|はなび}。
> Fireworks held on Arakawa River.
## について ## について

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# Time - During # Time: during
## 間 ## 間

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# Time - finally # Time: finally
## やっと ## やっと

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# Time - recently # Time: recently
## さっき ## さっき

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# Time - Regularity # Time: regularity
## たびに ## たびに

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# Time - Surprise # Time: surprise
## 急に ## 急に

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@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> Pokémon is a game centered around on Pokémon battles. > Pokémon is a game centered around on Pokémon battles.
> >
> この{授業|じゅぎょう}は{漢字|かんじ}==を中心に=={習|なら}います。 > この{授業|じゅぎょう}は{漢字|かんじ}==を中心に=={習|なら}います。
> This class focuses on learning kanjis.
## に対して ## に対して

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@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Also means "the reason for A is B", "doing A is B".
> このレストランで{一番|いち|ばん}{人気|にん|き}がある==のは=={寿司|すし}です。 > このレストランで{一番|いち|ばん}{人気|にん|き}がある==のは=={寿司|すし}です。
> The most popular dish in the restaurant is sushi. > The most popular dish in the restaurant is sushi.
## くする: い-adjectives as adverbs ## くする: い-adjective as adverb
Replacing the い in a い-Adj by くする transforms it into an adverb. Replacing the い in a い-Adj by くする transforms it into an adverb.
大きい (big) => 大きくする (make big). 大きい (big) => 大きくする (make big).
@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Replacing the い in a い-Adj by くする transforms it into an adverb.
> エアコンを{点|つ}けると{空気|くう|き}が{寒|さむ}==くなる==。 > エアコンを{点|つ}けると{空気|くう|き}が{寒|さむ}==くなる==。
> When turning on the AC, the air becomes cold. > When turning on the AC, the air becomes cold.
## にする: な-adjectives as adverbs ## にする: な-adjective as adverb
Appending にする to a な-Adj transforms it into an adverb. Appending にする to a な-Adj transforms it into an adverb.
{静|しず}かな (quiet) => 静かにする (make quiet). {静|しず}かな (quiet) => 静かにする (make quiet).
@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ Appending にする to a な-Adj transforms it into an adverb.
> {部屋|へや}をきれい==にして==ください。 > {部屋|へや}をきれい==にして==ください。
> Please clean the room (make the room cleaner). > Please clean the room (make the room cleaner).
## がる・がっている: adjectives as verbs ## がる・がっている: adjective as verb
See [[Observation - tendency - feelings#がる・がっている]]. See [[Observation - tendency - feelings#がる・がっている]].

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@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Used when the speaker tries to remember, or confirm an information, that has bee
> {会議|かいぎ}は今日だった==っけ==。 > {会議|かいぎ}は今日だった==っけ==。
> Was the meeting today? > Was the meeting today?
### こそ ## こそ
Means "for sure". Used to emphasize words. Means "for sure". Used to emphasize words.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -76,6 +76,26 @@ Used with nouns.
> {今年|ことし}==こそ=={日本|にほん}を{住|す}む。 > {今年|ことし}==こそ=={日本|にほん}を{住|す}む。
> This year, for sure I'll live in Japan. > This year, for sure I'll live in Japan.
## さえ
<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></p>
<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
<p><span class="box">N + </span></p>
</div>
<p class="right">+ さえ</p>
</div>
Means "even", "not even" (with negative verbs).
> [!info] Example
> {先生|せんせい}で==さえ==、この{曲|きょく}を{弾|ひ}くことは{難|むずか}しいです。
> Even for my teacher, this composition is difficult to play.
⚠ With conditional verbs, it means "only". See [[State#さえ~ば]].
## Sentence ending ## Sentence ending
At the end of a sentence, some particles can be added to put emphasis on a meaning. At the end of a sentence, some particles can be added to put emphasis on a meaning.