From da9b4141a2c7624e971971138a722962d43eff69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Th=C3=A9o=20Marchal?= Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2025 01:38:42 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] Second pass --- .obsidian/core-plugins.json | 51 ++-- Conjugation/Misc.md | 38 +++ Conjugation/TeF (2) - manner of doing.md | 43 ++++ Conjugation/TeF (4) - even if.md | 10 + Conjugation/TeF (5) - Misc.md | 51 ++++ In addition.md | 104 ++++++++ index.md | 1 + ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Adverbs.md | 22 ++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance - Proposition.md | 36 +++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance.md | 19 -- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - frequency.md | 8 + ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - quantification.md | 106 +++++++- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/{Amount.md => Amounts.md} | 27 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Based on.md | 60 +++++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Can't help - doesn't matter.md | 35 ++- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Certainty.md | 16 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Combination actions.md | 48 ++++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Comparison.md | 29 ++- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Consequence.md | 68 +++++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Description.md | 9 + ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Emphasis.md | 43 ++++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Exception.md | 24 ++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Listing.md | 104 ++++---- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Means.md | 32 +-- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Natural - expected.md | 113 +++++++++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation - ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใƒปใชใ„ใจ.md | 1 + ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md | 12 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md | 20 ++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - looking like.md | 41 +++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation.md | 19 ++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Only - just.md | 28 +-- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - although.md | 43 +++- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - but - however.md | 4 - ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - even if.md | 75 +++++- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition.md | 136 ++++++++++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Point of view.md | 71 ++++++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - impossibility.md | 18 ++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - no choice.md | 21 ++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - options.md | 86 +++++++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility.md | 187 ++++++++++---- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Reason.md | 237 ++++++++++++++---- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/State.md | 8 + ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Talking about.md | 112 ++++++++- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Thanks.md | 19 ++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - close.md | 81 ++++++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - during.md | 41 ++- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - finally.md | 47 +++- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - regularity.md | 16 ++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - surprise.md | 8 + ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - throughout.md | 18 ++ ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time.md | 86 +++++-- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Towards.md | 8 + ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Without.md | 68 ++++- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1).md | 2 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md | 18 ++ 55 files changed, 2336 insertions(+), 292 deletions(-) create mode 100644 Conjugation/Misc.md create mode 100644 Conjugation/TeF (5) - Misc.md create mode 100644 In addition.md create mode 100644 ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance - Proposition.md delete mode 100644 ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance.md rename ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/{Amount.md => Amounts.md} (71%) create mode 100644 ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Based on.md create mode 100644 ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Consequence.md create mode 100644 ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Emphasis.md create mode 100644 ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Natural - expected.md create mode 100644 ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation.md create mode 100644 ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition.md create mode 100644 ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Point of view.md create mode 100644 ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - options.md create mode 100644 ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Thanks.md create mode 100644 ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - close.md create mode 100644 ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - throughout.md diff --git a/.obsidian/core-plugins.json b/.obsidian/core-plugins.json index 9405bfd..c89a841 100644 --- a/.obsidian/core-plugins.json +++ b/.obsidian/core-plugins.json @@ -1,20 +1,31 @@ -[ - "file-explorer", - "global-search", - "switcher", - "graph", - "backlink", - "canvas", - "outgoing-link", - "tag-pane", - "page-preview", - "daily-notes", - "templates", - "note-composer", - "command-palette", - "editor-status", - "bookmarks", - "outline", - "word-count", - "file-recovery" -] \ No newline at end of file +{ + "file-explorer": true, + "global-search": true, + "switcher": true, + "graph": true, + "backlink": true, + "canvas": true, + "outgoing-link": true, + "tag-pane": true, + "properties": false, + "page-preview": true, + "daily-notes": true, + "templates": true, + "note-composer": true, + "command-palette": true, + "slash-command": false, + "editor-status": true, + "bookmarks": true, + "markdown-importer": false, + "zk-prefixer": false, + "random-note": false, + "outline": true, + "word-count": true, + "slides": false, + "audio-recorder": false, + "workspaces": false, + "file-recovery": true, + "publish": false, + "sync": false, + "webviewer": false +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Conjugation/Misc.md b/Conjugation/Misc.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0703d08 --- /dev/null +++ b/Conjugation/Misc.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +# Misc. + +## ~ใพใ„ (NEW!) + +~ใพใ„ is the opposition of the volitional form (ใ‚ˆใ†). It means "will not". + +Careful of two exceptions: +* ใ™ใ‚‹ => ใ™ใพใ„ +* ใใ‚‹ => ใ“ใพใ„ + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๅท|ใ‹ใ‚ใฏ{ๅฑ|ใ‚ใถ}ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใ ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใง{ๆณณ|ใŠใ‚ˆใ}ใ==ใพใ„==ใ€‚ +> This river seems dangerous. I won't swim here. + +## ~ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใƒป~ๅพ—ใชใ„ (NEW!) + +{ๅพ—|ใˆ}ใ‚‹ means "able to", "possible". Can be conjugated: ใˆใชใ„, ใˆใŸ, ใˆใชใ‹ใฃใŸ. +Made by: +* adding ใพใ„ to a V-ใ‚‹ (dictionary form) +* removing the ใพใ™ stem from a verb and adding ใพใ„ + +> [!info] Example +> ใใ‚Œใฏใ‚ใ‚Š?==ๅพ—ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> That is impossible. + +โš  Can also be read ใ†ใ‚‹ (on this tense only). + +## ใฌ (NEW!) + +It is the traditional negative form of verbs: ใฌ instead of ใชใ„. +Exceptions: +ใ™ใ‚‹ -> ใ›ใฌ +ใใ‚‹ -> ใ“ใฌ +ใ„ใ‚‹ -> ใ‚ใ‚‰ใฌ + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใฏใ“ใ“ใซใฏใ‚ใ‚‰==ใฌ==ใ€‚ +> She is not here. diff --git a/Conjugation/TeF (2) - manner of doing.md b/Conjugation/TeF (2) - manner of doing.md index 17a4fcc..fbc68ce 100644 --- a/Conjugation/TeF (2) - manner of doing.md +++ b/Conjugation/TeF (2) - manner of doing.md @@ -114,3 +114,46 @@ Used with verbs in ใฆ form. > [!info] Example > {ๅคœ|ใ‚ˆใ‚‹}ใฎใงใ€{ๆญŒ|ใ†ใŸ}ใˆ==ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„==๏ผ > It's night, so it's no time to be singing! + +## ใฆใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ (NEW!) + +Means "can't keep doing". Can also be used as ใฆใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ‚‚ใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„. + +> [!info] Example +> {่ตฐ|ใฏ}==ใฃใฆใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I can't keep running. + +## ใฆใ„ใฆใฏ (NEW!) + +Means "if something continues". Used generally for negative outcomes. +Only used for verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> {้…’|ใ•ใ‘}ใ—ใ‹ใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“==ใงใ„ใฆใฏ==ใ€{ๅฅๅบท|ใ‘ใ‚“ใ“ใ†}ใŒ{ๆ‚ช|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> If you only drink alcool, your health will worsen. + +## ใฆใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ (NEW!) + +Means "extremely", "can't help but to do". Usually used for natural things occuring that cannot be controlled, like feeling. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{็”บ|ใพใก}ใซใฏ{ๅฏ’|ใ•ใ‚€}ใ==ใฆใชใ‚‰ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> It's extremely cold in this town. + +## ใฆใŸใพใ‚‰ใชใ„ (NEW!) + +With verbs conjugated in the ใŸใ„ form, this means "can't help but want to". +With other forms, this means "extremely". + +> [!info] Example +> {็•™ๅญฆ|ใ‚Šใ‚…ใ†ใŒใ}ใซ{่กŒ|ใ„}ใใŸใ==ใฆใŸใพใ‚‰ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I can't help but want to go abroad. + +## ใฆใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ (NEW!) + +Means "unable to", "cannot afford to". + +> [!info] Example +> ใŠ{้‡‘|ใ‹ใญ}ใŒใชใ„ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใซ{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ใน==ใฆใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I can't afford to eat at a restaurant because I don't have any money. + diff --git a/Conjugation/TeF (4) - even if.md b/Conjugation/TeF (4) - even if.md index 4cd811e..cd6379a 100644 --- a/Conjugation/TeF (4) - even if.md +++ b/Conjugation/TeF (4) - even if.md @@ -67,3 +67,13 @@ Used to make a supposition. Would translate to something like "even if... is the > [!info] Example > ==ใŸใจใˆ=={ๆ–ฐๅนน็ทš|ใ—ใ‚“|ใ‹ใ‚“|ใ›ใ‚“}==ใงใ‚‚==ใ€๏ผ‘ๆ™‚้–“ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ€‚ > Even if you take the Shinkansen, it will take one hour. + +# NEW + +## ใฆใงใ‚‚ (NEW!) + +Means "even if I have to". Expresses a strong determination to do something. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅˆๅ‰|ใ”ใœใ‚“}๏ผ”{ๆ™‚|ใ˜}ใซ{่ตท|ใŠ}ใใ‚Œ==ใฆใงใ‚‚==ใ€{้…ๅˆป|ใกใ“ใ}ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ +> Even if it means waking up at 4am, I don't intend to be late. diff --git a/Conjugation/TeF (5) - Misc.md b/Conjugation/TeF (5) - Misc.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55be79c --- /dev/null +++ b/Conjugation/TeF (5) - Misc.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +# Te-Form (5) - Misc + +## ใฆไปฅๆฅ (NEW!) + +ใฆ{ไปฅๆฅ|ใ„ใ‚‰ใ„} means "since". Not used for recent events. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ—ฅๆœฌ|ใซใปใ‚“}ใซ{ๅผ•|ใฒ}ใฃ{่ถŠ|ใ“ใ}ใ—==ใฆไปฅๆฅ==ใ€{ๅธฐๅ›ฝ|ใใ“ใ}ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> Ever since I moved to Japan, I haven't been back to my own country. + +## ใฆใ“ใ (NEW!) + +Means "since", "only if", "unless", "until". Emphasizes on the relationship between the two parts of the sentence. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ|ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„}ใซใช==ใฃใฆใ“ใ==ใ€{่ฆณ็‚น|ใ‹ใ‚“ใฆใ‚“}ใŒ{ๅค‰|ใ‹}ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Only by becoming a teacher, your perspective changes. + +## ใฆใพใง (NEW!) + +Means "to go as far as", "to do excessive effort". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ซใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใŒ{ๅฅฝ|ใ™}ใใงใ™ใ‘ใฉใ€{ๅ…จ้ƒจ|ใœใ‚“ใถ}ใฎ{็ตฆๆ–™|ใใ‚…ใ†ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†}ใ‚’{่ฒป|ใคใ„}ใ‚„ใ—==ใฆใพใง==ใจ{ๆ€|ใŠใ‚‚}ใ‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ +> I like card games, but I don't want to spend my entire salary on them. + +## ใฆๅฝ“็„ถใ  (NEW!) + +ใฆ{ๅฝ“็„ถ|ใจใ†ใœใ‚“}ใ  means that something is natural, expected. + +> [!info] Example +> ็งใŒ{ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€{ๅฎŒ็’ง|ใ‹ใ‚“ใบใ}==ใงๅฝ“็„ถใ ==๏ผ +> I made it, so obviously it's perfect! + +## ใฆใฏใƒปใงใฏ (NEW!) + +It is used as a condition: "if", "when", "whenever". Generally expresses a negative outcome. +ใฏ can be changed to ใกใ‚ƒ with verbs, and ใ˜ใ‚ƒ with ใช-adjectives and nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆŽˆๆฅญ|ใ˜ใ‚…ใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใซ{ๆฅ|ใ“}ใชใ==ใฆใฏ=={ๅ’ๆฅญ|ใใคใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใงใใชใ„ใ€‚ +> If you don't come to class, you will not be able to graduate. + +## ใฆใฏ~ใฆใฏ (NEW!) + +Same structure as [[TeF (5) - Misc#ใฆใฏใƒปใงใฏ (NEW!)]], this time only used with verbs. Means the repetition of an action or a phenomenon. +The verbs can be in the same order or not in the two part. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅƒ|ใฏใŸใ‚‰}ใ„==ใฆใฏ=={ๅฏ|ใญ}ใ€{ๅฏ|ใญ}==ใฆใฏ=={ๅƒ|ใฏใŸใ‚‰}ใใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใฎ{็”Ÿๆดป|ใ›ใ„ใ‹ใค}ใฏใšใ‚‹ใ„ใจ{ๆ€|ใŠใ‚‚}ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I think a life of only working and sleeping, sleeping and working is unfair. diff --git a/In addition.md b/In addition.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df9e1c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/In addition.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +# In addition + +## ใ‚‚๏ฝžใฐ๏ฝžใ‚‚ + +
+

N1 + ใ‚‚ +

+
+
+

V (ใฐ)

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ

+

ใช-Adj + ใชใ‚‰

+

N + ใชใ‚‰

+
+
+

+ N2 + ใ‚‚

+
+ +Means "also", "as well". Means that both N1 and N2 are true (and should share a connection). +โš  Despite using conditional form, it is not conditional in meaning. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆฏ|ใฏใฏ}ใฏใƒใƒซใƒˆใ‚ฌใƒซ{่ชž|ใ”}==ใ‚‚==ใงใใ‚Œ==ใฐ==ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ{่ชž|ใ”}==ใ‚‚=={่ฉฑ|ใฏใช}ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish. + +## ใŠใพใ‘ใซ (NEW!) + +Means "in addition". Used for emphasis for similar qualities (positive, negative). Used orally. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆš‘|ใ‚ใค}ใใฆ==ใŠใพใ‘ใซ==ใ‚จใ‚ขใ‚ณใƒณใŒ{ๅฃŠ|ใ“ใ‚}ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ +> It was hot, and to make matters worse, the air conditioning broke. + +## ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ (NEW!) + +Means "moreover", "what's more". Talks about a same subject, for objective information, implying that A and B exist at the same time. It is similar to ใŠใพใ‘ใซ, but used for writing. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฏใจใฆใ‚‚{็พŽๅ‘ณ|ใŠใ„}ใ—ใ„ใญใ€‚==ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚==ใ€{ๅฎ‰|ใ‚„ใ™}ใ„ใ‚ˆ๏ผ +> This restaurant is delicious. What's more, it's cheap! + +## ไธŠใซ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ไธŠ(ใซ)

+
+ +{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ}ใซ means "and also", "in addition", "as well". Used with similar qualities (positive with positive, negative with negative). + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎ{ๅฎถ|ใ„ใˆ}ใฏ{็‹ญ|ใ›ใพ}ใ„==ไธŠใซ=={ๅฎถ่ณƒ|ใ‚„ใกใ‚“}ใฏ{้ซ˜|ใŸใ‹}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> This house is small, and the rent is too expensive. + +## ใใฎไธŠ (NEW!) + +ใใฎ{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ} means "besides", "in addition". Means the same as ไธŠใซ, but with two separate sentences. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎ{ๅฎถ|ใ„ใˆ}ใฏ{็‹ญ|ใ›ใพ}ใ„ใ€‚==ใใฎไธŠ==ใ€{ๅฎถ่ณƒ|ใ‚„ใกใ‚“}ใฏ{้ซ˜|ใŸใ‹}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> This house is small. In addition, the rent is too expensive. + +## ใซๅŠ ใˆใฆ (NEW!) + +ใซ{ๅŠ |ใใ‚}ใˆใฆ means "in addition to". It is formal, and often used in business settings. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ไปŠๅนด|ใ“ใจใ—}ใฏใƒ”ใƒณใƒใƒณ==ใซๅŠ ใˆใฆ==ใƒใƒ‰ใƒŸใƒณใƒˆใƒณใ‚’{ๆ•™|ใŠใ—}ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ +> This year, I'll be teaching badminton in addition to ping pong. + +## Not only, but also + +### ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ + +
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ +

+
+

phrase

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใƒปใ•ใˆ

+
+ +Means "not only but also", "not to mention". The most common form. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใซใฏใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ==ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“==ใƒœใ‚ฆใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐ==ใ‚‚==ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ +> This game center not only has games but also bowling. + +### ใฏใ‚‚ใจใ‚ˆใ‚Š (NEW!) + +Means "not only but also". Similar meaning than ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“. Conveys a sense of continuity. Used mostly in writing. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> {้›ช|ใ‚†ใ}ใŒ{ๅคš|ใŠใŠ}ใ„ใฎใงใ€{้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}==ใฏใ‚‚ใจใ‚ˆใ‚Š==ใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒผใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ +> There is so much snow that there are no trains, let alone taxis. diff --git a/index.md b/index.md index 6be7210..930a9ba 100644 --- a/index.md +++ b/index.md @@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ In addition to those I cited, here are other resources I find useful. * [Sakubun](https://sakubun.xyz/) * [NHK News Web Easy](https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/) +* [Natively](https://learnnatively.com/browse/jpn/) ### Grammar diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Adverbs.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Adverbs.md index fbf308e..7729f76 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Adverbs.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Adverbs.md @@ -83,3 +83,25 @@ Means "already". More formal than ใ‚‚ใ†, implies that something is too late and > [!info] Example > {้…|ใŠใ}ใ{่ตท|ใŠ}ใใŸใฎใง==ใ™ใงใซ==ใƒใ‚นใฏ{ๅ‡บ็™บ|ใ—ใ‚…ใฃใฑใค}ใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ > I woke up late, so the bus already left. + +## ใฉใ†ใ› (NEW!) + +Means "anyhow", "at any rate". + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใฉใ†ใ›==ใ€{ๅƒ•|ใผใ}ใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’{่ž|ใ}ใ‹ใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ +> Anyhow, you won't listen to advice, right? + +## ใชใŠ (NEW!) + +Means "more", "in addition". Used in writing. +Can be used: +- in a similar way as ใ‚‚ใฃใจ; +- to add information to a previous sentence. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใชใŠ=={่€ƒ|ใ‹ใ‚“ใŒ}ใˆใ‚‹ใ›ใ‚“ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใ€‚ +> I still have to think about it. +> +> {ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏใŸใใฟใ•ใ‚“ใŒ{ไผ‘|ใ‚„ใ™}ใฟใงใ™ใ€‚==ใชใŠ==ใ€{ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ไป•ไบ‹|ใ—ใ”ใจ}ใ‚’{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚Šใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Takumi-san is not there today. In addition, he did not finish his work. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance - Proposition.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance - Proposition.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c3a9b5f --- /dev/null +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance - Proposition.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +# Advice, guidance, proposition + +## ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ† + +Used to ask about a situation, usually to give advice. Translates to "why don't you" or "how about". +Used with the ใŸใ‚‰ form of verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—==ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†==ใ‹ใ€‚ +> How about you play a game? + +## ใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ + +Used to ask about an advice or instructions. Translates to "what should I do". +Used with the ใŸใ‚‰ form of verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> ไฝ•ใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“==ใ ใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹==ใ€‚ +> What should I drink? + +## ใ“ใจใ  (NEW!) + +Means "should do". It is used for suggestion or giving advice in spoken language. +Used after verbs with a ใ‚‹ or ใชใ„ ending. + +> [!info] Example +> {็ ‚็ณ–|ใ•ใจใ†}ใŒ{ๅคš|ใŠใŠ}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ใน{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใ‚’{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ในใชใ„==ใ“ใจใ ==ใ€‚ +> You shouldn't eat food that is too high in sugar. + +## ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ (NEW!) + +Means "why don't we", "shall we", "let's do". Used with a verb in the volitional form (ใŠใ†). ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ can be replaced by ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ไธ€็ท’|ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡}ใซ{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}==ใ‚‚ใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹==ใ€‚ +> Why don't we have drinks together? diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance.md deleted file mode 100644 index 26517f9..0000000 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,19 +0,0 @@ -# Advice & guidance - -## ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ† - -Used to ask about a situation, usually to give advice. Translates to "why don't you" or "how about". -Used with the ใŸใ‚‰ form of verbs. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—==ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†==ใ‹ใ€‚ -> How about you play a game? - -## ใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ - -Used to ask about an advice or instructions. Translates to "what should I do". -Used with the ใŸใ‚‰ form of verbs. - -> [!info] Example -> ไฝ•ใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“==ใ ใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹==ใ€‚ -> What should I drink? diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - frequency.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - frequency.md index 0903514..dc7c035 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - frequency.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - frequency.md @@ -1,5 +1,13 @@ # Amounts of frequency +## ๅ†ใณ (NEW!) + +{ๅ†|ใตใŸใŸ}ใณ means "again", "once more". + +> [!info] Examples +> ==ๅ†ใณ=={ๆฅ|ใ}ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ +> I won't be coming again. + ## Never ### ๆฑบใ—ใฆ๏ฝžใชใ„ diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - quantification.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - quantification.md index a11e032..4eb7396 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - quantification.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - quantification.md @@ -43,6 +43,14 @@ Used with words in negative form. > ใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ‚จใ‚ขใ‚ณใƒณใ‚’{ไป˜|ใค}ใใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚{ไปŠ|ใ„ใพ}ใฏ==ๅˆฅใซ=={ๆš‘|ใ‚ใค}==ใใชใ„==ใ‚ˆใ€‚ > Why did you turn on the AC? It's not that hot right now. +## ใ‚ใšใ‹ใซ (NEW!) + +Means "slightly", "only", "a little". Used at the beginning of a phrase to indicate a particularly small amount of something. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ„ใคใงใ‚‚{้šฃ|ใจใชใ‚Š}ใฎ{ไบบ|ใฒใจ}ใฎ{้Ÿณ|ใŠใจ}ใŒ==ใ‚ใšใ‹ใซ=={่ž|ใ}ใ“ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ +> You can always hear the neighbours a little bit. + ## No matter how ### ใฉใ‚“ใชใซ๏ฝžใฆใ‚‚ @@ -71,6 +79,42 @@ Means "no matter what". > ==ใฉใ†ใ—ใฆใ‚‚=={่Šฑ็ซ|ใฏใชใณ}ใซ่กŒใใŸใ„ใ€‚ > No matter what, I want to go see the fireworks. +## At least + +### ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚ (NEW!) + +{ๅฐ‘|ใ™ใ}ใชใใจใ‚‚ means "at least". Implies an obligation. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ๅฐ‘ใชใใจใ‚‚==ใ‚‚ใฃใจ{ไธ‰ไบบ|ใ•ใ‚“ใซใ‚“}ใŒ{ๅฟ…่ฆ|ใฒใคใ‚ˆใ†}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> At least three more people are required. + +### ใ›ใ‚ใฆ (NEW!) + +Means "at least". Implies a request. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใ›ใ‚ใฆ=={้€ฑ|ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}ใซ{ไธ€ๅบฆ|ใ„ใกใฉ}{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Please study at least once a week. + +## ใ ใ‘ใพใ—ใ  (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+

+ ใ ใ‘ใพใ—ใ 

+
+ +Means "should be grateful for", "at least", "better than". Means that while something is not good, or not as good as one wishes, it's still better than nothing or an alternative. + +> [!info] Examples +> {็ตฆๆ–™|ใใ‚…ใ†ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†}ใŒใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ™ใใชใ„ใ€{ๅฐฑ่ท|ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ—ใ‚‡ใ}==ใ ใ‘ใพใ—ใ ==ใ€‚ +> The salary is a little low, but at least I found a job. + ## Very ### ใฆใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใชใ„ใƒปใฆใ—ใ‹ใŸใŒใชใ„ @@ -85,13 +129,11 @@ Means "no matter what". Means both "extremely" and "can't be helped". +See [[Can't help - doesn't matter#ใฆใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใชใ„ใƒปใฆใ—ใ‹ใŸใŒใชใ„]] > [!info] Example > {ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{ๆš‘|ใ‚ใค}ใ==ใฆใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใชใ„==ใ€‚ > Today is extremely hot. -> -> {้šฃ|ใจใชใ‚Š}ใฎ{ไผš่ฉฑ|ใ‹ใ„ใ‚}ใฏ{่ž|ใ}ใ==ใฃใฆใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> I can't help but to listen to the conversion next door. ### ใชใ‹ใชใ‹ @@ -176,3 +218,61 @@ Means "so much... that". A version of ใ‚ใพใ‚Š that can also be used with adjec > [!info] Example > {ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ|ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„}ใŒ==ใ‚ใพใ‚Šใซ=={ๅŽณ|ใใณ}ใ—ใใฆใ€{็ง|ใ‚ใŸใ—}ใฏ{ๆณฃ|ใช}ใ{ๅง‹|ใฏใ˜}ใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ > The teacher was so strict that I started to cry. + +## Not at all + +### ใกใฃใจใ‚‚~ใชใ„ (NEW!) + +Means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. It is casual. +Used with a verb in the negative (ใชใ„) form. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใกใฃใจใ‚‚=={ๅญฆๆ ก|ใŒใฃใ“ใ†}ใ‚’{ไผ‘|ใ‚„ใ™}ใพใชใ„ใ€‚ +> I never miss school. + +### ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚‚~ใชใ„ (NEW!) + +
+

ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚‚ +

+
+

V (ใชใ„)

+

ใ„-Adj + ใ„ ใใชใ„

+

ใช-Adj + ใงใฏใชใ„

+

N + ใงใฏใชใ„

+
+
+ +{ๅฐ‘|ใ™ใ“}ใ—ใ‚‚~ใชใ„ means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. Mostly used in writing. + +> [!info] Example +> ใใฎใ‚ขใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใฏ==ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚‚==ๅคงใใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> That appartment was really not big. + +### ๅ…จใ~ใชใ„ (NEW!) + +{ๅ…จ|ใพใฃใŸ}ใ~ใชใ„ means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening. +Used with a verb in the negative (ใชใ„) form. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ๅ…จใ=={ไฟก|ใ—ใ‚“}ใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚ +> That is absolutely unbelievable. + +### ใจใ—ใฆ~ใชใ„ (NEW!) + +Means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening. +Insists more on the duration: "not even". +Used before a a duration, a number, etc. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใฏ{ไธ€ๆ—ฅ|ใ„ใกใซใก}==ใจใ—ใฆ=={ไป•ไบ‹|ใ—ใ”ใจ}ใ‚’{้…|ใŠใ}ใ‚Œใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> She has never missed a day of work, not even one day. + +### ๅ…จ็„ถ (NEW!) + +{ๅ…จ็„ถ|ใœใ‚“ใœใ‚“} means "not at all". + +โš  In more casual settings, it can be used for positive meanings: "completely", "totally". + +> [!info] Example +> ==ๅ…จ็„ถ=={็Ÿฅ|ใ—}ใ‚‰ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> I had no idea. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amount.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts.md similarity index 71% rename from ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amount.md rename to ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts.md index 679f33b..3699737 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amount.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# Amount +# Amounts ## ใใ‚‰ใ„ใƒปใใ‚‰ใ„ @@ -34,6 +34,14 @@ Also means "to the extent of". > ้ฃŸในใชใใฆ{ๅฏ|ใญ}ใŸใ„==ใใ‚‰ใ„=={็–ฒ|ใคใ‹}ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ > I'm tired to the extent of not eating and going to sleep. +## ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š (NEW!) + +Means "about" or "approximately", when used with nouns indicating time or distance. Has the same meaning as ใใ‚‰ใ„ or ใปใฉ, but only in written form. + +> [!info] Example +> {่–ฌๅฑ‹|ใใ™ใ‚Šใ‚„}ใพใง๏ผ‘๏ผๅˆ†==ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š==ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> It takes about 10 minutes to get to the pharmacy. + ## ใฏ particle See [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1)#ใฏ]]. @@ -56,6 +64,15 @@ Like ใใ‚‰ใ„, it describes an approximate amount. It focuses on a limit being > {ๅœฐไธ‹้‰„|ใกใ‹ใฆใค}ใ‚’{ไน—|ใฎ}ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€{ๆญป|ใ—}ใฌ==็จ‹=={่ตฐ|ใฏใ—}ใฃใŸใ€‚ > In order to catch the subway, I ran to death. +## ไธ€ๅฟœ (NEW!) + +{ไธ€ๅฟœ|ใ„ใกใŠใ†} means "more or less", "roughly". +Can also mean "just in case". Used to tell the minimum required amount is done. + +> [!info] Examples +> ==ไธ€ๅฟœ=={็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‘ใฉใ€‚ +> I more or less finished, but... + ## ไธ€ๅบฆใซ {ไธ€ๅบฆ|ใ„ใก|ใฉ}ใซ means "all at once". @@ -72,3 +89,11 @@ Used with {ๅฐ‘|ใ™ใ“}ใ—, means "little by little". > [!info] Example > ๏ผ’{ๅ€‹|ใ“}==ใšใค==ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ > I'll take two of each please. + +## ใ‚ใใซ๏ฝžใชใ„ (NEW!) + +Means "not enough, improperly, insufficiently". Used with a negative phrase. + +> [!info] Examples +> ๏ผ•{ๅนด|ใญใ‚“}{ไธญๅ›ฝ่ชž|ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ”ใใ”}ใ‚’{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸใฎใซใ€==ใ‚ใใซ=={ๅ–‹|ใ—ใ‚ƒใน}ใ‚‰==ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> Even tough I studied Chinese for 5 years, I cannot speak it really well. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Based on.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Based on.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..54a0580 --- /dev/null +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Based on.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +# Based on + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ—ใฆ (NEW!) + +Means "based on", "judging from". Extracts a conclusion from an observation. +Used with nouns. + +Also used to present an extreme example where if A is true, then of course B will also be true. Generally negative. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„{้ƒจ้•ท|ใถใกใ‚‡ใ†}ใฎใ“ใจใฎ{ๅ™‚|ใ†ใ‚ใ•}==ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ—ใฆ==ใ€{ๅฟƒ้…|ใ—ใ‚“ใฑใ„}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Judging from the rumors about the new manager, I'm worried. +> +> ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“{่ฆช|ใŠใ‚„}ใ•ใ‚“ใฏใ†ใ‚‹ใ•ใ„==ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ—ใŸใ‚‰==ใ€{ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}ใ‚‚ใ†ใ‚‹ใ•ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Of course if the parents are noisy, the kids will also be. + +## ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใจใซใƒปใซๆฒฟใฃใฆ (NEW!) + +ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใจใซ and ใซ{ๆฒฟ|ใ}ใฃใฆ mean "based on", "in accordance with". Use a source to do something, following it. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๆ•™็ง‘ๆ›ธ|ใใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ—ใ‚‡}==ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใจใซ==ใ€{็ทด็ฟ’ๅ•้กŒ|ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ‚‚ใ‚“ใ ใ„}ใ‚’{ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Based on this text textbook, I made practice questions. + +## ใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใฆ (NEW!) + +ใซ{ๅŸบ|ใ‚‚ใจ}ใฅใ„ใฆ means "based on". It is more formal than ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใจใซ and ใซๆฒฟใฃใฆ. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๆ˜ ็”ป|ใˆใ„ใŒ}ใฏ{ๆผซ็”ป|ใพใ‚“ใŒ}==ใซๅŸบใฅใ„ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> This movie was based on a manga. + +## ใซๅฟœใˆใฆ (NEW!) + +ใซ{ๅฟœ|ใ“ใŸ}ใˆใฆ means "in response to". Implies a change depending on what is necessary, suitable, etc. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {็คพ้•ท|ใ—ใ‚ƒใกใ‚‡ใ†}ใฎ{้ก˜|ใญใŒ}ใ†==ใซๅฟœใˆใฆ==ใ€{ๆฎ‹ๆฅญ|ใ–ใ‚“ใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> In reponse to my boss's request, I worked overtime. + +## ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ (NEW!) + +ใซ{ๅฟœ|ใŠใ†}ใ˜ใฆ means "in accordance with". It is less direct than ใซๅฟœใˆใฆ. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {็คพ้•ท|ใ—ใ‚ƒใกใ‚‡ใ†}ใฎ{้ก˜|ใญใŒ}ใ†==ใซๅฟœใ˜ใฆ==ใ€{ๆฎ‹ๆฅญ|ใ–ใ‚“ใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> In response to my boss's request, I worked overtime. (the request might have been implicit, and not asked directly) + +## ใฎไธ‹ใงใƒปใฎใ‚‚ใจใซ (NEW!) + +ใฎ{ไธ‹|ใ‚‚ใจ}ใงใƒปใฎ{ไธ‹|ใ‚‚ใจ}ใซ means "under", "on the basis of". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„{ๆณ•ๅพ‹|ใปใ†ใ‚Šใค}==ใฎไธ‹ใง==ใฏใใ‚Œใฏ{็ฆๆญข|ใใ‚“ใ—}ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Under the new law, that is prohibited. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Can't help - doesn't matter.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Can't help - doesn't matter.md index 51411bd..b40aece 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Can't help - doesn't matter.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Can't help - doesn't matter.md @@ -2,19 +2,46 @@ ## Can't help +### ใฆใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใชใ„ใƒปใฆใ—ใ‹ใŸใŒใชใ„ + +Means both "extremely" and "can't be helped". Implies that it's something very much wanted. +Also expresses strong emotion, feeling, desire that cannot be controlled. +See [[Amounts - quantification#ใฆใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใชใ„ใƒปใฆใ—ใ‹ใŸใŒใชใ„]]. + +> [!info] Example +> ใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณใŒ{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ใน==ใฆใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I can't help but to eat ramen. +> +> {้šฃ|ใจใชใ‚Š}ใฎ{ไผš่ฉฑ|ใ‹ใ„ใ‚}ใฏ{่ž|ใ}ใ==ใฃใฆใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I can't help but to listen to the conversion next door. + ### ใšใซใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ -Means "can't help but do something". +Means "can't help but do something". Implies that one can't stop doing it. Made with a verb in the negative form (ใชใ„) without the ใชใ„ ending and adding ใšใซใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„. > [!info] Example > {ๆ‚ฒ|ใ‹ใช}ใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒ ้ฃŸใน==ใšใซใฏๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚Œใชใ„==ใ€‚ > I'm sad so I can't help but eat ice cream. -### ใฆใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใชใ„ใƒปใฆใ—ใ‹ใŸใŒใชใ„ +## ใชใ„ใงใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ (NEW!) -Means can't be helped". -See [[Amounts - quantification#ใฆใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใŒใชใ„ใƒปใฆใ—ใ‹ใŸใŒใชใ„]]. +This means "cannot help doing something". Has the same nuance as ใšใซใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚ +Made with a verb in the negative form (ใชใ„) without the ใชใ„ ending and adding ใงใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—==ใชใ„ใงใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I can't help but play games. + +## ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใชใ„ (NEW!) + +ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’{ๅพ—|ใˆ}ใชใ„ means "can't help doing". Implies that it is not the first choice, but that there is no other option available. +Made with a verb in the negative form (ใชใ„) and adding ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใชใ„. +Exception: ใ™ใ‚‹ becomes ใ›. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ไป•ไบ‹|ใ—ใ”ใจ}ใ‚’ใ›==ใ–ใ‚‹ใ‚’ๅพ—ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I have no choice but to do this job. ## Doesn't matter diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Certainty.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Certainty.md index 27fb37f..8c611e8 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Certainty.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Certainty.md @@ -14,13 +14,25 @@ ใซ{้•|ใกใŒ}ใ„ใชใ„ means "certain that". It is polite. -TODO example +> [!info] Example +> {็ตถๅฏพ|ใœใฃใŸใ„}ใซๆฅใ‚‹==ใซ้•ใ„ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> He's definitely coming. ### ใซ็›ธ้•ใชใ„ (NEW!) ใซ{็›ธ|ใใ†}{้•|ใ„}ใชใ„ means "certain that". It is very formal. -TODO example +> [!info] Example +> ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ{ๅฟ…|ใ‹ใชใ‚‰}ใš{ๆ‚ฒ|ใ‹ใช}ใ—ใ„==ใซ็›ธ้•ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I'm certain that she's sad. + +## Uncertain: ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ (NEW!) + +Means "there is no guarantee that", "not necessarily". + +> [!info] Example +> {้ซ˜|}ใ„{ๅ•†ๅ“|ใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใฒใ‚“}ใ‚’{่ฒท|ใ‹}ใฃใฆ{่‰ฏ่ณช|ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใค}==ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> Buying a product that is expensive does not guarantee that it is of good quality. ## Not always: ใจใฏ้™ใ‚‰ใชใ„ diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Combination actions.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Combination actions.md index 26a1da7..1d6dd3d 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Combination actions.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Combination actions.md @@ -130,6 +130,54 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process. > ใ“ใฎ๏ผ‘๏ผ“ๆ™‚้–“{้ฃ›่กŒ|ใฒใ“ใ†}ใง{ๅบง|ใ™ใ‚}ใ‚Š==ใฃใฑใชใ—==ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ > I sat the entire time on this 13 hours flight. +## ~ใ‹ใญใ‚‹ (NEW!) + +~ใ‹ใญใ‚‹ means "unable to do", due to an external circumstance. It is polite. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใงใ==ใ‹ใญใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> I'm sorry, I cannot do that. + +## ~ใฃใ“ใชใ„ (NEW!) + +~ใฃใ“ใชใ„ means that something is not possible. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ…จ็„ถ|ใœใ‚“ใœใ‚“}{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€‚ใ€‚{ๅˆๆ ผ|ใ”ใ†ใ‹ใ}ใ—==ใฃใ“ใชใ„==ใ‚ˆใ€‚ +> I did not study at all... There's no way I'll pass. + +## ~ๆŠœใ (NEW!) + +~{ๆŠœ|ใฌใ}ใ means to do something to the end, or completely. The nuance is that someone tried hard and has made an effort to achieve this result. + +> [!info] Example +> ใใ‚Œใฏ{ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ|ใพใ„ใซใก}ใ‚„ใ‚Š==ๆŠœใ=={็„ก็†|ใ‚€ใ‚Š}ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚ +> You cannot do this every day. + +## ~็ตฆใˆ (NEW!) + +~{็ตฆ|ใŸใพ}ใˆ is used for a light order. It is used by someone of higher rank to someone of lower rank. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใ“ใซ{ๅบง|ใ™ใ‚}ใ‚Š==็ตฆใˆ==ใ€‚ +> Seat here. + +## ~ใคใค(ใ‚‚) (NEW!) + +~ใคใค means that something happens at the same time as another action. Adding ใ‚‚ adds the meaning of "even": "even while doing". + +> [!info] Example +> ้ฃŸใน==ใคใค==ใ€้ฃฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ +> While eating, let's drink. + +## ~ใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹ (NEW!) + +~ใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹ means that something is in an ongoing process or action, in a similar manner as ใฆใใ‚‹. + +> [!info] Example +> {้›ช|ใ‚†ใ}ใŒ{้™|ใต}ใ‚Š==ใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> It is snowing. + ## ๏ฝž่พผใ‚€ ~{่พผ|ใ“}ใ‚€ has multiple meanings depending on the verb. Sometimes it is idiomatic and so it cannot exactly be guessed. However, there are some broad categories. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Comparison.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Comparison.md index b398eb8..274e707 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Comparison.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Comparison.md @@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ With the following pattern, it means that A is "more" Adj "than" B. > ้›ป่ปŠใฏ่ปŠ==ใ‚ˆใ‚Š=={้€Ÿ|ใฏใ‚„}ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ > Trains are faster than cars. +Do not confuse with [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2)#ใ‚ˆใ‚Š (NEW!)]]. + ## ใ‚ˆใ‚Š(ใ‚‚)
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ Used with nouns.
Means that the extent has not been reached, so it is not as much. -See also [[Amount#ใปใฉ]]. +See also [[Amounts#ใปใฉ]]. > [!info] Example > {้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝ|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ“ใ}==ใปใฉ=={่พ›|ใ‹ใ‚‰}ใ„ใฎ้ฃŸใน{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใฏ==ใชใ„==ใ€‚ @@ -117,3 +119,28 @@ See also [[Amount#ใปใฉ]]. > > {ไธญๅ›ฝ|ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ”ใ}{ๆ–™็†|ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚Š}ใฏ{้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝ|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ“ใ}{ๆ–™็†|ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚Š}==ใปใฉ=={่พ›|ใ‹ใ‚‰}ใ==ใชใ„==ใงใ™ใ€‚ > Korean food is spicier than Chinese food. + +## ใชใ‚‰ใพใ ใ—ใ‚‚ (NEW!) + +Means that A is okay, but B is not. "Rather", "instead". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฏ’|ใ•ใ‚€}ใ„ใ ใ‘==ใชใ‚‰ใพใ ใ—ใ‚‚==ใ€{้›จ|ใ‚ใ‚}ใŒ{้™|ใต}ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰่กŒใใŸใใชใ„ใ€‚ +> It would be fine if it was just cold, but since it's raining I don't want to go. + +## ใซ้™ใ‚‹ (NEW!) + +Means "the best is". +Used with verbs and nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใƒ‘ใƒณใชใ‚‰ใ€ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น==ใซ้™ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> Bread is best in France. + +## ใซ่ถŠใ—ใŸใ“ใจใฏใชใ„ (NEW!) + +ใซ{่ถŠ|ใ“ใ—}ใ—ใŸใ“ใจใฏใชใ„ means "there's nothing better than...". Implies that is nice to reach it. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฅๅบท|ใ‘ใ‚“ใ“ใ†}ใฎใŸใ‚ใซ{ๆ—ฉ|ใฏใ‚„}ใ{ๅฏ|ใญ}ใ‚‹==ใซ่ถŠใ—ใŸใ“ใจใฏใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> For your health, it's best to go to bed early. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Consequence.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Consequence.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..609a19c --- /dev/null +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Consequence.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +# Consequence + +## ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹ (NEW!) + +ใซ{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‹}ใ‚ใ‚‹ means "to affect", "to be involved". Used with nouns that express something influential. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅ‘ฝ|ใ„ใฎใก}==ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹=={ไบ‹ๆ•…|ใ˜ใ“}ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> There was a life-threatening incident. + +## ใŒใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใงใƒปใ‚’ใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใซ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V + ใฎใƒปใ“ใจ

+

N

+
+

+ ใŒใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใงใƒปใ‚’ใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใซ

+
+ +Means "to take advantage of", "because of", "as an opportunity to". It is a common form. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใจ{ๅ‡บไผš|ใงใ‚}ใฃใŸใฎ==ใŒใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใง==ใ€ใƒใƒƒใƒ—{้Ÿณๆฅฝ|ใŠใ‚“ใŒใ}ใŒ{ๅฅฝ|ใ™}ใ{ๅง‹|ใฏใ˜}ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ +> After meeting her, I started liking pop music. + +## ใ‚’ๅฅ‘ๆฉŸใซ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V + ใฎใƒปใ“ใจ

+

N

+
+

+ ใ‚’ๅฅ‘ๆฉŸใซ

+
+ +ใ‚’{ๅฅ‘ๆฉŸ|ใ‘ใ„ใ}ใซ means "lead to", "as a result of", "as a good opportunity to". It is used for an important change, in formal situations. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆˆฆไบ‰|ใ›ใ‚“ใใ†}==ใ‚’ๅฅ‘ๆฉŸใซ==ใ€{ไบบใ€…|ใฒใจใณใจ}ใฏ{ๅฎถ|ใ„ใˆ}ใ‚’{ๅคฑ|ใ†ใ—ใช}ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> As a result of the war, people lost their homes. + +## ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ (NEW!) + +Means "having done that". Used for something where there is no control, or to confirm an information. +Used at the beginning of a phrase. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Š{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ในใฆใฟใฆใ€‚==ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ==ใ€ใŠใ„ใ—ใใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Try eating slower. Doing that, it will taste better. + +## ็”ฒๆ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใŸ)

+

V (ใพใ™)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใ‹ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+ +{็”ฒๆ–|ใ‹ใ„}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ means "to be worth". ็”ฒๆ–ใŒใชใ„ means "to not be worth". + +> [!info] Examples +> ๏ผ‘๏ผ๏ผ{็‚น|ใฆใ‚“}{ๆŒ|ใ‚‚}ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰{ๆœ|ใ‚ใ•}ใพใง{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸ==ใ‹ใ„ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I got 100 points, so it was worth it studying until morning. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Description.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Description.md index 5b8997c..f62ab6f 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Description.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Description.md @@ -16,6 +16,15 @@ Means "named", "called". > {ๅฐ้ขจ|ใŸใ„ใตใ†}ใŒๆฅใ‚‹==ใจใ„ใ†==ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ€‚ > A news that a typhoon is coming. +## ใ„ใ‚ใ‚†ใ‚‹ (NEW!) + +Means "called". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> ๅฝผใฏ==ใ„ใ‚ใ‚†ใ‚‹==ใ‚ชใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใงใ™ใ€‚ +> He is what they call an otaku. + ## ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ Means "you could say". diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Emphasis.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Emphasis.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b4d715a --- /dev/null +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Emphasis.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +# Emphasis + +## ใซ้™ใฃใฆ (NEW!) + +ใซ{้™|ใ‹ใŽ}ใฃใฆ means "particularly when", "only when". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฏ{้‡‘ๆ›œๆ—ฅ|ใใซใ‚‡ใ†ใณ==ใซ้™ใฃใฆ==ใ€{็‰นๅˆฅ|ใจใในใคใช{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ใน{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใ‚’{ไฝœ|ใค}ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> This restaurant only makes special food on Fridays. + +## ใ“ใจใซ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+
+

+ ใ“ใจใซ

+
+ +Means "particularly", "especially". Used to describe and emphasize the speaker's feelings. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใ‚“ใชใซ{้•ท|ใชใŒ}ใ„{้–“|ใ‚ใ„ใ }{ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใ‹ใ‚‰{้€ฃ็ตก|ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ‚‰ใ}ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸ==ใ“ใจใซ=={้ฉš|ใŠใฉใ‚}ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I was surprised to hear from him after such a long time. + +## ใใ‚Œใชใ‚‰ (NEW!) + +Means "if that's the case". Highlights the previous statement. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ไปŠ้€ฑ|ใ“ใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}{ๅฟ™|ใ„ใใŒ}ใ—ใ„ใ‚“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚==ใใ‚Œใชใ‚‰==ใ€{ๆฅ้€ฑ|ใ‚‰ใ„ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ +> You're busy this week, right? Then, what about the next one? + +## ใ ใฃใฆ (NEW!) + +Means "even someone". It is informal. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใใ‚Œใฏใ“ใฉใ‚‚==ใ ใฃใฆ=={็Ÿฅ|ใ—}ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Even kids know that. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Exception.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Exception.md index 5e95c0f..91b10d6 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Exception.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Exception.md @@ -15,3 +15,27 @@ With verbs and adjectives, ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ is placed before. > {ๅ‹|ใ‹ใค}ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹==ใฏๅˆฅใจใ—ใฆ==ใ€{่ฉฆๅˆ|ใ—ใ‚ใ„}ใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใŸใ„ใ€‚ > Whether we win or not, I want to play the game. +## ใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆ (NEW!) + +
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆ

+
+
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใ‚’้™คใ +

+
+

N

+
+
+ +ใ‚’{้™ค|ใฎใž}ใ„ใฆ means "except". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ็ง==ใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆ==ใ€{็š†|ใฟใช}ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ{ๅˆๆ ผ|ใ”ใ†ใ‹ใ}ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> Everyone except me passed. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Listing.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Listing.md index 528e854..7f79e0c 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Listing.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Listing.md @@ -47,6 +47,15 @@ This particles means "and" or "with". Used for a list that is exhaustive. Connec > ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น่ชž==ใจ==ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชžใ‚’็ฟ’ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ > I am learning French and Spanish. +### ๅŠใณ (NEW!) + +{ๅŠ|ใŠใ‚ˆ}ใณ means "and", like ใจ. Used in formal settings. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> {่ฉฆ้จ“|ใ—ใ‘ใ‚“}ใซใฏ{้‰›็ญ†|ใˆใ‚“ใดใค}==ๅŠใณ=={ๆถˆ|ใ‘}ใ—ใ‚ดใƒ ใ‚’{ๆŒ|ใ‚‚}ใฃใฆใใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Please bring a pencil and an eraser to the exam. + ### ใฆ connecting Used for a list that is exhaustive. Connects verbs. @@ -72,6 +81,15 @@ Used with nouns. > ใŠ้‡‘ใŒใชใ„ใฎใงใ‚ซใƒ•ใ‚ง**ใ‚„**ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณ==ใชใฉ=={ๆ‰•|ใฏใ‚‰}ใˆใชใ„ใ€‚ > I can't pay things like cafes or restaurant (etc.) because I have no money. +### ใจใ„ใฃใŸ (NEW!) + +Used to describe typical examples: "things as", "like", "such as". It is casual. It has the same meaning as ใชใฉ. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใจใ‚ซใƒŠใƒ€==ใจใ„ใฃใŸ=={ๅ›ฝ|ใใซ}ใฏใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น{่ชž|ใ”}ใ‚’{่ฉฑ|ใฏใช}ใ™ใ€‚ +> Countries such as France and Canada speak French. + ### ใจใ‹๏ฝžใจใ‹ Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "and", "among other things". More casual than ใ‚„. Ending a sentence with ใจใ‹ can soften the meaning. Can also be used to quote someone. @@ -127,70 +145,34 @@ It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence. > ่จ€ใฃใฆใชใ„==ใ—==๏ผ > I never said that! +### ใ‚„ใ‚‰~ใ‚„ใ‚‰ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

N

+
+

+ ใ‚„ใ‚‰ + B + ใ‚„ใ‚‰

+
+ +This form is unexhaustive and can be translated as "and", "among other things". +It has 3 nuances: +- Conveys a negative image +- Among other things, in an unorganized manner +- Conflicting feelings + +> [!info] Examples +> {ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}{้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใŒใชใ‹ใฃใŸ==ใ‚„ใ‚‰==ใ€{่ปŠ|ใใ‚‹ใพ}ใŒ{ๅฃŠ|ใ“ใ‚}ใ‚ŒใŸ==ใ‚„ใ‚‰==ใ€{ๅฎถ|ใ„ใˆ}ใซ{ๅ‡บ|ใง}ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> There were no trains and my car broke down, so I couldn't go out. +> +> {้ป’|ใใ‚}ใ„==ใ‚„ใ‚‰=={็™ฝ|ใ—ใ‚}ใ„==ใ‚„ใ‚‰=={็€็‰ฉ|ใใ‚‚ใฎ}ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ +> There are black and white kimonos (among other things). +> + ## Summing up * ==ใ‚„== means "and", and is formal. Can be completed by ==ใชใฉ== (= etc). * ==ใจใ‹== also means "and", but is casual. * ==ใŸใ‚Š== means "or", "things like". Used to express possibilities. * ==ใ—== means "and", but with an emphasis on a review. - -## And also - -### ใ‚‚๏ฝžใฐ๏ฝžใ‚‚ - -
-

N1 + ใ‚‚ +

-
-
-

V (ใฐ)

-

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ

-

ใช-Adj + ใชใ‚‰

-

N + ใชใ‚‰

-
-
-

+ N2 + ใ‚‚

-
- -Means "also", "as well". Means that both N1 and N2 are true (and should share a connection). -โš  Despite using conditional form, it is not conditional in meaning. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๆฏ|ใฏใฏ}ใฏใƒใƒซใƒˆใ‚ฌใƒซ{่ชž|ใ”}==ใ‚‚==ใงใใ‚Œ==ใฐ==ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ{่ชž|ใ”}==ใ‚‚=={่ฉฑ|ใฏใช}ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish. - -### ไธŠใซ - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ไธŠ(ใซ)

-
- -{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ}ใซ means "and also", "in addition", "as well". Used with similar qualities (positive with positive, negative with negative). - -> [!info] Examples -> ใ“ใฎใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใฏ{้ซ˜|ใŸใ‹}ใ„==ไธŠใซ=={ไธไพฟ|ใตในใ‚“}ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> This supermarket is expensive as well as inconvenient. - -### ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ - -
-
-

N

-
-

+ ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ +

-
-

phrase

-
-

+ ใ‚‚ใƒปใ•ใˆ

-
- -Means "not only but also", "not to mention". - -> [!info] Examples -> ใ“ใฎใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใซใฏใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ==ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“==ใƒœใ‚ฆใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐ==ใ‚‚==ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ -> This game center not only has games but also bowling. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Means.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Means.md index 64830b6..7aac482 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Means.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Means.md @@ -66,6 +66,15 @@ Used with a noun. > ๅฐ้ขจ==ใซใ‚ˆใ‚Š==ใ€ๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚ > Because of the typhoon, I cannot go out. +## ๆฌก็ฌฌใง (NEW!) + +{ๆฌก็ฌฌ|ใ—ใ ใ„}ใง means "depending on". The difference with ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ is that the options are limited and quantifiable. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {่ฉฆ้จ“|ใ—ใ‘ใ‚“}ใฎ{็ตๆžœ|ใ‘ใฃใ‹}==ๆฌก็ฌฌใง=={ๆฅๅนด|ใ‚‰ใ„ใญใ‚“}ใฎ{ๅญฆๆ ก|ใŒใฃใ“ใ†}ใŒ{ๅค‰|ใ‹}ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ +> Depending on the results I get on this test, my school next year will not be the same. + ## ใจใŠใ‚Šใซ
@@ -104,26 +113,3 @@ Means "to do all that one can". > [!info] Example > {่ฉฆ้จ“|ใ—ใ‘ใ‚“}ใฎใŸใ‚{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ™ใ‚‹==ใ ใ‘ใฏ=={ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸใ€‚ > I studied as much as I could for the exam. - -## ใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ‚ใš (NEW!) - -TODO: perhaps in "without"? - -
-
-

V + ใฎ

-
-

+ ใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใš

-
-
-
-

N

-
-

+ ใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใš

-
- -ใ‚‚{ๆง‹|ใ‹ใพ}ใ‚ใš means "without worrying about". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆœชๆฅ|ใฟใ‚‰ใ„}==ใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใš==ใ€{ๅ…จ็„ถ|ใœใ‚“ใœใ‚“}{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> Without worrying about the future, I didn't studied at all. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Natural - expected.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Natural - expected.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2cd0b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Natural - expected.md @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +# Natural, expected + +## ๅฝ“็„ถใ  (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+
+

+ ใฎใฏใƒปใฎใ‚‚ + ๅฝ“็„ถใ 

+
+
+
+

ใ„-Adj

+
+

+ ใฎใฏใƒปใฎใ‚‚ + ๅฝ“็„ถใ 

+
+
+
+

ใช-Adj

+
+

+ ใช + ใฎใฏ + ๅฝ“็„ถใ 

+
+
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใฏใƒปใ‚‚ + ๅฝ“็„ถใ 

+
+ +ใ‚‚{ๅฝ“็„ถ|ใจใ†ใœใ‚“}ใ  means "it is only natural", "no wonder". + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใซ{่ฒ |ใพ}ใ‘ใŸ==ใฎใฏๅฝ“็„ถใ ==ใ€ใƒ—ใƒญใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€‚ +> It's no wonder I lost to her, she's a pro. + +## ใฎใ‚‚ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚‚ใ  (NEW!) + +
+
+

V + ใฎใ‚‚ใƒปใฎใฏ

+

ใ„-Adj + ใฎใ‚‚ใƒปใฎใฏ

+

ใช-Adj + ใช + ใฎใ‚‚ใƒปใฎใฏ

+

N + ใ‚‚ใƒปใฏ

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚‚ใ 

+
+ +Means "no wonder", "is only natural". + +> [!info] Examples +> {่ถ…่‡ช็„ถ็š„|ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใœใ‚“ใฆใ}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใใฎ{่ฉฑ|ใฏใชใ—}ใฏ{ไฟก|ใ—ใ‚“}ใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„==ใฎใฏใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚‚ใ ==ใ€‚ +> There's supernatural elements, so it's only natural that this story is hard to believe. + +## ใ‚‚ใฎใ  (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใƒปใฟใ‚“ใ 

+
+ +Means "normally" or "should". Used to describe conventions, common sense, or what is expected in the current situation. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ|ใพใ„ใซใก}๏ผ’{ๅ›ž|ใ‹ใ„}{ๆญฏ|ใฏ}ใ‚’{็ฃจ|ใฟใŒ}ใ==ใ‚‚ใฎใ ==ใ€‚ +> You're supposed to brush your teeth twice a day. + +## ใ ใ‘ใฎใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚‹ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N

+
+

+ ใ ใ‘ใฎใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+ +Means "as expected", "not surprising". Often used with [[Adverbs#ใ•ใ™ใŒ|ใ•ใ™ใŒ]] or ใ‚„ใฏใ‚Š. Not used for negative outcomes. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใฏ{ไธŠๆ‰‹|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใš}ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ใ•ใ™ใŒ{ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ|ใพใ„ใซใก}{็ทด็ฟ’|ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}==ใ ใ‘ใฎใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใ‚‹==ใชใ‚ใ€‚ +> She's very good. As expected from someone who trains everyday. + +## ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ (NEW!) + +ใจ{่€ƒ|ใ‹ใ‚“ใŒ}ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ means "is thought to be", "can be considered as". Used to convey an objective or widely spread opinion, contrary to ใจๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ‚ฟใƒใ‚ณใฏ{ๅฅๅบท|ใ‘ใ‚“ใ“ใ†}ใซ{ๆ‚ช|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใ„==ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> Tobacco is considered bad for one's health. + +## ใ ใ‘ใซ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N

+
+

+ ใ ใ‘ใซ

+
+ +Means "as one would expect", "it's only natural that". + +> [!info] Example +> {้ƒฝๅธ‚|ใจใ—}ใฏ{ไบบๅฃ|ใ˜ใ‚“ใ“}ใŒ{ๅคš|ใŠใŠ}ใ„==ใ ใ‘ใซ==ใ€{ๅœฐไธ‹้‰„|ใกใ‹ใฆใค}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> The city is so populous, so as one might expect, it has a subway. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation - ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใƒปใชใ„ใจ.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation - ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใƒปใชใ„ใจ.md index 8b62f4e..8315b21 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation - ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใƒปใชใ„ใจ.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation - ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใƒปใชใ„ใจ.md @@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ This form is used with a V-ใฆ, depending on the ending: ### ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ Used in a more formal or written manner. Used with a V-ใฆ. +ใฆใฏใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ is a stronger form. > [!info] Example > {้‰„้“|ใฆใค|ใฉใ†}ใซ{ๆญฉ|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใ„==ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ€‚ diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md index 3dc20eb..e2adfd4 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Used with a verb in ใฆ form, with ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใจ or ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใ‘ใ‚Œ
-

V (dictionary)

+

V (ใ‚‹)

V (ใชใ„)

+ ใ“ใจ

@@ -131,3 +131,13 @@ The contrary of ในใใ  is ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใƒปในใใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„. > > ใใ‚“ใ‚==ใฏใšใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ€‚ > This cannot be true. + +## ใญใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ (NEW!) + +Means "must", "have to". Made by removing the ใชใ„ verb ending and replacing it by ใญใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„. It is a formal and literary structure. + +โš  ใ™ใ‚‹ becomes ใ›ใญใฐใ‚‰ใชใ„. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ‚ดใƒŸใ‚’{ๆจ|ใ™}ใฆ==ใญใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I have to throw out the trash. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md index 8803e79..e191423 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md @@ -85,3 +85,23 @@ Used with nouns. With verbs, ใจใ“ใ‚ is added before. > [!info] Examples > {ๅคฉๆฐ—ไบˆๅ ฑ|ใฆใ‚“ใใ‚ˆใปใ†}==ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจ=={ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{้›ช|ใ‚†ใ}ใŒ{้™|ใต}ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใ ใ€‚ > According to the weather forecast, it's supposed to snow today. + +## ใจใ‹(ใง) (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใจใ‹(ใง)

+
+ +Used to tell information heard via rumour. "I heard that..." + +> [!info] Examples +> {็›ฎ้ป’|ใ‚ใใ‚}ใซ{ไฝ|ใ™}ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹==ใจใ‹==ใ€‚ +> Apparently they live in Meguro. + +Do not confuse with [[Listing#ใจใ‹๏ฝžใจใ‹]]. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - looking like.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - looking like.md index 7ba30ef..7c1ca58 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - looking like.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - looking like.md @@ -206,3 +206,44 @@ This is used (unlike other forms that can apply to abstract similarities) exclus > [!info] Example > {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใฏใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นไบบ==ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹==ใ€‚ > She looks like she is French. + +## ใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†{ใ ใƒปใซใƒปใช} (NEW!) + +Means "as if", "just like". +Use ใ‹ใฎใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  if it is ending the sentence, ใ‹ใฎใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ before a verb, ใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช before a noun. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใฏ{็พๅฎŸ|ใ’ใ‚“ใ˜ใค}==ใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใ ==ใ€‚ +> This game is just like reality. + +## ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใ‚‰ (NEW!) + +Means "it seems like", used with notions like ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  or ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„. +Used at the beginning of a phrase. + +> [!info] Examples +> ==ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใ‚‰=={้›ขๅฉš|ใ‚Šใ“ใ‚“}ใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใ ใ€‚ +> Apparently they got divorced. + +## ใ’ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V ใพใ™

+

V ใชใ„

+

V ใŸใ„

+

ใ„-Adj + ใ„

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N (limited)

+
+

+ ใ’

+
+ +Means that something or someone looks like, appears to. Cannot be used for yourself. +It is used in a similar manner as ใใ†, but only to describe the feelings of someone. + +โš  Irregular form: ใ„ใ„ => ใ‚ˆใ„ => ใ‚ˆใ•ใ’ + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„{้ƒจ้•ท|ใถใกใ‚‡ใ†}{ไธๅฎ‰|ใตใ‚ใ‚“}==ใ’==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> The new manager seems anxious. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f499a74 --- /dev/null +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +# Observation + +## ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจ (NEW!) + +ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’{่ฆ‹|ใฟ}ใ‚‹ใจ means "judging from". +Used with verbs. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใƒ˜ใƒซใƒกใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’{่ขซ|ใ‹ใถ}ใฆใ„ใ‚‹==ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจ==ใ€{่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ|ใ˜ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใง{ๆฅ|ใ}ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> Judging from the fact that he's wearing a helmet, he must have come by bicycle. + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใƒปใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ (NEW!) + +Means "judging from", "considering". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆœ|ใตใ}ใ‚’ยด{็€|ใ}ใ‚‹==ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ==ใ€{ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{้ขๆŽฅ|ใ‚ใ‚“ใ›ใค}ใซ{่กŒ|ใ„}ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ +> Judging from the clothes you're wearing, I guess you're going to pass an interview today. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Only - just.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Only - just.md index e90b3fe..eed52ce 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Only - just.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Only - just.md @@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ Used to say "only" with a negative meaning.
Means "not only A but also B". +Can also be used as ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ‹, for a slightly stronger effect. > [!info] Examples > ๅฝผๅฅณใฏ{็ถบ้บ—|ใใ‚Œใ„}==ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใงใชใ=={ๅคฉๆ‰|ใฆใ‚“ใ•ใ„}ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ™ใ€‚ @@ -121,6 +122,14 @@ Used with nouns. > ใ“ใฎ{ๅบ—|ใฟใ›}ใฏ{ๅนณๆ—ฅ|ใธใ„ใ˜ใค}==ใซ้™ใ‚‰ใš==ใ€{้€ฑๆœซ|ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใพใค}ใ‚‚{ๅ–ถๆฅญ|ใˆใ„ใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ > This store is open not only on weekdays but also on weekends. +## ใฎใฟใชใ‚‰ใš (NEW!) + +Means "not only, but also". + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ๅ„ช|ใ‚„ใ•}ใ—ใใชใ„{ไบบ|ใฒใจ}==ใฎใฟใชใ‚‰ใš==ใ€{ๅฃ|ใใก}ใ‚‚{ๆ‚ช|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใ„ใ€‚ +> Not only is he not kind, but he's also bad mouthed. + ## ใฆใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ„ใ‚‹ Means "only", "nothing but". @@ -130,12 +139,8 @@ Used with a verb in ใฆ form. > {ๅƒ•|ใผใ}ใฎ{็Šฌ|ใ„ใฌ}ใฏ{้ณด|ใช}ใ‘==ใฆใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ„ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ > My dog is always barking. -# TODO - ## ใงใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ (NEW!) -TODO ask nuance - Means "nothing but" or "no more than". More often than not conveys a negative nuance. Used with nouns. @@ -143,15 +148,10 @@ Used with nouns. > {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}==ใงใ—ใ‹ใชใ„==ใ€‚ > He nothing more than a child. -## ใซ้ŽใŽใชใ„ (ni suginai) +## ใซ้ŽใŽใชใ„ (NEW!) -TODO ask nuance -TODO all +ใซ{้Ž|ใ™}ใŽใชใ„ means "just", "no more than". Used for something that is not of great quality, quantity or level. -ใงใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ similar (check in the handbook) - -Meaning: no more than; just; merely; only ~. This is used to emphasize that something is of a lower quality / quantity / level. -Category: amount? - -https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%e3%81%ab%e9%81%8e%e3%81%8e%e3%81%aa%e3%81%84-ni-suginai-meaning/ -https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points/%E3%81%AB%E3%81%99%E3%81%8E%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84 +> [!info] Examples +> ๅฝผๅฅณใฏใŸใ {ๅˆๅฟƒ่€…|ใ—ใ‚‡ใ—ใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}==ใซ้ŽใŽใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> She's just a beginner. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - although.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - although.md index 9bf6cf5..0dea4a4 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - although.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - although.md @@ -1,13 +1,5 @@ # Opposition: although -## ใซๅใ—ใฆ - -ใซ{ๅ|ใฏใ‚“}ใ—ใฆ means "contrary to". Opposes the first noun to the rest of the sentence. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅธธ่ญ˜|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใ}==ใซๅใ—ใฆ==ใ€ๅฝผใฏ{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> Contrary to common sense, he did not study. - ## ๅ‰ฒใซ
@@ -75,7 +67,36 @@ Means "although". Puts a nuance to the first statement describing that it is not > {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ๅŒป่€…|ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒ}==ใจใ„ใฃใฆใ‚‚==ใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Š{้ ญ|ใ‚ใŸใพ}ใŒ{่‰ฏ|ใ‚ˆ}ใใชใ„ใ€‚ > He may be a doctor, but he is not very smart. -## ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ +## ใซใ‚‚้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใš (NEW!) -ใซ{ๅฏพ|ใŸใ„}ใ—ใฆ. -See [[Towards#In contrast to]]. \ No newline at end of file +ใซใ‚‚{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‹}ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš means "regardless", "despite". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฑ้™บ|ใใ‘ใ‚“}==ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš==ใ€{ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏใพใ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Despite the danger, he still did it. + +## ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ

+
+ +Means "although", "even though". It is formal. Similar to ใฎใซ. The first part is positive, and the second one is negative. + +> [!info] Example +> {ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{ๆ™ด|ใฏ}ใ‚ŒใŸ==ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ==ใจใฆใ‚‚{ๅฏ’|ใ•ใ‚€}ใ„ใ€‚ +> It is sunny today, but very cold. + +## ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚‚ (NEW!) + +Means "although", "but". Connects two phrases. Used in literature. + +> [!info] Example +> ๅธฐๅ›ฝใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚==ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚‚==ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ ใ‘ใฉใ€‚ +> I plan to return to my country. But only if I had the time... diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - but - however.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - but - however.md index 1da371f..f806b5d 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - but - however.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - but - however.md @@ -49,7 +49,3 @@ Means "but", "however". > [!info] Example > {ๆ‰‹ไผ|ใฆใคใ }ใ„ใŸใ„==ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ‘ใฉ=={ๆš‡|ใฒใพ}ใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ > I'd like to help but I don't have time. - -## Summing up - -๐Ÿ›  Todo. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - even if.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - even if.md index 4e5cfa3..3dbe14a 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - even if.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - even if.md @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Means "but still", "even so", "anyway". Means "although", "even tough". Cannot be an hypothesis, must be a confirmed fact. This, it works with past tense. See [[Connectors#ใฎใซ#Even tough]]. -## ใใ›ใซ +## ใใ›ใซใƒปใใ›ใ—ใฆ
@@ -49,10 +49,11 @@ See [[Connectors#ใฎใซ#Even tough]].

ใช-Adj + ใช

N + ใฎ

-

+ ใใ›ใซ

+

+ ใใ›ใซใƒปใใ›ใ—ใฆ

Means "despite", "even tough". Has a negative connotation when a situation is not what was expected. Regularly used to talk about characteristics. Like ใฎใซ, cannot be an hypothesis. +ใใ›ใ—ใฆ is more familiar than ใใ›ใซ. > [!info] Example > {ๆŽƒ้™ค|ใใ†ใ˜}ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใฃใŸ==ใใ›ใซ==ใ€ใพใ {ๆฑš|ใใŸใช}ใ„ใ‚ˆใ€‚ @@ -124,3 +125,73 @@ It is used to talk about an unexpected result, that is contradictory to the prec > [!info] Example > {่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ|ใ˜ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใฎ{ไน—|ใฎ}ใ‚Š{ๆ–น|ใ‹ใŸ}ใ‚’{ๅฟ˜|ใ‚ใ™}ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใˆใชใ„ใจ{ๆ€|ใŠใ‚‚}ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚==ใจใ“ใ‚ใŒ==ใ™ใฃใ‹ใ‚Š{ๅฟ˜|ใ‚ใ™}ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ > I thought it was impossible to forget how to ride a bike. However, I completely forgot. + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใจใ„ใฃใฆ

+
+ +ใ‹ใ‚‰ใจ{่จ€|ใ„}ใฃใฆ means "just because", "even if". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅนดไธŠ|ใจใ—ใ†ใˆ}ใ ==ใ‹ใ‚‰ใจใ„ใฃใฆ=={ๆญฃ|ใŸใ }ใ—ใ„ใจใฏ{้™|ใ‹ใŽ}ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ +> Just because you're older doesn't mean you're right. + +## ใ“ใจใซใฏใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V + (ใจใ„ใ†)

+

ใ„-Adj + ใจใ„ใ†

+

ใช-Adj + ใ ใจใ„ใ†

+
+

+ ใ“ใจใซใฏใชใ‚‰ใชใ„

+
+ +Means "just because... doesn't mean that". Used at the end of a sentence. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ’ๆฅญ|ใใคใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใจใ„ใฃใฆไปŠใ™ใ{ๅฐฑ่ท|ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใ—ใ‚‡ใ}ใงใใพใ™==ใ“ใจใซใฏใชใ‚‰ใ„==ใ€‚ +> Just because you graduated doesn't mean you can get a job right away. + +## ใจใ‚‚ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใŠใ†)

+

V (ใชใ„)ใ

+

ใ„-Adj + ใ„ + ใ

+
+

+ ใจใ‚‚

+
+ +Means "even if", "no matter". Similar to ใฆใ‚‚ ([[TeF (4) - even if]]). Used in writing. + +> [!info] Example +> {่พ›|ใ‹ใ‚‰}ใ==ใจใ‚‚==ใ€{ๅ…จ้ƒจ|ใœใ‚“ใถ}{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ในใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Even if it was spicy, I planned to eat it all. + +## ใซใ›ใ‚ˆใƒปใซใ—ใ‚ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + (ใงใ‚ใ‚‹)

+
+

+ ใซใ›ใ‚ˆใƒปใซใ—ใ‚

+
+ +Means "even if", "no matter". ใซใ›ใ‚ˆ is more common in written form and ใซใ—ใ‚ is more common orally. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฅฝ|ใ™}ใใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„==ใซใ—ใ‚==ใ€{้‡Ž่œ|ใ‚„ใ•ใ„}ใ‚’{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ในใ‚‹{ๆ–น|ใปใ†}ใŒใ„ใ„ใ€‚ +> Even if you don't like it, you should eat your vegetables. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e0e1061 --- /dev/null +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition.md @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +# Opposition + +## ใซๅใ—ใฆ + +ใซ{ๅ|ใฏใ‚“}ใ—ใฆ means "contrary to". Opposes the first noun to the rest of the sentence. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅธธ่ญ˜|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใ}==ใซๅใ—ใฆ==ใ€ๅฝผใฏ{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Contrary to common sense, he did not study. + +## ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ + +ใซ{ๅฏพ|ใŸใ„}ใ—ใฆ. +See [[Towards#In contrast to]]. + +## ้€†ใซ (NEW!) + +{้€†|ใŽใ‚ƒใ}ใซ means "on the contrary". Means that it is the opposite of something else. + +> [!info] Example +> {ไบบ|ใฒใจ}ใŒ{ๅคงไฝ“|ใ ใ„ใŸใ„}ใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใŒ{ๅฅฝ|ใ™}ใ==้€†ใซ=={ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ๅซŒ|ใใ‚‰}ใ„ใ€‚ +> Most people like rabbits, but on the contrary he hates them. + +## ใ‹ใˆใฃใฆ (NEW!) + +Means "on the contrary", "rather". Used for bad results, contrary to what was expected. + +> [!info] Example +> {่–ฌ|ใใ™ใ‚Š}ใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“ใ ใ‚‰==ๅดใฃใฆ=={่ชฟๅญ|ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใ—}ใŒ{ๆ‚ช|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใใชใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Despite drinking medicine, on the contrary my condition got worse. + +## ๅ้ข (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใชใƒปใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+

+ ๅ้ข

+
+ +{ๅ้ข|ใฏใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚“} means "on the other hand", "however". Has the same meaning as ใ‹ใˆใฃใฆ. +Also used between two phrases as ใใฎๅ้ข. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใฏใŠใ„ใ—ใ„==ๅ้ข==ใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ{ๅ†ท|ใคใ‚}ใŸใ„ใ€‚ +> The soup is good but a bit cold. + +## ไธ€ๆ–นใง (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+

+ ไธ€ๆ–น(ใง)

+
+ +{ไธ€ๆ–น|ใ„ใฃใฝใ†}ใง means "on the other hand", "on another note". + +> [!info] Example +> ใใฎ{็Šฌ|ใ„ใฌ}ใฏ{ๅคง|ใŠใŠ}ใใ„==ไธ€ๆ–นใง==ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚{็ฉ|ใŠใ }ใ‚„ใ‹ใจ{่ฆชๅˆ‡|ใ—ใ‚“ใ›ใค}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> The dog is big, but on the other hand he is very calm and kind. + +## ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใš (NEW!) + +ใซ{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‹}ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš means "regardless", "no matter". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใ“ใฏ{ๅนด้ฝข|ใญใ‚“ใ‚Œใ„}==ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใš==ใ€{่ชฐ|ใ ใ‚Œ}ใงใ‚‚{ๆญ“่ฟŽ|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ’ใ„}ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> Everyone is welcome here, regardless of age. + +## ใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใš (NEW!) + +ใ‚’{ๅ•|ใจ}ใ‚ใš means "regardless of". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅนด้ฝข|ใญใ‚“ใ‚Œใ„}==ใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใš==ใ€{่ชฐ|ใ ใ‚Œ}ใงใ‚‚{ๆญ“่ฟŽ|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ’ใ„}ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Everyone is welcome, regardless of age. + +## ใใ‚Œใชใฎใซ (NEW!) + +Means "and yet". +Used to combine two sentences, appearing at the start of the second one. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅŒๅƒš|ใฉใ†ใ‚Šใ‚‡}ใŒ{้ขจ้‚ช|ใ‹ใœ}ใ‚’ใฒใ„ใŸใ€‚==ใใ‚Œใชใฎใซ==ใ€{ไบ‹ๅ‹™ๆ‰€|ใ˜ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚‡}ใซ{่กŒ|ใ„}ใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ +> My colleague has a cold. And yet, he plans to go to the office. + +## ใใ‚Œใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚ (NEW!) + +Means "even so", "nevertheless". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ|ใพใ„ใซใก}{้ ‘ๅผต|ใŒใ‚“ใฐ}ใ‚‹ใ€==ใใ‚Œใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚==ใพใ {ไธ‹ๆ‰‹|ใธใŸ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I try my best every day, but I'm still not very good. + +## ใฏใจใ‚‚ใ‹ใ (NEW!) + +Means "setting aside", "apart from". Can be completed by ใจใ—ใฆ. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎๆœใฏๅ€คๆฎต==ใฏใจใ‚‚ใ‹ใ==ใ€ๅฎŒ็’งใงใ™ใ€‚ +> These clothes are perfect, regardless of their price. + +## ใฉใ“ใ‚ใ‹ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N

+
+

+ ใฉใ“ใ‚ใ‹

+
+ +Means "far from", "anything but". Negates what comes before and emphases what comes after. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฅฝ|ใ™}ใใช==ใฉใ“ใ‚ใ‹==ใ€{ไบ‹ๅฎŸ|ใ˜ใ˜ใค}ใฏ{ๅซŒ|ใใ‚‰}ใ„ใ ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Far from liking it, truth is that I hated it. + +## ใฉใ“ใ‚ใงใฏใชใ„ (NEW!) + +Means "not the time for", "far from", "out of the question". Means that something is not ideal. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ไปŠ|ใ„ใพ}ใฏ{้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใฎ{ไธญ|ใชใ‹}ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€{ๆญŒ|ใ†ใŸ}ใ†==ใฉใ“ใ‚ใงใฏใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> We're on a train right now, so it's not the time to sing. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Point of view.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Point of view.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb89e3c --- /dev/null +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Point of view.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +# Point of view + +## ใซใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใƒปใซใ™ใ‚Œใฐ (NEW!) + +Means "from the point of view of", "from the perspective of". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {่ฆณๅ…‰ๅฎข|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ“ใ†ใใ‚ƒใ}==ใซใ—ใŸใ‚‰==ใ€ใใฎ{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ใน{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใฏ{ๅคšๅˆ†|ใŸใถใ‚“}{ไธๆ€่ญฐ|ใตใ—ใŽ}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> For tourists, this food is probably too strange. + +## ใซใจใฃใฆ + +Means "concerning", "regarding". Focuses on the standpoint of the preceding part. It is used for general opinions that are shared with the majority. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ็Œซ==ใซใจใฃใฆ=={็ก็œ |ใ™ใ„|ใฟใ‚“}ใฏ{ๅคงๅˆ‡|ใŸใ„ใ›ใค}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Sleeping is important for cats. + +## ใฎไธŠใงใƒปไธŠใฎ (NEW!) + +ใฎ{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ}ใงใƒป{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ}ใฎ means "according to", "from the point of view of". Used for rules, information, data, etc. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {่ฆๅ‰‡|ใใใ}==ใฎไธŠใง==ใฏใ‚ฟใƒใ‚ณใ‚’{ๅธ|ใ™}ใ†ใฏ{็ฆๆญข|ใใ‚“ใ—}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> According to the rules, smoking is prohibited. + +## ไธŠ: from the standpoint of (NEW!) + +Attached to a noun, {ไธŠ|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†} means "from the standpoint of". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆณ•ๅพ‹|ใปใ†ใ‚Šใค}==ไธŠ==ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ{็ฆๆญข|ใใ‚“ใ—}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Legally, that is prohibited. + +## ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+ +Means "there is something". Used to express subjective opinion. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎ{่ปŠ|ใใ‚‹ใพ}ใซใฏ{ๆ€ช|ใ‚ใ‚„}ใ—ใ„==ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> There's something suspicious about this car. + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจ (NEW!) + +ใ‹ใ‚‰{่ฆ‹|ใฟ}ใ‚‹ใจ means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for objective judgment, based on a situation. +Also used as ใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใ‚Œใฐ, ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฟใฆ or ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฟใŸใ‚‰. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ|ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„}==ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฟใ‚‹ใจ==ใ€{ๅญฆ็”Ÿ|ใŒใใ›ใ„}ใฏ{ๆ€ |ใชใพ}ใ‘{่€…|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> From the teacher's point of view, the students are too lazy. + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰่จ€ใ†ใจ (NEW!) + +ใ‹ใ‚‰{่จ€|ใ„}ใ†ใจ means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for more subjective judgment, so cannot be used with people. +Also used as ใ‹ใ‚‰่จ€ใˆใฐ or ใ‹ใ‚‰่จ€ใฃใฆ. + +> [!info] Examples +> {็Šถๆณ|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใใ‚‡ใ†}==ใ‹ใ‚‰่จ€ใ†ใจ==ใ€{็ตŒๆธˆ|ใ‘ใ„ใ–ใ„}ใฏใ‚ˆใใชใ„ใ€‚ +> Given the situation, the economy is no good. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - impossibility.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - impossibility.md index aec72a7..2f8a424 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - impossibility.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - impossibility.md @@ -7,3 +7,21 @@ Means "cannot". This form implies a strong impossibility. Used with negative ver > [!info] Examples > {่‹ฆ|ใซใŒ}ใ„{้ฃŸ|ใŸใน}ใน{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใฏ==ใจใฆใ‚‚==้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œ==ใชใ„==ใ€‚ > I cannot eat bitter food. + +## ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใƒปใ‚‚ใ‚“ใ‹ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใช

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใƒปใ‚‚ใ‚“ใ‹

+
+ +Means "there's no way it will happen", "absolutely not", "as if". Expresses disagreement or disbelief. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใ‚“ใชใŸใใ•ใ‚“{ๅฎถไบ‹|ใ‹ใ˜}ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹==ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹==ใ€‚ใ€‚ใ€‚{็„ก็†|ใ‚€ใ‚Š}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> There's no way I could do so much housework... It's impossible. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - no choice.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - no choice.md index 4082108..70fc83d 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - no choice.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - no choice.md @@ -8,3 +8,24 @@ Used with verbs in dictionary form. > [!info] Example > {่ชฌๆ˜Žๆ›ธ|ใ›ใคใ‚ใ„ใ—ใ‚‡}ใ‚’{่ชญ|ใ‚ˆ}ใ‚€==ใ—ใ‹ใชใ„==ใชใ€‚ > I guess I have no choice but to read to manual. + +## ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใปใ‹ใชใ„ใƒปใซใปใ‹ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+
+

+ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใปใ‹ใชใ„

+
+
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใซใปใ‹ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„

+
+ +Means "nothing but", "simply". This form puts more emphasis than ใ—ใ‹ใชใ„. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆบๅธฏ|ใ‘ใ„ใŸใ„}ใฏ{ๅฃŠ|ใ“ใ‚}ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€{ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„ใฎใ‚’{่ฒท|ใ‹}ใ†==ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใปใ‹ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> My phone broke, so I have no choice but to buy a new one. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - options.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - options.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3bcc374 --- /dev/null +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - options.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +# Possibility: options + +## ใงใ‚‚ + +Used to list one or more possible options. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใ‚น==ใงใ‚‚==ใŠ่Œถ==ใงใ‚‚==้ฃฒใ‚‚ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ +> Shall we drink something like a juice or tea? + +โš  Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ใฆใ‚‚ใƒปใงใ‚‚]]. + +## ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ + +Means "whether or not". It is the most common form used. + +> [!info] Example +> ่กŒใใŸใ„==ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹=={ๅˆ†|ใ‚}ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ +> I'm not sure if I want to go or not. + +## ใ‹ไฝ•ใ‹ + +ใ‹{ไฝ•|ใชใซ}ใ‹ means "or something". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใ‚น==ใ‹ไฝ•ใ‹=={้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚‚ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ +> Shall we drink something like a juice? + +## ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹~ใพใ„ใ‹ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใ‚ˆใ†)

+
+

+ ใ‹ +

+
+

V

+
+

+ ใพใ„ใ‹

+
+ +Rules for the second verb: +- **V-ใ‚‹**: + - dictionary (ใ‚‹) form + ใพใ„ + - V (~~ใพใ™~~) + ใพใ„ +- **V-ใ†**: dictionary (ใ‚‹) form + ใพใ„ +- **ใใ‚‹**: ใ“ใพใ„ใƒปใใ‚‹ใพใ„ +- **ใ™ใ‚‹**: ใ—ใพใ„ใƒปใ™ใพใ„ใƒปใ™ใ‚‹ใพใ„ + +Means "whether or not". Used to consider options. Usually written, but common orally with the verb ่จ€ใ†. + +> [!info] Example +> {้›จ|ใ‚ใ‚}ใ ใ€‚ใ€‚ใ€‚่กŒใ“ใ†==ใ‹==ใ€่กŒใ==ใพใ„ใ‹==ใ€‚ใ€‚ใ€‚ +> It's raining... Should I go or not... + +## ใ‹ + +Means "or". Can be used when there is uncertainty between two or more choices. +See [[Question#ใ‹]]. + +## ๅˆใฏ + +{ๅˆ|ใพใŸ}ใฏ can be used for two things: +* choosing between two options ("or") +* listing two options ("both") + +> [!info] Example +> ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชž==ๅˆใฏ==่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ—ใ‚ƒในใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I can speak both Japanese and English. + +## ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ + +This is used to give a choice between a limited set of two options. It is casual. + +> [!info] Example +> ไฝ•ใŒ้ฃŸในใŸใ„ใ€‚ใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณ==ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚==ใ‚ซใƒฌใƒผใ‹ใ€‚ +> What do you want to eat? Ramen or curry? + +## ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ (NEW!) + +Means "or", "perhaps". Mostly used in written form. Can be used orally, if the difference between the two options is large. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆœˆๆ›œๆ—ฅ|ใ’ใคใ‚ˆใ†ใณ}ใฏ{ๆš‡|ใฒใพ}ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚==ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ=={ๆฐดๆ›œๆ—ฅ|ใ™ใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใณ}ใ€‚ +> Are you free on Monday? Or Wednesday? diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility.md index 94ef8e8..561b552 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility.md @@ -1,24 +1,5 @@ # Possibility -## ใงใ‚‚ - -Used to list one or more possible options. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใ‚น==ใงใ‚‚==ใŠ่Œถ==ใงใ‚‚==้ฃฒใ‚‚ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ -> Shall we drink something like a juice or tea? - -โš  Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ใฆใ‚‚ใƒปใงใ‚‚]]. - -## ใ‹ไฝ•ใ‹ - -ใ‹{ไฝ•|ใชใซ}ใ‹ means "or something". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใ‚น==ใ‹ไฝ•ใ‹=={้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚‚ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ -> Shall we drink something like a juice? - ## ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ Express a possibility, like "perhaps". @@ -37,6 +18,30 @@ Can be used as ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใŸใ‚‰, ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ and ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใฆ. > ==ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ—ใฆ=={ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ‚‚{้ƒตไพฟๅฑ€ๅ“ก|ใ‚†ใ†ใณใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใใ„ใ‚“}ใŒๆฅใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„==ใ€‚ > Perhaps the postman will not come today either. +## ใ‹ใญใชใ„ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใพใ™)

+

N + ใซ

+
+

+ ใ‹ใญใชใ„

+
+ +Means "possibly", "might", "could be". Usually used for negative outcomes. Mostly used in written language. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{้“|ใฟใก}ใฏ{ๅฑ|ใ‚ใถ}ใชใ„ใฎใง{ไบ‹ๆ•…|ใ˜ใ“}ใŒ{่ตท|ใŠ}ใ==ใ‹ใญใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> This road is dangerous, so an accident might happen. + +## ๆใ‚‰ใ (NEW!) + +{ๆ|ใŠใ}ใ‚‰ใ means "probably", "perhaps". Placed at the beginning of a phrase. Implies a high probability. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ๆใ‚‰ใ=={ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใฏ{ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ‚‚{ๆฅ|ใ“}ใชใ„ใ€‚ +> She probably won't come today either. + ## ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ Means "can", "able to". @@ -47,20 +52,12 @@ It has the same meaning as the potential form (see Conjugation [[Basics]]). > {่‹ฑ่ชž|ใˆใ„ใ”}ใ‚’{่ฉฑ|ใฏใช}ใ™==ใ“ใจใŒๅ‡บๆฅใชใ„==ใ€‚ > I cannot speak English. -## ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ - -Means "whether or not". - -> [!info] Example -> ่กŒใใŸใ„==ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹=={ๅˆ†|ใ‚}ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ -> I'm not sure if I want to go or not. - ## ใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใชใ„

V (ใชใ„)

-

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใใชใ„

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใใชใ„

ใช-Adj + ใงใฏใชใ„

N + ใงใฏใชใ„

@@ -73,25 +70,131 @@ Means "not impossible to", "it is not that". Used with negative forms. > ๆœฌใ‚’{่ชญ|ใ‚ˆ}ใพ==ใชใ„ใ“ใจใฏใชใ„==ใงใ™ใŒใ€{ๆœ€่ฟ‘|ใ•ใ„ใใ‚“}ใฏ{ๆš‡|ใฒใพ}ใŒใชใ„ใ€‚ > It's not that I don't read books, it's just that I don't have free time these days. -## ใ‹ +## ๆใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ (NEW!) -Means "or". Can be used when there is uncertainty between two or more choices. -See [[Question#ใ‹]]. +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹ใƒปใชใ„)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ๆใ‚‰ใใŒใ‚ใ‚‹

+
-## ๅˆใฏ - -{ๅˆ|ใพใŸ}ใฏ can be used for two things: -* choosing between two options ("or") -* listing two options ("both") +{ๆ|ใŠใ}ใ‚ŒใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ means "there is a risk that". Used when something bad could happen. > [!info] Example -> ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชž==ๅˆใฏ==่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ—ใ‚ƒในใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ -> I can speak both Japanese and English. +> ใพใŸ{ๅœฐ้œ‡|ใ˜ใ—ใ‚“}ใฎ==ๆใ‚‰ใใŒใ‚ใ‚‹==ใ€‚{ๆฐ—|ใ}ใ‚’{ไป˜|ใค}ใ‘ใฆใ€‚ +> There will probably be another earthquake. Please be careful. -## ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ +## ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใฏ (NEW!) -This is used to give a choice between a limited set of two options. It is casual. +Means "if". Used when the result would be bad. +Used with verbs. > [!info] Example -> ไฝ•ใŒ้ฃŸในใŸใ„ใ€‚ใƒฉใƒผใƒกใƒณ==ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚==ใ‚ซใƒฌใƒผใ‹ใ€‚ -> What do you want to eat? Ramen or curry? +> {ๅŒ–|ใฐ}ใ‘{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใŒ{ๆฅ|ใ}ใ‚‹==ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใฏ==ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใ‚’{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ในใกใ‚ƒใ†ใ‚ˆใ€‚ +> If a monster comes, it will eat you. + +## ใ‚‚ใฎใชใ‚‰ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (potential ใ‚Œใ‚‹)

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใชใ‚‰

+
+ +Means "if A were possible, then B". Implies that A is either impossible or unlikely. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅˆๆ ผ|ใ”ใ†ใ‹ใ}ใงใใ‚‹==ใ‚‚ใฎใชใ‚‰==ใ€{ไธ–็•Œไธญ|ใ›ใ‹ใ„ใ˜ใ‚…ใ†}{ไธ€็•ช|ใ„ใกใฐใ‚“}ใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใชใ‚ใ€‚ +> If I could pass, I would be the happiest in the world (but it is unlikely I'll pass). + +## ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใฏ๏ฝžใชใ„ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใชใ„)

+

ใ„-Adj (ใชใ„)

+

ใช-Adj + ใงใชใ„

+

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+

+ ใ“ใจใซใฏ +

+

V (ใชใ„)

+
+ +Means "unless you do something". + +> [!info] Examples +> {้‹่ปข|ใ†ใ‚“ใฆใ‚“}{ๅ…่จฑ|ใ‚ใ‚“ใใ‚‡}ใ‚’{ๆŒ|ใ‚‚}ใฃใŸ==ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใฏ=={้‹่ปข|ใ†ใ‚“ใฆใ‚“}ใงใใชใ„ใ€‚ +> You can't drive unless you have a driving licence. + +## ใซใ—ใ‚~ใซใ—ใ‚ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+
+

+ ใซใ—ใ‚ +

+
+

V

+
+

+ ใซใ—ใ‚

+
+
+
+

ใ„-Adj

+
+

+ ใซใ—ใ‚ +

+
+

ใ„-Adj

+
+

+ ใซใ—ใ‚

+
+
+
+

ใช-Adj

+
+

+ ใ“ใจใฏ +

+
+

ใช-Adj

+
+

+ ใซใ—ใ‚

+
+
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใ“ใจใฏ +

+
+

N

+
+

+ ใซใ—ใ‚

+
+ +Means "whether... or". Can be used as ใซใ›ใ‚~ใซใ›ใ‚ or ใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚~ใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚, which is more formal. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹•็‰ฉ|ใฉใ†ใถใค}==ใซใ—ใ‚=={ๆค็‰ฉ|ใ—ใ‚‡ใใถใค}==ใซใ—ใ‚==ใ€ใใฎ{็‰ฉ่ณช|ใถใฃใ—ใค}ใฏ{ๅฑ้™บ|ใใ‘ใ‚“}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Whether animals or plants, the substance is dangerous. + +## ใชใใฏใชใ„ใƒปใชใใ‚‚ใชใ„ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใชใใฆ)

+

ใ„-Adj (ใ) + ใชใ

+

ใช-Adj + ใงใฏ + ใชใ

+

N + ใŒใƒปใฏใƒปใซ + ใชใ

+
+

+ ใฏใชใ„ใƒปใ‚‚ใชใ„

+
+ +Means "it's not that". +With potential form of verbs, means that something is possible, despite seeming not. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ‚„ใ‚‹{ๆฐ—|ใ}==ใŒใชใใฏใชใ„==ใ€{ๆ™‚้–“|ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚“}ใฏ{ๅฐ‘|ใ™ใ}ใชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> It's not that I don't have the will, I just don't have time. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Reason.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Reason.md index 7b9f9d8..3eb7f6d 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Reason.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Reason.md @@ -115,60 +115,6 @@ See also [[Connectors - in order to#ใŸใ‚ใซ]]. > {ๆ—ฅๆœฌ|ใซใปใ‚“}ใซ่กŒใใŸใ„ใ€‚==ใใฎใŸใ‚ใซ==ใ€{ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชž|ใซใปใ‚“ใ”}ใ‚’ใกใ‚ƒใ‚“ใจ{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ > I want to go to Japan. In order to do so, I'm studying seriously. -## ใ›ใ„ใง - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ใ›ใ„ใง

-
- -Means "because of". Mostly used for negative contexts, to blame, etc. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ==ใ›ใ„ใง=={่ฒ |ใพ}ใ‘ใŸใ€‚ -> We lost because of you. - -## ใŠใ‹ใ’ใง - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ใŠใ‹ใ’ใง

-
- -Means "because of". Used for positive contexts, like "thanks to". - -> [!info] Example -> ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ==ใŠใ‹ใ’ใง=={ๅ‹|ใ‹}ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> We lost because of you. - -## ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ - -
-
-

phrase

-
-

+ ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ +

-
-

definition

-
-
- -Means "this means", "known as", "because". - -> [!info] Example -> ใ€Œใƒขใƒใ‚ฒใƒผใ€==ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ==ใƒขใƒใ‚คใƒซใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ -> "Mobage" stands for mobile game. - ## ใ‚ใ‘ใ ใƒปใ‚ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ„
@@ -188,4 +134,185 @@ Means "this means", "known as", "because". > {ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ|ใพใ„ใซใก}{ๆ–™็†|ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚Š}ใ‚’{ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ†ใพใใซใชใฃใŸ==ใ‚ใ‘ใ ==ใ€‚ > I got good at cooking because I cook every day. -See also [[Certainty#ใ‚ใ‘ใŒใชใ„]]. \ No newline at end of file +See also [[Certainty#ใ‚ใ‘ใŒใชใ„]]. + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใ (NEW!) + +Means "precisely because". Made with the [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2)#Because|ใ‹ใ‚‰]] and [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2)#ใ“ใ|ใ“ใ]] particles, to emphasize the reason. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆธ…ๆฝ”|ใ›ใ„ใ‘ใค}==ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ“ใ=={ๅฟซ้ฉ|ใ‹ใ„ใฆใ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> It's precisely because it's clean that it is comfortable. + +โš  Uses the same rules as [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2)#Because|ใ‹ใ‚‰]]. + +## ใ“ใจใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ (NEW!) + +Means "exactly because". Usually used to talk about something characteristic to someone. +Used with nouns + ใฎ. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}==ใฎใ“ใจใ ใ‹ใ‚‰==ใ€{ๅฟ…|ใ‹ใชใ‚‰}ใš{ๆฅ|ใ}ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> It's precisely because it's her that I'm sure she'll come. + +## ใซใคใ (NEW!) + +Means "due to". Used when a change happens. It is formal. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅนดๆฌก|ใญใ‚“ใ˜}{ไผ‘ๆฅญ|ใใ‚…ใ†ใŽใ‚‡ใ†}==ใซใคใ==ใ€ใ‚ปใƒผใƒซใŒ{้–‹ๅ‚ฌ|ใ‹ใ„ใ•ใ„}{ไธญ|ใกใ‚…ใ†}ใ€‚ +> Due to the annual closure, a sale is being held. + +## ใ‚‚ใฎใƒปใ‚‚ใ‚“ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (+ ใ‚“ใ )

+

ใ„-Adj (+ ใ‚“ใ )

+

ใช-Adj (+ ใชใ‚“ใ )

+

N (+ ใชใ‚“ใ )

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใƒปใ‚‚ใ‚“

+
+ +Means "because". It is usually casual. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ…ทๅˆ|ใใ‚ใ„}ใŒ{ๆ‚ช|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใ„ใ€‚ใ€‚ใ€‚{่‡ญ|ใใ•}ใ„==ใ‚“ใ ใ‚‚ใฎ==ใ€‚ +> I don't feel well... because something stinks. + +## ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใช

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒปใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒปใ‚‚ใ‚“ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰

+
+ +Means "because". Used to emphasize what has been said before, the reason for something, explaining something, or giving an excuse. + +> [!info] Example +> {้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}{ไบ‹ๆ•…|ใ˜ใ“}ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸ==ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‹ใ‚‰==ใ€{็ง|ใ‚ใŸใ—}ใฏ{้…|ใŠใ}ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ +> There was a train accident, so I was late. + +## Positive + +### ใŠใ‹ใ’ใง + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใŠใ‹ใ’ใง

+
+ +Means "because of". Used for positive contexts, like "thanks to". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ==ใŠใ‹ใ’ใง=={ๅ‹|ใ‹}ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> We won because of you. + +### ใ ใ‘ใ‚ใฃใฆ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N

+
+

+ ใ ใ‘ใ‚ใฃใฆใƒปใ ใ‘ใฎใ“ใจใฏใ‚ใฃใฆ

+
+ +Means "being the case", "as expected", "precisely because". Only used for positive results. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}==ใ ใ‘ใ‚ใฃใฆ==ใ€{็พŽ|ใ†ใคใ}ใ—ใ„{ๆœ|ใตใ}ใ‚’{็€|ใ}ใŸใ€‚ +> As expected of her, she wore beautiful clothes. + +## Negative + +### ใ›ใ„ใง + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใ›ใ„ใง

+
+ +Means "because of". Mostly used for negative contexts, to blame, etc. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ใชใŸใฎ==ใ›ใ„ใง=={่ฒ |ใพ}ใ‘ใŸใ€‚ +> We lost because of you. + +### ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใซ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N

+
+

+ ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใซ

+
+ +Means "simply because". Usually used for negative results. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏใŸใฃใŸ{ไธ€|ใฒใจ}ใคใƒŸใ‚นใ‚’ใ—ใŸ==ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใซ=={่งฃ้›‡|ใ‹ใ„ใ“}ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> He was fired after making only one mistake. + +## Since... it's obvious that... + +All three patterns mean "because A... obviously B". They have slight differences. +Used when talking about things like decision, judgement, etc. + +### ไธŠใฏ (NEW!) + +{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ}ใฏ is the most formal form. +Used with verbs (ใ‚‹, ใŸ forms). + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ|ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„}ใŒ{่จ€|ใ„}ใฃใŸ==ไธŠใฏ=={ๅฟ…|ใ‹ใชใ‚‰}ใšใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Since the teacher said it, I will definitely do it. + +### ไปฅไธŠใฏ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+

+ ไปฅไธŠใฏ

+
+ +{ไปฅไธŠ|ใ„ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ is formal. +Only with this form, both parts of the sentence can talk about different persons. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใŒใพใ {ๆฅ|ใ}ใพใ›ใ‚“==ไปฅไธŠใฏ==ใ€{ไปŠ|ใ„ใพ}{ๅธฐ|ใ‹ใˆ}ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ +> Since he still have not come, I'm going home now. + +### ใ‹ใ‚‰ใซใฏ (NEW!) + +It is used in conversations. Can only be used for talking about oneself. Generally used for positive results. +Used with verbs. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใŠ{้‡‘|ใ‹ใญ}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹==ใ‹ใ‚‰ใซใฏ==ใ€ใ„ใ„{ๅฎถ|ใ„ใˆ}ใ‚’{่ฒท|ใ‹}ใ†ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Since I have money, I plan to buy a nice house. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/State.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/State.md index ae0cb80..56ec2e9 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/State.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/State.md @@ -73,6 +73,14 @@ Used with verbs that expresses change. > {็ฆ็…™|ใใ‚“ใˆใ‚“}ใฎ{ๅ ดๆ‰€|ใฐใ—ใ‚‡}ใฏ{ๅข—|ใต}ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹==ไธ€ๆ–นใงใ™==ใ€‚ > The number of places where smoking is prohibited keeps increasing. +## ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ  (NEW!) + +Means "to continue to", in a negative direction. Used with verbs in the dictionary form (ใ‚‹), that describe a form of change. Can also be used as ใฐใฃใ‹ใ‚Š, ใฐใฃใ‹, ใฐใ‹ใ—, and ใฐใฃใ‹ใ— instead of ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š. + +> [!info] Examples +> {็—…ๆฐ—|ใณใ‚‡ใ†ใ}ใฏ{ๆ‚ช|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใใชใ‚‹==ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใงใ™==ใ€‚ +> The illness is only getting worse. + ## ็ตๆžœ
diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Talking about.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Talking about.md index e1d3140..bd1905e 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Talking about.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Talking about.md @@ -8,6 +8,24 @@ > ๆ—ฅๆœฌ==ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐ==ใ€ๅฏŒๅฃซๅฑฑใงใ™ใ€‚ > Speaking of Japan, Mount Fuji comes to mind. +## ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ + +
+
+

phrase

+
+

+ ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ +

+
+

definition

+
+
+ +Means "this means", "known as", "because". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ€Œใƒขใƒใ‚ฒใƒผใ€==ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ==ใƒขใƒใ‚คใƒซใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ +> "Mobage" stands for mobile game. + ## ใซใŠใ„ใฆใƒปใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ Means "in", "at", "regarding". @@ -29,6 +47,38 @@ Used with nouns. > {้ขๆŽฅ|ใ‚ใ‚“ใ›ใค}==ใซใคใ„ใฆ==ใฏใ„ใคใŒใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ > Regarding the interview, when would be a good time? +## ใ‚’ใ‚ใใฃใฆ (NEW!) + +
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใ‚’ใ‚ใใฃใฆ

+
+
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใ‚’ใ‚ใใ‚‹ +

+
+

N

+
+
+ +Means "concerning", "in regard to". It has the same meaning as ใซใคใ„ใฆ. + +> [!info] Example +> ็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“==ใ‚’ใ‚ใใฃใฆ==ใ€ใ„ใ‚ใ‚“ใช{ๅ™‚|ใ†ใ‚ใ•}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> There are many rumours concerning Tanaka-san. + +## ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ  (NEW!) + +Means "concerning", "something called". Used for explanations or morals. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏใƒŽใƒผใƒˆใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณ==ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ ==ใ€‚ +> This is what we call a laptop. + ## ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒปใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ ใซ{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‚“}ใ™ใ‚‹ใƒปใซ{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‚“}ใ—ใฆ means "related to", "about". More formal than ใซใคใ„ใฆ. @@ -46,6 +96,16 @@ Means "in other words". Used after a first phrase for an alternative explanation > ใ“ใฎ{ๆ˜ ็”ป|ใˆใ„ใŒ}ใฏ๏ผ‘๏ผ’๏ผๅˆ†ใ€==ใคใพใ‚Š==๏ผ’ๆ™‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ > This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours. +## ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ (NEW!) + +Means "that is to say", "in other words". Used when the answer needs thinking. ใคใพใ‚Š is more direct. + +> [!info] Example +> A: ใ‚ใฎ{ไบบ|ใฒใจ}ใฏใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎ{็ˆถ|ใกใก}ใฎ{ๅฆน|ใ„ใ‚‚ใ†ใจ}ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> B: ==ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ==ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŠใฐใ•ใ‚“ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ +> A: She's my father's sister. +> B: That means she's your aunt, right. + ## ใ™ใชใ‚ใก Means "in other words". More formal than ใคใพใ‚Š. @@ -54,6 +114,14 @@ Means "in other words". More formal than ใคใพใ‚Š. > ใ“ใฎ{ๆ˜ ็”ป|ใˆใ„ใŒ}ใฏ๏ผ‘๏ผ’๏ผๅˆ†ใ€==ใ™ใชใ‚ใก==๏ผ’ๆ™‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ > This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours. +## ่ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใซ (NEW!) + +{่ฆ|ใ‚ˆใ†}ใ™ใ‚‹ใซ means "in summary". It is placed at the beginning of the sentence. + +> [!info] Example +> ==่ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใซ==ใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใซๅฐฑใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> In summary, I got a new job. + ## ใซใ‹ใ‘ใฆ Means "through", "concerning". It is used for something that happens over a period of time. @@ -75,15 +143,6 @@ Used with nouns. > ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใฎๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใฏใƒ‘ใƒณ==ใ‚’ใฏใ˜ใ‚==ใ€ใƒฏใ‚คใƒณใ‚‚{ไบบๆฐ—|ใซใ‚“ใ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ > French culture is popular not only for bread, but also for wine. -## ใซใจใฃใฆ - -Means "concerning", "regarding". Focuses on the standpoint of the preceding part. -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> ็Œซ==ใซใจใฃใฆ=={็ก็œ |ใ™ใ„|ใฟใ‚“}ใฏ{ๅคงๅˆ‡|ใŸใ„ใ›ใค}ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> Sleeping is important for cats. - ## ใชใ‚“ใ‹ใƒปใชใ‚“ใฆ Means "such as", "things like". It is used to give examples or to show emphasis. @@ -101,3 +160,38 @@ Means "such as", "things like". It is used to give examples or to show emphasis. > [!info] Example > {่™ซ|ใ‚€ใ—}ใŒ{ๅฅฝ|ใ™ใ}ใใงใ™ใ€‚==ไพ‹ใˆใฐ=={่‰|ใ›ใฟ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ > I like insect. For example, cicadas. + +## ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใƒปใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹ใƒปใชใ„)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใƒปใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„

+
+ +ใ‚‚ใฎใ  is used when something is common knowledge, custom, etc. That it is something that is natural or expected. +ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ is used for something that is not expected. + +> [!info] Example +> {่ปŠ|ใใ‚‹ใพ}ใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚{้ซ˜|ใŸใ‹}ใ„==ใ‚‚ใฎใ ==ใ€‚ +> Cars are always expensive. + +## ใจใ„ใ†ใตใ†ใซ (NEW!) + +Means "as if to say", "in such a way that", "like". Used to describe the manner in which something is done, give examples. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ๆณฅๆฃ’|ใฉใ‚ใผใ†}==ใจใ„ใ†ใตใ†ใซ=={็ซ‹|ใŸ}ใก{ๅŽป|ใ•}ใฃใฆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> He departed like a thief. + +## ใตใ†ใซ (NEW!) + +Means "in the way of". +Used after words like ใ“ใ‚“ใช, ใใ‚“ใช, ใ‚ใ‚“ใช, ใฉใ‚“ใช and verbs. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใ‚“ใช==ใตใ†ใซ==ใฏใ ใ‚๏ผ +> Do not do it like this! diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Thanks.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Thanks.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b4c79c --- /dev/null +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Thanks.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +# Thanks + +## ใ›ใฃใ‹ใ (NEW!) + +Means "with trouble", "thank you for the trouble", etc. +Used at the beginning of a phrase. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใ›ใฃใ‹ใ==ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’{ๆŒ|ใ‚‚}ใฆใใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ +> Thank you for bringing the cake. + +## ๅนธใ„ใƒปๅนธใ„ใชใ“ใจใซ (NEW!) + +{ๅนธ|ใ•ใ„ใ‚}ใ„ใƒป{ๅนธ|ใ•ใ„ใ‚}ใ„ใชใ“ใจใซ means "luckily", "fortunately". +Used at the beginning of a phrase. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ๅนธใ„==ใ€{ไธ€็•ช|ใ„ใกใฐใ‚“}{ๆฌฒ|ใป}ใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚ฌใ‚ทใƒฃใƒใƒณใŒ{ๆ‰‹|ใฆ}ใซ{ๅ…ฅ|ใ„}ใ‚ŒใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Luckily, I got the gashapon I wanted the most. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - close.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - close.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a0a4b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - close.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +# Time - close + +## ใจใ“ใ‚ + +Means "just about to". Used when describing what we're about to do. Can also mean "just after something happened". +Used by combining to a verb. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠใ”{้ฃฏ|ใฏใ‚“}ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹==ใจใ“ใ‚==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I'm about to make dinner. + +## ใ‹ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰ (NEW!) + +ใ‹ใจ{ๆ€|ใŠใ‚‚}ใฃใŸใ‚‰ means "just when". +Can also be used as ใ‹ใจๆ€ใ†ใจ and ใ‹ใจๆ€ใˆใฐ. +Used with a verb in the past (ใŸ) form. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใซ{่กŒ|ใ„}ใฃใŸ==ใ‹ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰==ใ€{้›ช|ใ‚†ใ}ใŒ{้™|ใต}ใ‚Š{ๅ‡บ|ใ }ใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> Just as I went to the supermarket, it started snowing. + +## ใ‹~ใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใ†ใกใซ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹)

+
+

+ ใ‹ +

+
+

V (ใชใ„)

+
+

+ ใ‹ + ใฎใกใซ

+
+ +ใ‹~ใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใ†ใกใซ means "right after", "as soon as". It is formal. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใŒ{้ง…|ใˆใ}ใซ{็€|ใค}ใ==ใ‹=={็€|ใค}ใ‹ใชใ„==ใ‹ใฎใ†ใกใซ=={่ตฐ|ใฏใ—}ใ‚Š{ๅง‹|ใฏใ˜}ใ‚ใŸใ€‚ +> He started running as soon as the train arrived at the station. + +## ๆฌก็ฌฌ (NEW!) + +{ๆฌก็ฌฌ|ใ—ใ ใ„} means "as soon as". Made by removing the ใพใ™ stem of a verb. + +> [!info] Examples +> {้ฃŸ|ใŸใน}ใน==ๆฌก็ฌฌ==ใ€ใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚นใซ่กŒใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> As soon as you've eaten, please go to the office. + +With ใซ at the end, it means "gradually". + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ==ๆฌก็ฌฌใซ=={ไธŠๆ‰‹|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใš}ใซใชใฃใฆใใŸใ€‚ +> He's gradually gotten better. + +## ็›ดใกใซ (NEW!) + +{็›ด|ใŸใ }ใกใซ means "immediately", "at once". + +> [!info] Examples +> ==็›ดใกใซ=={ๅ‡บ|ใง}ใ‹ใ‘ใชใใ‚ƒ๏ผ +> I need to get going right now! + +## ใจใ“ใ‚ใซ (NEW!) + +Means "at the time", "when", "while", "just as". Used with verbs in the ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ form. +Focuses on the scene or situation rather than the action. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใฐใ‹ใฐใ‹ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸ==ใจใ“ใ‚ใซ==ใ€{ๅ…ˆ่ผฉ|ใ›ใ‚“ใฑใ„}{ๅ…ฅ|ใฏใ„}ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> While I was doing something stupid, my senior came in. + +## ไธ€ๆฐ—ใซ (NEW!) + +{ไธ€ๆฐ—|ใ„ใฃใ}ใซ means "at once", "all at once" and "instantly", "right away". + +> [!info] Examples +> ==ไธ€ๆฐ—ใซ=={ๅ…จ้ƒจ|ใœใ‚“ใถ}{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ในใกใ‚ƒใฃใŸใ€‚ +> I ate it all in one go. +> +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใ‚’{ๅฑ|ใ—ใ‹}ใฃใŸ{ๅพŒ|ใ‚ใจ}ใงใ€==ไธ€ๆฐ—ใซ=={ๆญข|ใ‚„}ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> After scolding him, he stopped right away. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - during.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - during.md index a1f04cd..f7c2416 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - during.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - during.md @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Contrary to ้–“, it doesn't include the whole time period. So ้–“ใซ means that

+ ใชใŒใ‚‰ + ...

-Means "while", "simultaneously". The difference with ใคใ„ใงใซ is that here the main action is the second one. +Means "while", "simultaneously". The difference with ใคใ„ใงใซ is that here the main action is the second one. Happens at the same time. > [!info] Example > {ๆญฉ|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใ==ใชใŒใ‚‰=={้›ป่ฉฑ|ใงใ‚“|ใ‚}ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ @@ -73,12 +73,30 @@ Means "while", "simultaneously". The difference with ใคใ„ใงใซ is that here t

+ ใคใ„ใงใซ

-Means "while", "at the same time". The difference with ใชใŒใ‚‰ is that here the main action is the first one. +Means "while", "at the same time". The difference with ใชใŒใ‚‰ is that here the main action is the first one. An opportunity of doing something during the occurrence of the first one (but not for the entire time). > [!info] Example > ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใซ่กŒใ==ใคใ„ใงใซ==ใ€ใŠใซใŽใ‚Šใ‚’{่ฒท|ใ‹}ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚ > While you're going to the supermarket, could you bring onigiri? +## ใจๅŒๆ™‚ใซ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+

N

+
+

+ ใจๅŒๆ™‚ใซ

+
+ +ใจ{ๅŒๆ™‚|ใฉใ†ใ˜}ใซ means "at the same time as", "while". Contrary to ใชใŒใ‚‰, it is used for something that happens at a precise moment, not during the whole time. + +> [!info] Example +> {้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใซ{ไน—|ใฎ}ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹==ใจๅŒๆ™‚ใซ==ใ€ใŠใ˜ใ„ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ{่ฝ|ใŠ}ใกใŸใ€‚ +> While on the train, an old man fell off. + ## ไธญ {ไธญ|ใกใ‚…ใ†}ใƒป{ไธญ|ใ˜ใ‚…ใ†} means different things depending on its pronunciation: @@ -110,6 +128,25 @@ Means "while". The nuance is that the time is optimal and should be taken advant > {ๆ™ด|ใฏ}ใ‚Œใ‚‹==ใ†ใกใซ=={ๆ•ฃๆญฉ|ใ•ใ‚“ใฝ}ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ > Let's take a walk while the weather is nice. +## ้™ใ‚Š (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹ใƒปใŸใƒปใชใ„ใƒปใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒป)

+

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+

+ ้™ใ‚Š

+
+ +{้™|ใ‹ใŽ}ใ‚Š means "as long as", "while". Also means "limited to". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๆ˜ ็”ป|ใˆใ„ใŒ}ใฏ{ๆฅ้€ฑ|ใ‚‰ใ„ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}==้™ใ‚Š=={ๅЇๅ ด|ใ’ใใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†}ใง{ไธŠๆ˜ |ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใˆใ„}ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ +> This movie will be in theaters the next week only. +> +> {ไป•ไบ‹|ใ—ใ”ใจ}ใ‚’{็œŸ้ข็›ฎ|ใพใ˜ใ‚}ใซใ™ใ‚‹==้™ใ‚Š==ใ€{ๅคงไธˆๅคซ|ใ ใ„ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใถ}ใ€‚ +> As long as you're serious doing your job, it will be fine. + ## ้€”ไธญใงใƒป้€”ไธญใซ
diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - finally.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - finally.md index b6bd4b2..fbd931d 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - finally.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - finally.md @@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ ## ใ‚„ใฃใจ -Means that something happened at last. More rarely means "barely". +Means that something happened at last, with efforts. More rarely means "barely". +Used at the beginning of a phrase. > [!info] Example > ==ใ‚„ใฃใจ=={่ซ–ๆ–‡|ใ‚ใ‚“|ใถใ‚“}ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ @@ -10,8 +11,50 @@ Means that something happened at last. More rarely means "barely". ## ใคใ„ใซ -Means "finally", "at last". Something happened after working to accomplish the goal. +Means "finally", "at last". Something happened after working to accomplish the goal. Positive implications. +Used at the beginning of a phrase. > [!info] Example > ==ใคใ„ใซ== {ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„{ๅœฐไธ‹้‰„|ใกใ‹ใฆใค}ใŒ{ๅ‡บๆฅไธŠ|ใง|ใ|ใ‚}ใŒใฃใŸใ€‚ > At last, the new subway was completed. + +## ใ‚ใ’ใ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใŸ)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใ‚ใ’ใ

+
+ +Means "in the end", "finally". Implies a negative result, despite effort given. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ไธ€็ท’|ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡}ใซ{ๆšฎ|ใ}ใ‚‰ใ—ใŸ==ใ‚ใ’ใ==ใ€{ๅˆฅ|ใ‚ใ‹}ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ{ๆฑบ|ใ}ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> After living together, we decided to break up. + +## ใ„ใ‚ˆใ„ใ‚ˆ (NEW!) + +Means "finally". Explains that something finally happened (after preparation, waiting, etc). +Used at the beginning of a phrase. + +> [!info] Examples +> ==ใ„ใ‚ˆใ„ใ‚ˆ=={ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใ‚Š{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I finally finished it. + +## ๆœซใซ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใŸ)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ๆœซใซ

+
+ +{ๆœซ|ใ™ใˆ}ใซ means "finally". Focuses on the end of the preparation. + +> [!info] Examples +> ==ๆœซใซ=={ๆบ–ๅ‚™|ใ˜ใ‚…ใ‚“ใณ}ใ‚’{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> Finally, I finished the preparations. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - regularity.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - regularity.md index 4a59a21..36933ab 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - regularity.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - regularity.md @@ -52,3 +52,19 @@ The way the intervals are counted between these two grammar structure is differe > > ๏ผ’ๆ—ฅ==ใŠใใซ== =๏ผ“ๆ—ฅ==ใ”ใจใซ== = every three days = every third day > โ—โ—‹โ—‹โ—โ—‹โ—‹โ—โ—‹โ—‹โ— + +## ใซใคใ‘ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹)

+

N

+
+

+ ใซใคใ‘ใƒปใซใคใ‘ใฆ

+
+ +Means "every time", "whenever". Formal and rarely used nowadays. + +> [!info] Examples +> ็งใŒ{ๆŽƒ้™คๆฉŸ|ใใ†ใ˜ใ}ใ‚’{ไฝฟ|ใคใ‹}ใ†==ใซใคใ‘==ใ€ใ†ใกใฎ{็Šฌ|ใ„ใฌ}ใŒ{ๆ€–|ใ“ใ‚}ใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ +> Every time I use the vacuum cleaner, my dog is scared. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - surprise.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - surprise.md index ab9bfe2..ed86440 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - surprise.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - surprise.md @@ -16,6 +16,14 @@ This means "suddenly", "unexpectedly", "unintentionally". Emphasis is on the lac > ==ใตใจ=={้€š|ใจใŠ}ใ‚Šใซ๏ผ‘๏ผ๏ผ๏ผๅ††ใ‚’{่ฆ‹|ใฟ}ใคใ‘ใŸใ€‚ > I found 1000 yen on the street by chance. +## ใ„ใใชใ‚Š (NEW!) + +Means "suddenly". Used before a phrase containing an action. It implies something that is more surprising than with ๆ€ฅใซ, puts more emotion into it. + +> [!info] Examples +> ==ใ„ใใชใ‚Š=={้›จ|ใ‚ใ‚}ใŒ{้™|ใต}ใฃใฆใใŸใ€‚ +> It suddenly started raining. + ## ใŸใจใŸใ‚“ Means "just as". Used for an action that happens just at the moment something else occurs. Can convey a nuance of something unexpected or surprising. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - throughout.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - throughout.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2ff8db --- /dev/null +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - throughout.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +# Time - throughout + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€œใซใ‹ใ‘ใฆ + +Means "through", "from... until". Indicates that something happens over a period of time. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆœ|ใ‚ใ•}==ใ‹ใ‚‰=={ๅคœ|ใ‚ˆใ‚‹}==ใซใ‹ใ‹ใฆ==ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ—ใŸใ„ใ€‚ +> I want to play games from morning to night. + +## ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆ (NEW!) + +Means "throughout", "over (a period)". It is formal. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}==ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆ=={ไธ้‹|ใตใ†ใ‚“}ใ ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> I've had bad luck throughout the day. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time.md index 16b2a52..1a51d3a 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time.md @@ -44,15 +44,6 @@ Used by combining to a verb. > {ๆ™‚ใ€…|ใจใ|ใฉใ}ใƒ‘ใƒชใธ่กŒใ==ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ > I sometimes go to Paris. -## ใจใ“ใ‚ - -Means "just about to". Used when describing what we're about to do. Can also mean "just after something happened". -Used by combining to a verb. - -> [!info] Example -> ไปŠใ”{้ฃฏ|ใฏใ‚“}ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹==ใจใ“ใ‚==ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> I'm about to make dinner. - ## ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ฝžใพใง See ใ‹ใ‚‰: [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2)#From, since]] (from). @@ -158,13 +149,22 @@ Used with nouns measuring time. > ๏ผ“{ๅนด|ใญใ‚“}==ใถใ‚Šใซ==ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚ธใƒซใ‚’{ๆˆป|ใ‚‚ใฉ}ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ > For the first time in 3 years, I'm returning to Brazil. -## ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€œใซใ‹ใ‘ใฆ +## ใซๅ…ˆ็ซ‹ใก (NEW!) -Means "through", "from... until". Indicates that something happens over a period of time. +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹)

+

N

+
+

+ ใซๅ…ˆ็ซ‹ใกใƒปใซๅ…ˆ็ซ‹ใฃใฆ

+
-> [!info] Example -> {ๆœ|ใ‚ใ•}==ใ‹ใ‚‰=={ๅคœ|ใ‚ˆใ‚‹}==ใซใ‹ใ‹ใฆ==ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ—ใŸใ„ใ€‚ -> I want to play games from morning to night. +ใซ{ๅ…ˆ|ใ•ใ}{็ซ‹|ใ }ใก means "before", "prior to". It is formal. +Also used as ใซๅ…ˆ็ซ‹ใค when a second noun follows a first one. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅˆ|ใฏใ˜}ใ‚ใ‚‹==ใซๅ…ˆ็ซ‹ใฃใฆ==ใ€{ๆบ–ๅ‚™|ใ˜ใ‚…ใ‚“ใณ}ใ—ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใ€‚ +> Before starting, you need to prepare. ## ไธŠใง @@ -181,3 +181,61 @@ Means "through", "from... until". Indicates that something happens over a period > [!info] Examples > {้ขๆŽฅ|ใ‚ใ‚“ใ›ใค}ใฎ==ไธŠใง==ใ€{้€ฃ็ตก|ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ‚‰ใ}ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ > We will contact you after the interview. + +## ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹)

+

N

+
+

+ ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆ

+
+ +Means "at the time of", "on the occasion of". It is formal. Used when talking about the preparation. +Can also be used as ใซใ‚ใŸใ‚Š. +Used with verbs and nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> {่ฉฆ้จ“|ใ—ใ‘ใ‚“}ใ‚’{ๅ—|ใ†}ใ‘ใ‚‹==ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆ==ใ€{้‰›็ญ†|ใˆใ‚“ใดใค}ใจ{ๆถˆ|ใ‘}ใ—ใ‚ดใƒ ใ‚’{ๆŒ|ใ‚‚}ใฃใฆใใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Please bring a pencil and an eraser in preparation for the test. + +## ใซ้š›ใ—ใฆ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹)

+

N

+
+

+ ใซ้š›ใ—ใฆ

+
+ +ใซ{้š›|ใ•ใ„}ใ—ใฆ means "at the time of", "on the occasion of". It is formal. Used when talking about the moment of the situation. + +> [!info] Examples +> {่ฉฆ้จ“|ใ—ใ‘ใ‚“}ใ‚’{ๅ—|ใ†}ใ‘ใ‚‹==ใซ้š›ใ—ใฆ==ใ€{้™|ใ—ใš}ใ‹ใซใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> During the test, please be quiet. + +## ใจใฃใใซ (NEW!) + +Means "long ago", "a long time ago". + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใฏ==ใจใฃใใซ=={ๅธฐ|ใ‹ใˆ}ใฃใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ +> She went home long ago. + +## ใ‚„ใŒใฆ (NEW!) + +Means "before long", "eventually". + +> [!info] Examples +> ==ใ‚„ใŒใฆ==ใ“ใฎ{ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใฏ{ๅฃฒ|ใ†}ใ‚Š{ๅ‡บ|ใ }ใ™ใฏใšใงใ™ใ€‚ +> This new game should be put on sale soon. + +## ใจใ“ใ‚ใ ใฃใŸ (NEW!) + +Means "almost", "about to", "almost happened". Used with a verb (ใ‚‹) by adding ใจใ“ใ‚ใ ใฃใŸ. + +> [!info] Examples +> {่ปŠ|ใใ‚‹ใพ}ใฎ{ไบ‹ๆ•…|ใ˜ใ“}ใŒ{่ตท|ใŠ}==ใ“ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใ ใฃใŸ==ใ€‚{็„กไบ‹|ใถใ˜}ใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> A car accident almost happened. Thankfully we're safe. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Towards.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Towards.md index 7280025..2a372be 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Towards.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Towards.md @@ -19,6 +19,14 @@ Used with nouns. > ใ“ใฎ{ๅปบ็‰ฉ|ใŸใฆใ‚‚ใฎ}ใฏ{ๅ—|ใฟใชใฟ}==ๅ‘ใ==ใงใ™ใ€‚ > This building is facing south. +## ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใฆใƒปใซๅ‘ใ‘ใฆ (NEW!) + +ใซ{ๅ‘|ใ‚€}ใ‹ใฃใฆ means "to face", "towards". + +> [!info] Example +> {ไปŠ|ใ„ใพ}{ๅๅคๅฑ‹|ใชใ”ใ‚„}==ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> I'm heading towards Nagoya now. + ## ใ‚’ไธญๅฟƒใซ ใ‚’{ไธญๅฟƒ|ใกใ‚…ใ†|ใ—ใ‚“}ใซ means "mainly", "focused on". diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Without.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Without.md index a58a97c..07c5303 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Without.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Without.md @@ -13,8 +13,74 @@ It is a bit more casual than ใšใซ. Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ใชใ„) by removing the -ใชใ„ stem and adding ใš(ใซ). ใ™ใ‚‹ transforms to ใ›ใšใซ. -It is a bit more formal than ใชใ„ใง. +It is a bit more formal than ใชใ„ใง. Used more often in written form than ใชใ„ใง. > [!info] Example > ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ้ฃŸใน==ใšใซ==ๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€‚ > Everyday, I go out without eating. + +## ใšใซๆธˆใ‚€ใƒปใชใใฆๆธˆใ‚€ (NEW!) + +
+
+

V-ใชใ„

+
+

+ ใšใซๆธˆใ‚€

+
+
+
+

V-ใชใ„

+
+

+ ใชใใฆๆธˆใ‚€

+
+
+
+

V-ใชใ„

+
+

+ ใงๆธˆใ‚€

+
+ +ใšใซ{ๆธˆ|ใ™}ใ‚€ and ใชใใฆ{ๆธˆ|ใ™}ใ‚€ mean "get by without doing". Used with a negative verb. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅคฉๆ‰|ใฆใ‚“ใ•ใ„}ใฎใงใ€ๅฝผใฏ{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}==ใ›ใšใซๆธˆใ‚“ใ =={ๅˆๆ ผ|ใ”ใ†ใ‹ใ}ใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> He passed the exam without having to study, since he's a genius. + +## ใ“ใจใชใ (NEW!) + +Means "without doing". Implies that it is regretful that it happened. +Used with a verb (dictionary form). + +> [!info] Example +> {็ง|ใ‚ใŸใ—}ใŒ{ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใฃใŸใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ในใ‚‹==ใ“ใจใชใ=={ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚ใ ใก}ใฏ{ๅธฐ|ใ‹ใˆ}ใฃใฆใ—ใพใŸใ€‚ +> My friend went home without eating the cake I made. + +## ๆŠœใใงใƒปๆŠœใใซใ—ใฆ (NEW!) + +{ๆŠœ|ใฌ}ใใซใ—ใฆใƒป{ๆŠœ|ใฌ}ใใง means "without". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}==ๆŠœใใง==ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใงใใชใ„ใ€‚ +> I can't do anything without her. + +## ใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ‚ใš (NEW!) + +
+
+

V + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใš

+
+
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใš

+
+ +ใ‚‚{ๆง‹|ใ‹ใพ}ใ‚ใš means "without worrying about". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆœชๆฅ|ใฟใ‚‰ใ„}==ใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใš==ใ€{ๅ…จ็„ถ|ใœใ‚“ใœใ‚“}{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> Without worrying about the future, I didn't studied at all. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1).md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1).md index 6bf6f72..c1957a0 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1).md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1).md @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ When a sentence is negative, ใฏ is usually used instead of ใŒ and ใ‚’. > ่‚‰==ใฏ==้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ > I don't eat meat. -When used with a noun that is a number or an amount, it takes the meaning of "at least" or "around". Can be mixed with [[Amount#ใใ‚‰ใ„]]. +When used with a noun that is a number or an amount, it takes the meaning of "at least" or "around". Can be mixed with [[Amounts#ใใ‚‰ใ„]]. > [!info] Example > {ๆฏŽ้€ฑ|ใพใ„ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}๏ผ’{ๅ›ž|ใ‹ใ„}==ใฏ=={ๆ˜ ็”ป้คจ|ใˆใ„ใŒใ‹ใ‚“}ใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md index d33bf3e..1413ffc 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md @@ -96,6 +96,24 @@ Means "even", "not even" (with negative verbs). โš  With conditional verbs, it means "only". See [[State#ใ•ใˆ๏ฝžใฐ]]. +## ใซใฆ (NEW!) + +This particle is a formal version of [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1)#ใง]], and is used the same way. + +> [!info] Example +> {้›ป่ฉฑ|ใงใ‚“ใ‚}==ใซใฆ=={้€ฃ็ตก|ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ‚‰ใ}ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Please contact us by phone. + +## ใ‚ˆใ‚Š (NEW!) + +It is a more formal form of ใ‹ใ‚‰ ([[#From, since]]). + +> [!info] Example +> ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ==ใ‚ˆใ‚Š=={ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ|ใพใ„ใซใก}{้‹ๅ‹•|ใ†ใ‚“ใฉใ†}ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Starting tomorrow, I'm going to exercise every day. + +Do not confuse with [[Comparison#ใ‚ˆใ‚Š]]. + ## Sentence ending At the end of a sentence, some particles can be added to put emphasis on a meaning.