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Théo Marchal
f48a4df000
8cd58e1 Added all N2 notions fd602b3 Misc. meaning and typo fixes 83627ff Update Opposition - even if.md 06f8a41 Update Considering - for - as.md a0c7751 Update Connectors.md 629ced5 Update Connectors - in order to.md 892f855 Update Certainty.md git-subtree-dir: content git-subtree-split: 8cd58e1395d691d753385f8e01ff88b291b0177f
87 lines
2.3 KiB
Markdown
87 lines
2.3 KiB
Markdown
# Without
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## ないで
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Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない).
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It is a bit more casual than ずに.
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> [!info] Example
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> {勉強|べんきょう}し==ないで=={卒業|そつぎょう}した。
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> I graduated without studying.
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## ず(に)
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Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない) by removing the -ない stem and adding ず(に).
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する transforms to せずに.
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It is a bit more formal than ないで. Used more often in written form than ないで.
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> [!info] Example
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> 毎日食べ==ずに==出かける。
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> Everyday, I go out without eating.
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## ずに済む・なくて済む
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ない</strike></span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ ずに済む</p>
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</div>
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">V-ない</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ なくて済む</p>
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</div>
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">V-ない</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ で済む</p>
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</div>
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ずに{済|す}む and なくて{済|す}む mean "get by without doing". Used with a negative verb.
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> [!info] Example
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> {天才|てんさい}ので、彼は{勉強|べんきょう}==せずに済んだ=={合格|ごうかく}できました。
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> He passed the exam without having to study, since he's a genius.
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## ことなく
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Means "without doing". Implies that it is regretful that it happened.
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Used with a verb (dictionary form).
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> [!info] Example
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> {私|わたし}が{作|つく}ったケーキを{食|た}べる==ことなく=={友達|ともだち}は{帰|かえ}ってしまた。
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> My friend went home without eating the cake I made.
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## 抜きで・抜きにして
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{抜|ぬ}きにして・{抜|ぬ}きで means "without".
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Used with nouns.
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> [!info] Example
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> {彼女|かのじょ}==抜きで==何もできない。
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> I can't do anything without her.
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## もかまわず
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">V + の</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ も構わず</p>
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</div>
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ も構わず</p>
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</div>
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も{構|かま}わず means "without worrying about".
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> [!info] Example
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> {未来|みらい}==も構わず==、{全然|ぜんぜん}{勉強|べんきょう}した。
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> Without worrying about the future, I didn't studied at all.
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