Observation
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# Observation & description
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## がる・がっている
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ がる ・ がっている</p>
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</div>
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This transforms adjective into verbs, and means "to show signs of", "to appear like".
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Can be conjugated: がっている means to currently show signs, がていた means to have shown signs.
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> [!info] Example
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> {彼女|かのじょ}は虫を{怖|ごわ}==がる==。
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> She seems afraid of insects.
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## がり
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ がり</p>
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</div>
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Expresses a personality trait (tendency to, sensitivity towards).
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> [!info] Example
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> {彼|かれ}はを{怖|ごわ}==がり==。
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> He has a tendency of being scared.
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## Looks like
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### よう
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Means that it looks like. Used from direct knowledge or experience, with a high degree of confidence. It is a more polite form of みたい.
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#### ようだ
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ ようだ</p>
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</div>
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Means that it looks like, appears like, seems like.
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> [!info] Example
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> {子供|こども}が{嬉|うれ}しい==ようだ==。
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> The kids look happy (= I can see them laughing and smiling).
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#### ように・ような
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ [ように + V] ・ [ような + N]</p>
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</div>
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Expresses "in the manner of".
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> [!info] Examples
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> {新幹線|しんかんせん}の==ような=={速度|そく|ど}。
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> Speed like a Shinkansen.
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>
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> アヒルの==ように==食べる。
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> To eat like a duck.
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### みたい
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みたい means similar to, like. Used for direct observation, with a high degree of certainty in consequence.
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It is a less polite form of ようだ.
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#### みたいだ
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The basic form, used with all forms of words.
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> [!info] Example
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> 今日は暑いですね。夏==みたいだ==な。
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> It's hot today, isn't it. It looks like it's summer.
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#### みたいに
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ みたいに + V / Adj</p>
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</div>
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The adverbial form.
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> [!info] Example
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> 犬==みたいに==食べた。
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> I ate like a dog.
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#### みたいな
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ みたいな + N</p>
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</div>
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Similar to the precedent form, but when using with nouns.
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> [!info] Example
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> {故郷|ふる|さと}==みたいな==町だ。
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> A city like my hometown.
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### っぽい
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ っぽい</p>
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</div>
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This has the meaning of like, easy to, _-ish_. Makes a direct comparison with certainty, from the point of view of the person saying it. Close to an even more casual meaning of みたい.
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> [!info] Examples
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> {子供|こ|ども}==っぽい==。
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> Childish.
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>
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> {忘|わす}れ==っぽい==。
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> Easy to forget.
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### らしい
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Expresses an information based on hearsay, or based on the situation, or ressemblance. This is always used bases on a source that is unknown or ambiguous. It can be similar to a guess.
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Also used for something typical.
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> [!info] Examples
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> 男==らしい==。
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> Typical of a man (befitting of a man).
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>
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> 今日は{君|きみ}==らしくない==。
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> You aren't yourself today.
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### そう
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#### そうだ
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
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</div>
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Means "I heard that".
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
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</div>
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Means that it looks like.
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> [!info] Examples
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> テストは{難|むず}しい==だそうだ==。
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> The exam is said to be difficult.
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>
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> おいし==そうだ==。
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> lt looks like it is delicious.
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#### そうに・そうな
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ 「そうに・そうな」 + N・V</p>
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</div>
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Also means that it looks like, but connecting to nouns and verbs.
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> [!info] Example
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> 面白==そうに==人です。
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> He seems like an interesting person.
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### Summing it up
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🛠 To do: check validity.
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* ==ようだ== is a formal way to say that it looks like, usually from direct observation.
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* ==みたい== is a less formal way, used in a casual conversation.
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* ==っぽい== is even more casual. A girl trying to be masculine would be 男っぽい.
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* ==らしい== is usually used when something is typical or expected. The same girl wouldn't be either 女らしい or 男っぽい because it's not what is expected from her.
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* ==そうだ== is used for something that is hearsay or not directly observation, more as a guess.
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## に見える
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">V (casual) + ように</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike>く</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + に</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + (のよう) + に</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ 見える</p>
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</div>
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This is used (unlike other forms that can apply to abstract similarities) exclusively for visual resemblance.
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> [!info] Example
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> {彼女|かのじょ}はフランス人==に見える==。
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> She looks like she is French.
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## I heard that...
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### と言われている
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Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
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For nouns, だ is placed before.
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> [!info] Example
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> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
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> The curry of this restaurant is good (someone told me).
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### と聞いた
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Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
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> [!info] Example
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> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
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> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).
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72
🔰 Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md
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72
🔰 Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md
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# Observation - Hearsay
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## と聞いた
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Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
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> [!info] Example
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> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
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> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).
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## と言われている
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Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
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For nouns, だ is placed before.
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> [!info] Example
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> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
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> The curry of this restaurant is good (someone told me).
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## んだって
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + な</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ んだって・んですって</p>
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</div>
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Used to quote something that you heard in a casual conversation.
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🛠 nuance with と言われている?
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Similar in the quotation sense to [[Description#って・って言う・と言う|って]], but here the nuance is that the information is new or unexpected.
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> [!info] Example
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> ワールドカップでアルゼンチンが{勝|か}した==んだって==!
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> Argentina won the world cup! (you just saw it on TV but you were doing something else and are surprised)
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## そうだ
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
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</div>
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Means "I heard that".
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Do not confuse with [[Observation - looking like#そうだ]].
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> [!info] Examples
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> テストは{難|むず}しい==だそうだ==。
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> The exam is said to be difficult.
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## ということだ
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It is used for hearsay. Has a nuance of being sure of the validity.
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Can also be used for a meaning close to "this means".
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More formal than そうだ.
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Can be used as ==ということだ== or ==とのことだ==. A more casual version is ==ってことだ==.
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> [!info] Examples
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> {専門家|せん|もん|か}によると、{今年|ことし}の{夏|なつ}は{最高|さいこう}{暑|あつ}くなる==ということです==。
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> According to the experts, this summer will be the hottest ever.
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## Summing it up
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🛠 Todo: understand the nuances.
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@@ -122,18 +122,6 @@ Also used for something typical.
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### そうだ
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
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</div>
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Means "I heard that".
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
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@@ -144,11 +132,9 @@ Means "I heard that".
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</div>
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Means that it looks like.
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Do not confuse with [[Observation - hearsay#そうだ]].
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> [!info] Examples
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> テストは{難|むず}しい==だそうだ==。
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> The exam is said to be difficult.
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>
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> [!info] Examples
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> おいし==そうだ==。
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> lt looks like it is delicious.
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