Second pass
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@ -47,6 +47,15 @@ This particles means "and" or "with". Used for a list that is exhaustive. Connec
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> フランス語==と==スペイン語を習っています。
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> I am learning French and Spanish.
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### 及び (NEW!)
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{及|およ}び means "and", like と. Used in formal settings.
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Used with nouns.
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> [!info] Examples
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> {試験|しけん}には{鉛筆|えんぴつ}==及び=={消|け}しゴムを{持|も}ってきてください。
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> Please bring a pencil and an eraser to the exam.
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### て connecting
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Used for a list that is exhaustive. Connects verbs.
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@ -72,6 +81,15 @@ Used with nouns.
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> お金がないのでカフェ**や**レストラン==など=={払|はら}えない。
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> I can't pay things like cafes or restaurant (etc.) because I have no money.
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### といった (NEW!)
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Used to describe typical examples: "things as", "like", "such as". It is casual. It has the same meaning as など.
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Used with nouns.
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> [!info] Examples
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> フランスとカナダ==といった=={国|くに}はフランス{語|ご}を{話|はな}す。
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> Countries such as France and Canada speak French.
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### とか~とか
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Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "and", "among other things". More casual than や. Ending a sentence with とか can soften the meaning. Can also be used to quote someone.
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@ -127,70 +145,34 @@ It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence.
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> 言ってない==し==!
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> I never said that!
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### やら~やら (NEW!)
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ やら + B + やら</p>
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</div>
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This form is unexhaustive and can be translated as "and", "among other things".
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It has 3 nuances:
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- Conveys a negative image
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- Among other things, in an unorganized manner
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- Conflicting feelings
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> [!info] Examples
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> {今日|きょう}{電車|でんしゃ}がなかった==やら==、{車|くるま}が{壊|こわ}れた==やら==、{家|いえ}に{出|で}かけられませんでした。
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> There were no trains and my car broke down, so I couldn't go out.
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>
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> {黒|くろ}い==やら=={白|しろ}い==やら=={着物|きもの}があります。
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> There are black and white kimonos (among other things).
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>
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## Summing up
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* ==や== means "and", and is formal. Can be completed by ==など== (= etc).
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* ==とか== also means "and", but is casual.
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* ==たり== means "or", "things like". Used to express possibilities.
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* ==し== means "and", but with an emphasis on a review.
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## And also
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### も~ば~も
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<div class="usage">
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<p class="iright">N1 + も + </p>
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<div class="ileft">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (ば)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> ければ</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + なら</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + なら</span></p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ N2 + も</p>
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</div>
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Means "also", "as well". Means that both N1 and N2 are true (and should share a connection).
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⚠ Despite using conditional form, it is not conditional in meaning.
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> [!info] Examples
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> {母|はは}はポルトガル{語|ご}==も==できれ==ば==スペイン{語|ご}==も=={話|はな}せる。
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> My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish.
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### 上に
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ 上(に)</p>
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</div>
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{上|うえ}に means "and also", "in addition", "as well". Used with similar qualities (positive with positive, negative with negative).
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> [!info] Examples
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> このスーパーは{高|たか}い==上に=={不便|ふべん}です。
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> This supermarket is expensive as well as inconvenient.
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### はもちろん
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ はもちろん + </p>
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">phrase</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ も・さえ</p>
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</div>
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Means "not only but also", "not to mention".
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> [!info] Examples
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> このゲームセンターにはゲーム==はもちろん==ボウリング==も==あります。
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> This game center not only has games but also bowling.
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