Observation
This commit is contained in:
parent
bc4574f4a0
commit
a2f6fbece0
@ -1,253 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
# Observation & description
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## がる・がっている
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ がる ・ がっている</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This transforms adjective into verbs, and means "to show signs of", "to appear like".
|
|
||||||
Can be conjugated: がっている means to currently show signs, がていた means to have shown signs.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {彼女|かのじょ}は虫を{怖|ごわ}==がる==。
|
|
||||||
> She seems afraid of insects.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## がり
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ がり</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Expresses a personality trait (tendency to, sensitivity towards).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {彼|かれ}はを{怖|ごわ}==がり==。
|
|
||||||
> He has a tendency of being scared.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Looks like
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### よう
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that it looks like. Used from direct knowledge or experience, with a high degree of confidence. It is a more polite form of みたい.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### ようだ
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ ようだ</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that it looks like, appears like, seems like.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {子供|こども}が{嬉|うれ}しい==ようだ==。
|
|
||||||
> The kids look happy (= I can see them laughing and smiling).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### ように・ような
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ [ように + V] ・ [ような + N]</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Expresses "in the manner of".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
|
||||||
> {新幹線|しんかんせん}の==ような=={速度|そく|ど}。
|
|
||||||
> Speed like a Shinkansen.
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> アヒルの==ように==食べる。
|
|
||||||
> To eat like a duck.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### みたい
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
みたい means similar to, like. Used for direct observation, with a high degree of certainty in consequence.
|
|
||||||
It is a less polite form of ようだ.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### みたいだ
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The basic form, used with all forms of words.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 今日は暑いですね。夏==みたいだ==な。
|
|
||||||
> It's hot today, isn't it. It looks like it's summer.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### みたいに
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ みたいに + V / Adj</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The adverbial form.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 犬==みたいに==食べた。
|
|
||||||
> I ate like a dog.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### みたいな
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ みたいな + N</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Similar to the precedent form, but when using with nouns.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {故郷|ふる|さと}==みたいな==町だ。
|
|
||||||
> A city like my hometown.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### っぽい
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ っぽい</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This has the meaning of like, easy to, _-ish_. Makes a direct comparison with certainty, from the point of view of the person saying it. Close to an even more casual meaning of みたい.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
|
||||||
> {子供|こ|ども}==っぽい==。
|
|
||||||
> Childish.
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> {忘|わす}れ==っぽい==。
|
|
||||||
> Easy to forget.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### らしい
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Expresses an information based on hearsay, or based on the situation, or ressemblance. This is always used bases on a source that is unknown or ambiguous. It can be similar to a guess.
|
|
||||||
Also used for something typical.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
|
||||||
> 男==らしい==。
|
|
||||||
> Typical of a man (befitting of a man).
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> 今日は{君|きみ}==らしくない==。
|
|
||||||
> You aren't yourself today.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### そう
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### そうだ
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "I heard that".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that it looks like.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
|
||||||
> テストは{難|むず}しい==だそうだ==。
|
|
||||||
> The exam is said to be difficult.
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> おいし==そうだ==。
|
|
||||||
> lt looks like it is delicious.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### そうに・そうな
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 「そうに・そうな」 + N・V</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Also means that it looks like, but connecting to nouns and verbs.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 面白==そうに==人です。
|
|
||||||
> He seems like an interesting person.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Summing it up
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
🛠 To do: check validity.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* ==ようだ== is a formal way to say that it looks like, usually from direct observation.
|
|
||||||
* ==みたい== is a less formal way, used in a casual conversation.
|
|
||||||
* ==っぽい== is even more casual. A girl trying to be masculine would be 男っぽい.
|
|
||||||
* ==らしい== is usually used when something is typical or expected. The same girl wouldn't be either 女らしい or 男っぽい because it's not what is expected from her.
|
|
||||||
* ==そうだ== is used for something that is hearsay or not directly observation, more as a guess.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に見える
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual) + ように</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike>く</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + に</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + (のよう) + に</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 見える</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is used (unlike other forms that can apply to abstract similarities) exclusively for visual resemblance.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {彼女|かのじょ}はフランス人==に見える==。
|
|
||||||
> She looks like she is French.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## I heard that...
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### と言われている
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
|
|
||||||
For nouns, だ is placed before.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
|
|
||||||
> The curry of this restaurant is good (someone told me).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### と聞いた
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
|
|
||||||
> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).
|
|
||||||
72
🔰 Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md
Normal file
72
🔰 Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Observation - Hearsay
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## と聞いた
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
|
||||||
|
> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## と言われている
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
|
||||||
|
For nouns, だ is placed before.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
|
||||||
|
> The curry of this restaurant is good (someone told me).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## んだって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ んだって・んですって</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used to quote something that you heard in a casual conversation.
|
||||||
|
🛠 nuance with と言われている?
|
||||||
|
Similar in the quotation sense to [[Description#って・って言う・と言う|って]], but here the nuance is that the information is new or unexpected.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ワールドカップでアルゼンチンが{勝|か}した==んだって==!
|
||||||
|
> Argentina won the world cup! (you just saw it on TV but you were doing something else and are surprised)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## そうだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "I heard that".
|
||||||
|
Do not confuse with [[Observation - looking like#そうだ]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> テストは{難|むず}しい==だそうだ==。
|
||||||
|
> The exam is said to be difficult.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ということだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
It is used for hearsay. Has a nuance of being sure of the validity.
|
||||||
|
Can also be used for a meaning close to "this means".
|
||||||
|
More formal than そうだ.
|
||||||
|
Can be used as ==ということだ== or ==とのことだ==. A more casual version is ==ってことだ==.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {専門家|せん|もん|か}によると、{今年|ことし}の{夏|なつ}は{最高|さいこう}{暑|あつ}くなる==ということです==。
|
||||||
|
> According to the experts, this summer will be the hottest ever.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Summing it up
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
🛠 Todo: understand the nuances.
|
||||||
@ -122,18 +122,6 @@ Also used for something typical.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
### そうだ
|
### そうだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "I heard that".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
@ -144,11 +132,9 @@ Means "I heard that".
|
|||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that it looks like.
|
Means that it looks like.
|
||||||
|
Do not confuse with [[Observation - hearsay#そうだ]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> テストは{難|むず}しい==だそうだ==。
|
|
||||||
> The exam is said to be difficult.
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> おいし==そうだ==。
|
> おいし==そうだ==。
|
||||||
> lt looks like it is delicious.
|
> lt looks like it is delicious.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user