jpg-quartz/🔰 Grammar/Without.md

Without

ないで

Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない). It is a bit more casual than ずに.

[!info] Example {勉強|べんきょう}し==ないで=={卒業|そつぎょう}した。 I graduated without studying.

ず(に)

Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない) by removing the -ない stem and adding ず(に). する transforms to せずに. It is a bit more formal than ないで. Used more often in written form than ないで.

[!info] Example 毎日食べ==ずに==出かける。 Everyday, I go out without eating.

ずに済む・なくて済む

V-ない

+ ずに済む

V-ない

+ なくて済む

V-ない

+ で済む

ずに{済|す}む and なくて{済|す}む mean "get by without doing". Used with a negative verb.

[!info] Example {天才|てんさい}ので、彼は{勉強|べんきょう}==せずに済んだ=={合格|ごうかく}できました。 He passed the exam without having to study, since he's a genius.

ことなく

Means "without doing". Implies that it is regretful that it happened. Used with a verb (dictionary form).

[!info] Example {私|わたし}が{作|つく}ったケーキを{食|た}べる==ことなく=={友達|ともだち}は{帰|かえ}ってしまた。 My friend went home without eating the cake I made.

抜きで・抜きにして

{抜|ぬ}きにして・{抜|ぬ}きで means "without". Used with nouns.

[!info] Example {彼女|かのじょ}==抜きで==何もできない。 I can't do anything without her.

もかまわず

V + の

+ も構わず

N

+ も構わず

も{構|かま}わず means "without worrying about".

[!info] Example {未来|みらい}==も構わず==、{全然|ぜんぜん}{勉強|べんきょう}した。 Without worrying about the future, I didn't studied at all.