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Théo Marchal
506e066f11
3f325ff Added all N3 notions 06af741 Obsidian settings updated b399f6b Added a new style for other side usage git-subtree-dir: content git-subtree-split: 3f325ffe0f3ee8169ee45746916e823422ab0591
77 lines
2.8 KiB
Markdown
77 lines
2.8 KiB
Markdown
# Obligation: なければ・ないと
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## Must
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### なくちゃ・なきゃ
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Only used on casual spoken conversations.
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This form is used with the negative form of a verb (ない), and adding なくちゃ and optionally one of the following ending: だめ, いけない, いけません, ならない, なりません.
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なくちゃ is the shortened form of なくては.
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なきゃ is the shortened form of なければ.
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> [!info] Example
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> {歯|は}を{磨|みが}か==なくちゃいけない==。
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> I must brush my teeth.
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### なくては「いけない・ならない」
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Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
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> [!info] Example
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> 今{遅|おそ}いね。{寝|ね}に行か==なくてはいけない==。
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> It's late now. I have to go to sleep.
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### なければ「いけない・ならない」
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Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
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> [!info] Example
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> {事務所|じむしょ}では{静|しず}かにし==なければならない==。
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> You have to be quiet in the office.
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### ないといけない
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Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
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In casual contexts, can be shortened as ないと.
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> [!info] Example
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> 今日は{勉強|べんきょう}し==ないといけない==。
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> I have to study today.
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## Must not
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#### 「ちゃ・じゃ」「だめ・いけない・いけません」
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Only used on casual spoken conversations. いけません is a bit more formal.
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This form is used with a V-て, depending on the ending:
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* with て, ちゃ is used.
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* with で, じゃ is used.
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> [!info] Examples
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> その{花|はな}を食べ==ちゃだめ==。
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> Don't eat those flowers.
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>
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> {花瓶|か|びん}の水を{飲|の}ん==じゃいけない==。
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> Don't drink the water of the flower vase.
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### てはいけない
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Used in a more formal or written manner. Used with a V-て.
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> [!info] Example
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> {鉄道|てつ|どう}に{歩|ある}い==てはいけません==。
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> Do not walk on the railroad.
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## Comparing いけない and ならない
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* ==いけない== is the standardly used form. It implies a subjective view, that it would be better to do something, to avoid negative consequences (eg: brushing one's teeth, eating well, etc).
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* ==ならない== is usually more formal or in written form. It implies a is more objective view, something that has to be done because there's no other way (eg: respecting the law, paying taxes, etc).
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## Comparing なくては, なければ and ないと
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なくては and なければ are generally interchangeable in speech. However:
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* ==なくては== is generally used when there is _no penalty_ for not complying.
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* ==なければ== is generally used when there _is a penalty_ for not complying.
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* ==ないと== is lighter and does not imply that there can or cannot be penalty. Its construction is based on the [[Conditional#と]] particle, and should be based on knowledge or experience.
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