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Merge commit '506e066f11f0e7c424fc084d6b50c6d2734f15d8' into jpg
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0b25d016e2
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content/.obsidian/app.json
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8
content/.obsidian/app.json
vendored
@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
|
|||||||
{
|
{
|
||||||
"alwaysUpdateLinks": true,
|
"alwaysUpdateLinks": true,
|
||||||
"showInlineTitle": false
|
"showInlineTitle": false,
|
||||||
|
"pdfExportSettings": {
|
||||||
|
"pageSize": "A4",
|
||||||
|
"landscape": false,
|
||||||
|
"margin": "0",
|
||||||
|
"downscalePercent": 100
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
16
content/.obsidian/snippets/usage.css
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16
content/.obsidian/snippets/usage.css
vendored
@ -36,4 +36,20 @@
|
|||||||
.usage .r {
|
.usage .r {
|
||||||
margin-left: 0.25rem;
|
margin-left: 0.25rem;
|
||||||
margin-right: 0.25rem;
|
margin-right: 0.25rem;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.usage .ileft {
|
||||||
|
padding-left: 1.7rem;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
background-image: linear-gradient(black, black), linear-gradient(black, black);
|
||||||
|
background-repeat: no-repeat;
|
||||||
|
background-size: 8px 2px;
|
||||||
|
background-position: top left, bottom left;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
border-left: solid black;
|
||||||
|
border-width: 0 2px;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
.usage .iright {
|
||||||
|
padding-right: 1rem;
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
206
content/Conjugation/Conditional.md
Normal file
206
content/Conjugation/Conditional.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Conditional
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## と
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ と</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "if", "whenever". Used when a result is known or assumed to be true, aka a logical cause-effect relationship. Cannot be used if the result is uncertain. So it cannot be an intention, a request, a desire, an order, etc.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {急|いそ}いでない==と==、{遅刻|ちこく}に{着|つ}きます。
|
||||||
|
> If you don't hurry, you'll arrive late.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## なら
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual) + (の)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + (の)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + (の)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ なら</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "in the case that/of". The second part of the sentence is generally an opinion, a request or a suggestion.
|
||||||
|
Adding の adds emphasis. ならば can be used in more formal contexts.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {車|くるま}を{使|つか}う==なら==、{気|き}を{付|つ}けて。
|
||||||
|
> If you're using a car, be careful.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## たら
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> + かった</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だった</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + だった</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ ら</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "if" or "when". Describes a condition (the first action must be completed before the second action). Used for hypothetical situations and certain results. It is the main word used for conditional.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {安|やす}==かったら==、{買|か}う。
|
||||||
|
> (If / When) it's cheap, I'll buy it.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 場合
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 場合は</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{場合|ば|あい} means "in the case of". The second part explains what to do in the situation (instructions, advices, etc). More formal than たら.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {地震|じ|しん}==の場合は==、エレベーターを使わないでください。
|
||||||
|
> In case of an earthquake, please don't use the elevators.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ば・なければ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Positive form:
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (う -> え)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + けれ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + なら</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + なら</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ ば</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Negative form:
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ない</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>ない</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + で</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ なければ</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
See Conjugation [[Basics]] for verbs (the う sound transforms the the corresponding え sound).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "if". A conditional relationship without the cause-effect relationship of と.
|
||||||
|
If A happens, then B. Situations must be hypothetical. Generally used for one-time results.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> 雨が止==めれば==、店に行く。
|
||||||
|
> If it stops raining, I'll go to the store.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> おいしい==でなければ==、食べません。
|
||||||
|
> If it's not good, I will not eat it.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### ばいい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used for hope about a result. "It would be good if".
|
||||||
|
Can also be used to give an advice, in a meaning similar to "should".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {宝|たから}くじが{当|あ}たれ==ばいい==ね。
|
||||||
|
> It would be good if I win the lottery...
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### ばよかった
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used for regret about something that would have been better if done. "It would have been good if".
|
||||||
|
More emphasis can be added by adding のに.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {上着|うわぎ}を{持|も}て==ばよかった==。
|
||||||
|
> I should have brought a jacket.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### ば～ほど
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (ば)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r"> + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (る)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ ほど</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> + ければ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r"> + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ ほど</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + なら</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r"> + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ ほど</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "the more... the more". Used by repeating the same verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {自転車|じてんしゃ}をすれ==ば==する==ほど==、{上手|じょうず}になります。
|
||||||
|
> The more you bike, the better you get.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Summing up
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* ==と== has a logical cause-effect relationship. Certain result.
|
||||||
|
* ==なら== usually used for opinion, request, suggestion.
|
||||||
|
* ==V-たら== describes a condition to be met for the result. Usually used for hypothetical situation.
|
||||||
|
* ==場合== explains what to do in a described situation. More formal than V-たら.
|
||||||
|
* ==V-ば== is a conditional relationship, close to V-たら. Used for hypothetical situations, generally for for one-time results.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## とすれば・としたら・とすると
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ とすれば・としたら・とすると</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "if we assume that A, B".
|
||||||
|
としたら is more casual than とすれば.
|
||||||
|
とすると is used for an action that is likely to happen.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {電車|でんしゃ}で行く==とすると==、２０{分|っぷん}かかるです。
|
||||||
|
> If you were to go by train, it would take 20 minutes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## もし(も)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used with conditional forms ば, と, たら and ても (see [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも]]).
|
||||||
|
もしも puts more emphasis than もし.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==もし==ペットが{病気|びょうき}になったら、{動物|どうぶつ}{病院|びょういん}に行かなきゃ。
|
||||||
|
> If you pet gets sick, you have to bring it to the veterinarian clinic.
|
||||||
@ -84,3 +84,33 @@ See also [[🔰 Grammar/Time#たところ]].
|
|||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {現在|げんざい}、{求職|きゅうしょく}し==ているところ==です。
|
> {現在|げんざい}、{求職|きゅうしょく}し==ているところ==です。
|
||||||
> I am currently seeking a job.
|
> I am currently seeking a job.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## てはじめて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "not until".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {韓国|かんこく}に{来|き}==て初めて==キムチを{知|し}らなかった。
|
||||||
|
> Before coming to Korea, I had never heard of kimchi.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## て済む
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
て{済|す}む has different meanings:
|
||||||
|
* that it is sufficient, enough
|
||||||
|
* that it solves something
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {切符|きっぷ}は５００円==で済ませる==。
|
||||||
|
> The ticket costs only 500 yen.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> {会合|かいごう}に{遅|おく}れてしまったが、{電話|でんわ}で{謝|あやま}==って済みました==。
|
||||||
|
> I was late for a meeting, but I was able to apologize over the phone (thus solving the situation).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ている場合じゃない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ている{場合|ばあい}(じゃない・ではない) means "this is no time to be doing". Tells the listener to stop doing what they are doing.
|
||||||
|
Used with verbs in て form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {夜|よる}ので、{歌|うた}え==ている場合じゃない==！
|
||||||
|
> It's night, so it's no time to be singing!
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ The goal of this website is to be a synthesis of useful resources for my Japanes
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## Sources
|
## Sources
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Of course, since I'm _learning_ the language, I need to borrow what I write from different sources. So this website uses data from the websites listed here. I don't want any recognition of what is here! It's mostly a compilation of what people who are way better in this language have made before.
|
Of course, since I'm _learning_ the language, I need to get inspired from different sources. So this website partly uses information from the websites listed here. I don't want any recognition of what is here! It's mostly a compilation of what people who are way better in this language have made before.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* [Bunpro](https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points)
|
* [Bunpro](https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points)
|
||||||
* [JLPT Sensei](https://jlptsensei.com/#jlpt-grammar-lists)
|
* [JLPT Sensei](https://jlptsensei.com/#jlpt-grammar-lists)
|
||||||
@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ In addition to those I cited, here are other resources I find useful.
|
|||||||
### Vocabulary
|
### Vocabulary
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* [Jisho](https://jisho.org/), an online dictionary
|
* [Jisho](https://jisho.org/), an online dictionary
|
||||||
* [Tangorin](https://tangorin.com/sentences), for its sentences database
|
* [Tatoeba](https://tatoeba.org), for its sentences database
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Any errors?
|
## Any errors?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you find any error, please do contact me! You can find my website in the footer of any page of this website. Thanks!
|
If you find any error, please do contact me! I wrote the examples by myself, so they might not be accurate. You can find my website in the footer of any page of this website. Thanks!
|
||||||
@ -52,15 +52,6 @@ Means "to reach a point". Used with verbs.
|
|||||||
> この本{全部|ぜんぶ}{分|わ}かる==ようになった==。
|
> この本{全部|ぜんぶ}{分|わ}かる==ようになった==。
|
||||||
> I've come to understand all of this book.
|
> I've come to understand all of this book.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ようにする
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "to try to", "to make sure to".
|
|
||||||
Used with a verb.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 毎日に{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を食べる==ようとします==。
|
|
||||||
> I'll try to eat a breakfast everyday.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に気がつく
|
## に気がつく
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
@ -114,3 +105,31 @@ Means "too much", "exceeding".
|
|||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {昨晩|さく|ばん}に{飲|の}み==すぎて=={頭|あたま}が{痛|いた}い。
|
> {昨晩|さく|ばん}に{飲|の}み==すぎて=={頭|あたま}が{痛|いた}い。
|
||||||
> I drank too much last night and my head hurts.
|
> I drank too much last night and my head hurts.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Try to
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### ようにする
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "to try to", "to make sure to". It's more of an assertion than ようとする.
|
||||||
|
Used with a verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 毎日に{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を食べる==ようとします==。
|
||||||
|
> I'll try to eat a breakfast everyday.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### ようとする・ようとしない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "try to", "attempt to" (or not, in the negative form). It's more of an attempt than with ようにする.
|
||||||
|
Used with the volitional form of verbs (よう).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 出かけ==ようとした==時、電話が{鳴|な}ってた。
|
||||||
|
> At the time I was trying to go out, the phone rang.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> さっき店に{入|はい}==ろうとしたら==が、ドアが{閉|し}まってしまいました。
|
||||||
|
> I tried to enter the shop earlier, but the door was closed...
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> 彼は{運動|うんどう}し==ようとしない==。
|
||||||
|
> He doesn't try to exercise.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
⚠ Not used in negative form to talk about oneself.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@ -41,5 +41,45 @@ This form is used with a verb in the negative form (ない).
|
|||||||
> 雨だから、==なかなか==タクシーが来てい==ません==。
|
> 雨だから、==なかなか==タクシーが来てい==ません==。
|
||||||
> Because of the rain, it's not easy to get a taxi.
|
> Because of the rain, it's not easy to get a taxi.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> ==なかなか==お酒止めるでき==ない==。
|
> ==なかなか==お{酒|さけ}止めるでき==ない==。
|
||||||
> It is not easy to stop drinking.
|
> It is not easy to stop drinking.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 一体
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{一体|いったい} is used to make an emphasis when something is surprising, confusing, etc.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==いったい=={誰|だれ}がそんあことをしたか。
|
||||||
|
> Who in the world would do something like this?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## まるで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<p class="iright">まるで + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="ileft">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V + よう・みたい</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + のよう・みたい</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "as if".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> え、{中古|ちゅうこ}ですね。==まるで=={新規|しんき}の==よう==です。
|
||||||
|
> Eh, it's second-hand? It looks like new.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## もう
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "already".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==もう==出ちゃった。
|
||||||
|
> They already left.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## すでに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "already". More formal than もう, implies that something is too late and cannot be changed.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {遅|おそ}く{起|お}きたので==すでに==バスは{出発|しゅっぱつ}してしまった。
|
||||||
|
> I woke up late, so the bus already left.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
74
content/🔰 Grammar/Amount.md
Normal file
74
content/🔰 Grammar/Amount.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Amount
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## くらい・ぐらい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ くらい・ぐらい</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "about" or "approximately" when talking about numbers or counter words. Focuses on the uncertainty of the number.
|
||||||
|
ぐらい is more common than くらい in conversations, but can change depending on the preceding word.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {電車|でんしゃ}はどの==くらい==で{到着|とうちゃく}しますか。
|
||||||
|
> About how much time will the train take to arrive?
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> {医者|いしゃ}に１時間==ぐらい==を{待|ま}ってました。
|
||||||
|
> I waited approximately an hour for the doctor.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Also used to compare things as being similar.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {友達|ともだち}と{試験|しけん}の{結果|けっか}は{同|おな}じ==ぐらい==です。
|
||||||
|
> My friend and I have about the same results at the test.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Also means "to the extent of".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 食べなくて{寝|ね}たい==ぐらい=={疲|つか}れています。
|
||||||
|
> I'm tired to the extent of not eating and going to sleep.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## は particle
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
See [[🔰 Particles (1)#は]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ほど
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (non-past)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 程</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Like くらい, it describes an approximate amount. It focuses on a limit being reached. It translates to "about" or "to the extent".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {地下鉄|ちかてつ}を{乗|の}るために、{死|し}ぬ==程=={走|はし}った。
|
||||||
|
> In order to catch the subway, I ran to death.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 一度に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{一度|いち|ど}に means "all at once".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> バスは==一度に==１００{人|にん}を{乗|の}せることができる。
|
||||||
|
> A bus can carry 100 persons at a time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ずつ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns that express a number or a counter, meaning "each", "at time".
|
||||||
|
Used with {少|すこ}し, means "little by little".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ２{個|こ}==ずつ==ください。
|
||||||
|
> I'll take two of each please.
|
||||||
127
content/🔰 Grammar/Amounts - frequency.md
Normal file
127
content/🔰 Grammar/Amounts - frequency.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Amounts of frequency
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Never
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 決して～ない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<p class="iright">消して + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="ileft">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くない</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + ではない</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + ではない</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{決|け}して~ない means "never". Used with negative verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> 私は==決して=={夢|ゆめ}を{覚|おぼ}えません。
|
||||||
|
> I never remember my dreams.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Rarely
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### めったに～ない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">めったに + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + は</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ めったに</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "hardly", "rarely". Used with negative verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {車|くるま}は==めったに=={運転|うんてん}し==ません==。
|
||||||
|
> I rarely drive a car.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### あまり
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "rarely".
|
||||||
|
Used with negative verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {最近|さいきん}{絵|え}を==あまり=={書|か}けない。
|
||||||
|
> I haven't been able to draw much lately.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Unlikely
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### そうもない・そうにない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means that an action is very unlikely.
|
||||||
|
Made by removing ます from a verb and adding そうもない・そうにない.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> コロナので{今年|ことし}も{旅行|りょこう}し==そうもない==。
|
||||||
|
> Because of COVID19, it's unlikely I'll travel again this year.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Sometimes
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### たまに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "occasionally", "once in a while".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {彼女|かのじょ}は{抹茶|まっちゃ}を==たまに=={飲|の}む。
|
||||||
|
> She occasionally drinks matcha.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 時々
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{時々|ときどき} means "sometimes".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> ==時々=={遊園地|ゆうえんち}に{行|い}く。
|
||||||
|
> I sometimes go to amusement parks.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Often
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 度々
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{度々|たびたび} means "often", "frequently".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {私|わたし}の{彼女|かのじょ}は==度々=={遅|おく}れてきます。
|
||||||
|
> My girlfriend is often late.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### よく
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "often".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {最近|さいきん}、{数学|すうがく}の{練習|れんしゅう}{問題|もんだい}を==よく==やっています。
|
||||||
|
> I have been doing a lot of math exercises lately.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Always
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### いつも
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "always", "every time".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {夏|なつ}の{時|とき}==いつも==アイスクリームを食べます。
|
||||||
|
> I always eat ice cream in the summer.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### ずっと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "always", "continuously".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {蛇|へび}が==ずっと=={好|す}きだった。
|
||||||
|
> I've always loved snakes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### たものだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used to talk about a past situation where something used to frequently occur.
|
||||||
|
Used with a verb in the past tense (た) by adding ものだ.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {子供|こども}のころはいつも{森|もり}で{遊|あそ}==んだものだ==。
|
||||||
|
> I always played in the woods when I was a kid.
|
||||||
178
content/🔰 Grammar/Amounts - quantification.md
Normal file
178
content/🔰 Grammar/Amounts - quantification.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Amounts of quantification
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 以 prefix
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{以上|い|じょう} means "above", "exceeding".
|
||||||
|
{以下|い|か} means "below", "not exceeding".
|
||||||
|
{以外|い|がい} means "excepting".
|
||||||
|
{以内|い|ない} means "within".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> １{時間|じかん}==以内=={終|お}わります。
|
||||||
|
> It will be finished within an hour.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## せいぜい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "at the most".
|
||||||
|
Used before a noun of time or a verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==せいぜい=={頑張|がんば}ります。
|
||||||
|
> I'll do my best.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> この木は==せいぜい==３{年|ねん}です。
|
||||||
|
> This tree is at most 3 years old.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## さらに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{更|さら}に means "even more", "more and more", "in addition to".
|
||||||
|
Used with time, quantity, etc.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {新|あたら}しい{仕事|しごと}を{始|はじめ}めて==さらに==うれしいになりました。
|
||||||
|
> I've become even happier with my new job.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 別に～ない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{別|べつ}に means "not really", "not particularly".
|
||||||
|
Used with words in negative form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> どうしてエアコンを{付|つ}きましたか。{今|いま}は==別に=={暑|あつ}==くない==よ。
|
||||||
|
> Why did you turn on the AC? It's not that hot right now.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## No matter how
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### どんなに～ても
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<p class="iright">どんなに + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="ileft">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くても</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + でも</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + でも</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "no matter how much". Also used as いくら~ても.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==どんなに=={練習|れんしゅう}し==ても==、マラソンを{走|はし}れない。
|
||||||
|
> No matter how much I train, I cannot run a marathon.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### どうしても
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "no matter what".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==どうしても=={花火|はなび}に行きたい。
|
||||||
|
> No matter what, I want to go see the fireworks.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Very
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### てしょうがない・てしかたがない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くて</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + <strike>な</strike> で</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ しょうがない・しかたがない</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means both "extremely" and "can't be helped".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {今日|きょう}は{暑|あつ}く==てしょうがない==。
|
||||||
|
> Today is extremely hot.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> {隣|となり}の{会話|かいわ}は{聞|き}き==ってしょうがない==。
|
||||||
|
> I can't help but to listen to the conversion next door.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### なかなか
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<p class="iright">なかなか + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="ileft">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">の + N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "very", "quite".
|
||||||
|
See also [[Adverbs#なかなか～ない]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {今日|きょう}は==なかなか=={寒|さむ}いね。
|
||||||
|
> It's quite cold today.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### だけ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ だけ</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "as much".
|
||||||
|
See also [[Only - just#だけ]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 私は{払|はら}うんでだ、{飲|の}む==だけ==飲んで！
|
||||||
|
> I'll be paying, so drink as much as you can!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### なるべく・できるだけ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "as much as possible". なるべく is a bit softer than できるだけ.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==なるべく=={静|しず}かにしてください。
|
||||||
|
> Please be as quiet as possible.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### あまり
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ あまり</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "so much... that".
|
||||||
|
Adjectives nominalized can be used as nouns. See [[Transformation#~さ adjective as noun]] and [[Transformation#~み adjective as noun]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> おいしさの==あまり==、このレストラン{毎日|まいにち}行きたい。
|
||||||
|
> The food is so delicious that I want to eat in this restaurant every day.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### あまりにも
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<p class="iright">あまりに(も) + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="ileft">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">あまりの + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "so much... that". A version of あまり that can also be used with adjectives.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {先生|せんせい}が==あまりに=={厳|きび}しくて、{私|わたし}は{泣|な}き{始|はじ}めった。
|
||||||
|
> The teacher was so strict that I started to cry.
|
||||||
40
content/🔰 Grammar/Can't help - doesn't matter.md
Normal file
40
content/🔰 Grammar/Can't help - doesn't matter.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Can't help; doesn't matter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Can't help
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### ずにはいられない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "can't help but do something".
|
||||||
|
Made with a verb in the negative form (ない) without the ない ending and adding ずにはいられない.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {悲|かな}しいのでアイスクリーム食べ==ずには入れれない==。
|
||||||
|
> I'm sad so I can't help but eat ice cream.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### てしょうがない・てしかたがない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means can't be helped".
|
||||||
|
See [[Amounts - quantification#てしょうがない・てしかたがない]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Doesn't matter
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### ても構わない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くて</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + で</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ もかまわない・もかまいません</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "it doesn't matter if", "I don't mind".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ここで{座|すわ}==っても構いません==か。
|
||||||
|
> Would it be okay if I sit here?
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> ==かまわない==よ。
|
||||||
|
> I don't mind.
|
||||||
68
content/🔰 Grammar/Certainty.md
Normal file
68
content/🔰 Grammar/Certainty.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Certainty
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Certain
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### に違いない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
に{違|ちが}いない means "I'm certain that".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 私は{試験|しけん}を{合格|ごうかく}==に違いない==。
|
||||||
|
> I'm sure I'll pass the exam.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Not always: とは限らない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ とは限らない</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
とは{限|かぎ}らない means "not always", "not necessarily".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {大人|おとな}は{正|ただ}しい==とは限らない==。
|
||||||
|
> Adults are not always right.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Impossible
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### わけがない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ わけがない</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means that there is no way, "impossible".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {全部|ぜんぶ}食べられる==わけがない==よ！
|
||||||
|
> It is impossible to eat it all!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### ようがない・ようもない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
🛠 Todo: understand the nuance between わけがない and ようがない.
|
||||||
|
🛠 Todo: understand the nuance between ようがない and ようもない.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
~{様|よう}がない means that there is no way, "impossible".
|
||||||
|
Works by removing ~ます from a verb and adding ようがない・ようもない.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> もうこんな時間。帰り==ようがない==。
|
||||||
|
> It's already this late. I have no way to go back home.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### まさか
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Usually at the start of a sentence, expresses surprise, about something that seemed impossible.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==まさか=={僕|ぼく}たちのチームが{負|ま}けた。
|
||||||
|
> I cannot believe our team lost.
|
||||||
@ -9,7 +9,9 @@ Those rules combine a verb and an adjective to make a new meaning.
|
|||||||
<p class="r">+ Adj</p>
|
<p class="r">+ Adj</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~やすい
|
## Difficulty
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### ~やすい: easy
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means:
|
Means:
|
||||||
* easy to do
|
* easy to do
|
||||||
@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ Means:
|
|||||||
> {泣|な}き==やすい==。
|
> {泣|な}き==やすい==。
|
||||||
> Prone to crying.
|
> Prone to crying.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~にくい・~づらい
|
### ~にくい・~づらい: difficult
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that something is difficult to do.
|
Means that something is difficult to do.
|
||||||
While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective manner, for actions that are intentional.
|
While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective manner, for actions that are intentional.
|
||||||
@ -32,6 +34,15 @@ While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective mann
|
|||||||
> 見==にくい==。
|
> 見==にくい==。
|
||||||
> Difficult to see.
|
> Difficult to see.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### ～がたい: very difficult
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
~がたい means that something is very difficult to do.
|
||||||
|
It is more extreme than ~にくい.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> それは{信|しん}じ==がたい==な。
|
||||||
|
> That's hard to believe...
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~始める
|
## ~始める
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
～{始|はじ}める means that something starts or has started. Expresses intentionality.
|
～{始|はじ}める means that something starts or has started. Expresses intentionality.
|
||||||
@ -63,3 +74,89 @@ While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective mann
|
|||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {飲|の}み==終わります==。
|
> {飲|の}み==終わります==。
|
||||||
> To stop to drink.
|
> To stop to drink.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ～上げる
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This can be used both as:
|
||||||
|
* {上|あ}げる means "finish doing" (transitive)
|
||||||
|
* {上|あ}がる means "was finished" (intransitive)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {全部|ぜんぶ}の{夏休|なつ|や}みの{宿題|しゅくだい}を出来==上げった==。
|
||||||
|
> I have finished all my summer homework.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ～合う
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
～{合|あ}う means that the action is done with someone else.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {妹|いもうと}と{家|いえ}へ{帰|かえ}り==会った==。
|
||||||
|
> I went home with my sister.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ～切る・～切れる・～切れない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
~{切|き}る means "to do completely" and ~切れる means "able to do completely".
|
||||||
|
The negative form ~切れない means "unable to do", "too much to complete".
|
||||||
|
It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 父はすべての{部屋|へや}を{掃除|そうじ}し==切った==。
|
||||||
|
> My father finished cleaning all the rooms.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> 彼は{納豆|なっとう}を食べ==切れなかった==。
|
||||||
|
> He could not finish all his natto.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ～通す
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
~{通|とお}す means "to do something until the end", "continually" or "through". It focuses on the process of the action, rather than its ending.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> マラソンの{全部|ぜんぶ}を{走|はし}り==通した==。
|
||||||
|
> He ran through the whole marathon.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ～直す
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
~{直|なお}す means to do something again.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {今年|ことし}をやり==直す==てほしい。
|
||||||
|
> I want this year to start over.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ～っぱなし
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
~っぱなし means leaving something as it is.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> この１３時間{飛行|ひこう}で{座|すわ}り==っぱなし==でした。
|
||||||
|
> I sat the entire time on this 13 hours flight.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ～込む
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
~{込|こ}む has multiple meanings depending on the verb. Sometimes it is idiomatic and so it cannot exactly be guessed. However, there are some broad categories.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
⚠ Depending on the context, verbs can fall into multiple categories!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Going into
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* If the verb describes a movement, adding 込む add the meaning of "into" (jumping => jumping into).
|
||||||
|
* If the verb already has a notion of "into", it put emphasis into it. It could have a meaning like "completely into".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {海|うみ}に{飛|とび}び==込んだ==。
|
||||||
|
> He jumped into the ocean.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Emphasis
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
When the verb does not include physical movement, 込む can be used to put emphasis on certain verbs (deeply, a lot, etc).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {猫|ねこ}が{眠|ねむ}り==込んでいます==。
|
||||||
|
> The cat is fast asleep.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Repetition
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The last common meaning is for an action that is repeated until a point is reached. It can also be an action that is done for a long time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {毎朝|まいあさ}5キロ{走|かし}り==込む==。
|
||||||
|
> Every morning I go for a 5km run (emphasis on the fact that it is a long run).
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## より
|
## より
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
With the following pattern, it means that A is "more" Adj than B.
|
With the following pattern, it means that A is "more" Adj "than" B.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<p class="r">AはB +</p>
|
<p class="r">AはB +</p>
|
||||||
@ -16,6 +16,49 @@ With the following pattern, it means that A is "more" Adj than B.
|
|||||||
> 電車は車==より=={速|はや}いです。
|
> 電車は車==より=={速|はや}いです。
|
||||||
> Trains are faster than cars.
|
> Trains are faster than cars.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## より(も)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">V・N + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">より(も)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ Adj</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
With this pattern, it just means "more".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> このビルは私のマンション==よりも=={高|たか}い。
|
||||||
|
> This building is taller than my apartment.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## というより
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">A + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">というより</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ B</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This form is similar to より(も), but with a sense closer to "rather than".
|
||||||
|
"It is rather B than A".
|
||||||
|
Used with verbs, adjectives and nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 彼女は{恥|は}ずかしがり==というより=={静|しず}かです。
|
||||||
|
> She is quiet rather than shy.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ほうがいい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "should", or "it would be better", as an advice. It's better than not doing it.
|
||||||
|
Used with a verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 毎日{練習|れんしゅう}する==ほうがいい==。
|
||||||
|
> It's better to train everyday.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## より～ほうが
|
## より～ほうが
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
@ -46,14 +89,31 @@ With the following pattern, it means that B is more than A:
|
|||||||
> 昨日==より==今日の==ほうが==寒いです。
|
> 昨日==より==今日の==ほうが==寒いです。
|
||||||
> Today is colder than yesterday.
|
> Today is colder than yesterday.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ほうがいい
|
## に比べて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "should", or "it would be better", as an advice. It's better than not doing it.
|
に{比|くら}べて is used for comparison.
|
||||||
Used with a verb.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 毎日{練習|れんしゅう}する==ほうがいい==。
|
> 昨日==に比べて==、今日は晴れるです。
|
||||||
> It's better to train everyday.
|
> Compared to yesterday, it is sunny today.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ほど～ない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">N + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">ほど</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ V・Adj (ない)</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means that the extent has not been reached, so it is not as much.
|
||||||
|
See also [[Amount#ほど]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {韓国|かんこく}==ほど=={辛|から}いの食べ{物|もの}は==ない==。
|
||||||
|
> There's no food as spicy as Korean food.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> {中国|ちゅうごく}{料理|りょうり}は{韓国|かんこく}{料理|りょうり}==ほど=={辛|から}く==ない==です。
|
||||||
|
> Korean food is spicier than Chinese food.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
# Conditional
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## と
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ と</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "if" when a result is known or assumed to be true, aka a logical cause-effect relationship. Cannot be used if the result is uncertain. So it cannot be an intention, a request, a desire, an order, etc.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {急|いそ}いでない==と==、{遅刻|ちこく}に{着|つ}きます。
|
|
||||||
> If you don't hurry, you'll arrive late.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## なら
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual) + (の)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + (の)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + (の)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ なら</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "in the case that/of". The second part of the sentence is generally an opinion, a request or a suggestion.
|
|
||||||
Adding の adds emphasis.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 車を使う==なら==、気を{付|つ}けて。
|
|
||||||
> If you're using a car, be careful.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## えば・なければ
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Positive form:
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (う -> え)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + けれ</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + なら</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + なら</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ ば</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Negative form:
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ない</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>ない</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + で</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ なければ</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
See Conjugation [[Basics]] for verbs (the う sound transforms the the corresponding え sound).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "if". A conditional relationship without the cause-effect relationship of と.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
|
||||||
> 雨が止==めれば==、店に行く。
|
|
||||||
> If it stops raining, I'll go to the store.
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> おいしい==でなければ==、食べません。
|
|
||||||
> If it's not good, I will not eat it.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## たら
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> + かった</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だった</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + だった</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ ら</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "if" or "when". Describes a condition (the first action must be completed before the second action). Usually used for hypothetical situations. It is the main word used for conditional.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 安==かったら==、買う。
|
|
||||||
> (If / When) it's cheap, I'll buy it.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 場合
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 場合は</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{場合|ば|あい} means "in the case of". The second part explains what to do in the situation (instructions, advices, etc). More formal than たら.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {地震|じ|しん}==の場合は==、エレベーターを使わないでください。
|
|
||||||
> In case of an earthquake, please don't use the elevators.
|
|
||||||
69
content/🔰 Grammar/Connectors - in order to.md
Normal file
69
content/🔰 Grammar/Connectors - in order to.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Connectors: in order to
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## のに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "to do", "in order to".
|
||||||
|
See [[Connectors#のに#In order to]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ために
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ ため(に)</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "in order to". Mostly used in writing.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {面接|めんせつ}の==ために==ヒゲを{剃|そ}らなきゃ。
|
||||||
|
> I have to shave for the interview.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Can also mean "as a result of". Verbs are generally used in past tense.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {雨|あめ}の==ために==、{動物|どうぶつ}が{見|み}えません。
|
||||||
|
> Due to the rain, I cannot see any animals.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## には
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "in order to", "for", "to". Implies a implicit second part (in order to A... but not B).
|
||||||
|
Used with verbs and nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {日本|にほん}を{住|す}んでいる==には==、ビザがひつようです。
|
||||||
|
> A visa is required to live in Japan.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Can also mean "as for", "regarding".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> 私==には==行けない。
|
||||||
|
> As for me, I won't go.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ように
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "in order to". Implies that an effort is made or a goal to obtain.
|
||||||
|
Used with verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> １００メートルを{泳|およ}げる==ように==、毎週練習しなきゃ。
|
||||||
|
> In order to swim 100m, I have to train every week.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Summing up
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* ==のに== and ==ために== have the same meaning, but ために is usually more written than のに.
|
||||||
|
* ==には== implies an implicit second part.
|
||||||
|
* ==ように== implies an effort or an objective.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## てはいけないから・とはいけないから
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "in order not to". Used to avoid a negative situation.
|
||||||
|
Used with both a verb in て-form, and a verb in dictionary (る) with いけないから.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {遅|おく}れる==とはいけないから==、ちょっと{急|いそ}いでください。
|
||||||
|
> In order not to be late, please hurry up a bit.
|
||||||
@ -1,18 +1,6 @@
|
|||||||
# Connectors (conjunctions)
|
# Connectors (conjunctions)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ばかり
|
## Just by: だけで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "only" or "nothing but", and can convey surprise or negative judgment depending on the context.
|
|
||||||
Used with nouns and verbs.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
|
||||||
> この{国|くに}の{春|はる}は雨==ばかり==だ！
|
|
||||||
> In this country, there's nothing but rain in spring.
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> うちの{子供|こども}はテレビ==ばかり==見てる。
|
|
||||||
> My child does nothing but watching TV.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## だけで
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "just by doing".
|
Means "just by doing".
|
||||||
Used with nouns and verbs.
|
Used with nouns and verbs.
|
||||||
@ -21,24 +9,6 @@ Used with nouns and verbs.
|
|||||||
> 会う==だけで=={幸|しあわ}せになる。
|
> 会う==だけで=={幸|しあわ}せになる。
|
||||||
> Just by meeting you, I get happy.
|
> Just by meeting you, I get happy.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 又は
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{又|また}は can be used for two things:
|
|
||||||
* choosing between two options ("or")
|
|
||||||
* listing two options ("both")
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 日本語==又は==英語でしゃべれます。
|
|
||||||
> I can speak both Japanese and English.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## それでも
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "but still", "even so", "anyway".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 雨が{降|ふ}っていた、==それでも==出かけていた。
|
|
||||||
> It was raining, but I still went out.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## のに
|
## のに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Even tough
|
### Even tough
|
||||||
@ -70,4 +40,28 @@ Used with a verb (dictionary).
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## And: そして, それから, それに, それで
|
## And: そして, それから, それに, それで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
See [[Listing#Connecting sentences]].
|
See [[Listing#Connecting sentences]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Well then: さて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used to change to topic of the conversation, or to a new element. Translates to "well (then)" or "now".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==さて==、食べようか。
|
||||||
|
> Well then, shall we eat?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## By the way: ところで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used to introduce a new topic of conversation. Translates to "by the way".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==ところで==、車の{修理|しゅうり}はどう。
|
||||||
|
> By the way, how are the repairs for your car?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Certainly: 確かに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{確|たし}かに means "surely", "certainly".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> この{歌|うた}は==確かに=={面白|おも|しろ}そうだ。
|
||||||
|
> This song certainly sounds interesting.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
122
content/🔰 Grammar/Considering - for - as.md
Normal file
122
content/🔰 Grammar/Considering - for - as.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Considering - for - as
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## としては
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
🛠 Todo: nuance.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "as", "in the role of". The と particle implies a result.
|
||||||
|
More used for objective judgments.
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {厳|きび}しいのに{先生|せんせい}==としては==あまり{良|よ}くない。
|
||||||
|
> Because he is strict, he's not a very good teacher.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## にしては
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
🛠 Todo: nuance.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "considering", "for". The に particle implies a simultaneous existence.
|
||||||
|
More used to give personal opinions.
|
||||||
|
Used with verbs and nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 田中さんは{父|ちち}==にしては=={最低|さいてい}です。
|
||||||
|
> As a father, Tanaka-san is the worst.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## としても
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
🛠 Todo: nuance.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "assuming", "even if".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 私==としても==出来ます。
|
||||||
|
> I can do it as well.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## にしても
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
🛠 Todo: nuance.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "even if", "even though".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> それ==にしても==、{気|き}を{付|つ}けてくください。
|
||||||
|
> Still, please be careful.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## "As": Gradual change
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V + (の)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ につれて・にしたがって・と共に・に伴って</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The four following forms have the same meaning of a gradual change:
|
||||||
|
* につれて
|
||||||
|
* にしたがって
|
||||||
|
* と{共|とも}に
|
||||||
|
* に{伴|とも}って
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
It means that when when the first part of the sentence changes, the second part changes gradually as well.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {年|とし}をとる==につれて=={髪|かみ}を{抜|ぬ}けます。
|
||||||
|
> As we get older, we lose hair.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This example works with all forms.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## につれて and にしたがって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
In both forms, the change is natural, and is not an intentional change. When the verb expresses gradual change, both can be used.
|
||||||
|
につれて is more common and more used for personal actions.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {冬|ふゆ}が{地|ちか}づく==にしたがって・につれて=={気温|きおん}が{下|さ}がってきた。
|
||||||
|
> As winter approaches, the temperatures have lowered.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## にしたがって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This form also has the meaning of "in accordance to". It doesn't express change. It is possible to talk about intention.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {歯医者|はいしゃ}==にしたがって=={毎日|まいにち}２{回|かい}{歯|は}を{磨|みが}く。
|
||||||
|
> I brush my teeth twice a day as recommended by my dentist.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## に伴って
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
に{伴|ともな}って also has the meaning of a an instantaneous change: when the first part changes, the second part also changes instantly. The first part is the reason of it changing.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> オリンピックがある==に伴って=={交通費|こうつうひ}がねあが{値上|ねあ}がりしてしまった。
|
||||||
|
> As the Olympics are held, transportations cost have increased.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## と共に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
と{共|とも}に has 3 other meanings.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Almost at the same time
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
It is also used for two actions that happens at approximately the same time. The two actions do not have to be related. They also don't have to be specifically about change.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {鳥|とり}は{鳴|な}き{声|ごえ}をする==と共に=={風|かぜ}が{吹|ふ}く。
|
||||||
|
> The bird sings and the wind blows.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Together with
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
It can also mean "together with". It is much more formal than {一緒|いっしょ}に.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {妻|つま}==と共に=={新|あたら}しい{人生|じんせい}を{始|はじ}めります。
|
||||||
|
> I am starting a new life with my wife.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### As well as, also
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
It can also mean "as well as", "also".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> パンはチーズ==と共に==フランスに{人気|にんき}{食料|しょくりょう}です。
|
||||||
|
> Bread, along with cheese, is a popular food in France.
|
||||||
@ -22,34 +22,7 @@ Means "you could say".
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> サッカーは{彼|かれ}の{得意|とくい}です。ほとんどサッカーのプロ==と言ってもいい==。
|
> サッカーは{彼|かれ}の{得意|とくい}です。ほとんどサッカーのプロ==と言ってもいい==。
|
||||||
|
> Soccer is his strong point. You could almost say he's a pro.
|
||||||
## まま
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ まま</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that something doesn't change state, stays as it is.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
|
||||||
> {開|あ}けた==まま==。
|
|
||||||
> To be left open.
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> {熱|あつ}い==まま==。
|
|
||||||
> Still hot.
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> {昔|むかし}の==まま==。
|
|
||||||
> As it always been.
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> その==まま==でいい。
|
|
||||||
> It is fine as it is.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## がする
|
## がする
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -85,35 +58,37 @@ Used with a verb in dictionary form.
|
|||||||
> {絵|え}を{塗|ぬる}る==のが下手==です。
|
> {絵|え}を{塗|ぬる}る==のが下手==です。
|
||||||
> I'm not good at painting.
|
> I'm not good at painting.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## くらい・ぐらい
|
## だらけ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means that something is "full of" or "covered with" something undesirable.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {子供|こども}のズボンは{泥|どろ}==だらけ==です。
|
||||||
|
> The child's pants are covered in mud.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## を込めて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
を{込|こ}めて means that something is "full of" or "filled with". Used with positive feelings.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> この{映画|えいが}は{監督|かんとく}から{愛|あい}==を込めて=={作|つく}った。
|
||||||
|
> That movie was made with love from the director.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## は～で有名
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<p class="iright">N + は + </p>
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V + こと</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + こと</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な + こと</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ くらい・ぐらい</p>
|
<p class="right">+ で有名</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "about" or "approximately" when talking about numbers or counter words. ぐらい is more common in conversations, but can change depending on the preceding word.
|
は~で{有名|ゆうめい} means "famous for". Used to describe why people, places or things are famous.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {電車|でんしゃ}はどの==くらい==で{到着|とうちゃく}しますか。
|
> パリ==は==エッフェル{塔|とう}==で有名==です。
|
||||||
> About how much time will the train take to arrive?
|
> Paris is famous for its Eiffel Tower.
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> {医者|いしゃ}に１時間==ぐらい==を{待|ま}ってました。
|
|
||||||
> I waited approximately an hour for the doctor.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Also used to compare things as being similar.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {友達|ともだち}と{試験|しけん}の{結果|けっか}は{同|おな}じ==ぐらい==です。
|
|
||||||
> My friend and I have about the same results at the test.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Also means "to the extent of".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 食べなくて{寝|ね}たい==ぐらい=={疲|つか}れています。
|
|
||||||
> I'm tired to the extent of not eating and going to sleep.
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
17
content/🔰 Grammar/Exception.md
Normal file
17
content/🔰 Grammar/Exception.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Exception
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## は別として
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
は{別|べつ}として means "aside from", "whether or not".
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {虫|むし}==は別として==、{今日|きょう}は{楽|たの}しかった。
|
||||||
|
> Aside from the insects, today was fun.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
With verbs and adjectives, かどうか is placed before.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {勝|かつ}かどうか==は別として==、{試合|しあい}をやってみたい。
|
||||||
|
> Whether we win or not, I want to play the game.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -7,3 +7,12 @@ Used with past verbs to talk about things experienced before.
|
|||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 日本に行==ったことがあるですか==。
|
> 日本に行==ったことがあるですか==。
|
||||||
> Have you ever been to Japan?
|
> Have you ever been to Japan?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## に慣れる
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
に{慣|な}れる means "to be used to".
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {自転車|じてんしゃ}{通勤|つうきん}==に慣れました==。
|
||||||
|
> I got used to commute by bicycle.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
39
content/🔰 Grammar/Instead.md
Normal file
39
content/🔰 Grammar/Instead.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Instead
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## むしろ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "instead" or "rather".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==むしろ=={自転車|じてんしゃ}で行こうと思います。
|
||||||
|
> I think I'd rather go by bike.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 代わりに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 代わりに</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{代|か}わりに means "instead of", "in exchange for". Generally used about things.
|
||||||
|
Does not have a notion of replacing in a temporal transition, more like a one off occurrence.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {今朝|けさ}{自転車|じてんしゃ}の==代わりに=={地下鉄|ちかてつ}で行きました。
|
||||||
|
> I took the train this morning instead of biking.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## にかわって・にかわり
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "instead of". Generally used about persons.
|
||||||
|
Also has a notion of "taking over" as in replacing in a temporal transition.
|
||||||
|
にかわり is more formal than にかわって.
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {私|わたし}==に代わって=={妹|いもうと}が{行|い}った。
|
||||||
|
> My sister went in my behalf.
|
||||||
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ See [[TeF (1) - basics#て sequence]].
|
|||||||
### や
|
### や
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "among other things". Formal.
|
Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "among other things". Formal.
|
||||||
Used only with nouns. Cannot be repeated!
|
Used only with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> フランス==や==スペインに{旅行|りょこう}しました。
|
> フランス==や==スペインに{旅行|りょこう}しました。
|
||||||
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Used only with nouns. Cannot be repeated!
|
|||||||
### など
|
### など
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "things as". Can be used with や for a meaning like "etc".
|
Means "things as". Can be used with や for a meaning like "etc".
|
||||||
Used with nouns. Cannot be repeated!
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> お金がないのでカフェ**や**レストラン==など=={払|はら}えない。
|
> お金がないのでカフェ**や**レストラン==など=={払|はら}えない。
|
||||||
@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ Used with nouns. Cannot be repeated!
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
### とか～とか
|
### とか～とか
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "among other things". More casual than や or たり～たり. Ending a sentence with とか can soften the meaning. Can also be used to quote someone.
|
Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "and", "among other things". More casual than や. Ending a sentence with とか can soften the meaning. Can also be used to quote someone.
|
||||||
Only used with verbs and nouns. Can be repeated.
|
Only used with verbs and nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {果物|くだもの}はバナナ==とか==リンゴ==とか==が好きです。
|
> {果物|くだもの}はバナナ==とか==リンゴ==とか==が好きです。
|
||||||
@ -94,13 +94,12 @@ Only used with verbs and nouns. Can be repeated.
|
|||||||
<p><span class="box">V-た</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V-た</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> かった</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> かった</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だった</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だった</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + だった</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ り</p>
|
<p class="right">+ り...します</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is used to list things that are related, in an unexhaustive way. Translates to "do things such as".
|
This is used to list things that are related, in an unexhaustive way. Translates to "or", "do things such as".
|
||||||
Usually used to talk about things like hobbies, explaining liked things, activities done, etc.
|
Usually used to talk about things like hobbies, explaining liked things, activities done, etc. Not used for usual things like a routine. It is not an ordered or chronological list like [[#て connecting]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {週末|しゅうまつ}に{泳|およ}い==だり==、{散歩|さんぽ}し==たり==、{買|か}い{物|もの}し==たり==します。
|
> {週末|しゅうまつ}に{泳|およ}い==だり==、{散歩|さんぽ}し==たり==、{買|か}い{物|もの}し==たり==します。
|
||||||
@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ Usually used to talk about things like hobbies, explaining liked things, activit
|
|||||||
<p class="right">+ し</p>
|
<p class="right">+ し</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used for a list that is unexhaustive, going in the same direction: for example reasons, causes, qualities, etc.
|
Used for a list that is unexhaustive, going in the same direction: for example reasons, causes, qualities, etc. Gives an opinion, a review.
|
||||||
It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence.
|
It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
@ -130,9 +129,68 @@ It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## Summing up
|
## Summing up
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
🛠 To do: finish.
|
* ==や== means "and", and is formal. Can be completed by ==など== (= etc).
|
||||||
|
* ==とか== also means "and", but is casual.
|
||||||
|
* ==たり== means "or", "things like". Used to express possibilities.
|
||||||
|
* ==し== means "and", but with an emphasis on a review.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* ==や== is formal and cannot be repeated (nouns only). Can be completed by ==など==.
|
## And also
|
||||||
* ==とか== is casual and can be repeated.
|
|
||||||
* ==たり==
|
### も～ば～も
|
||||||
* ==し==
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<p class="iright">N1 + も + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="ileft">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (ば)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> ければ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + なら</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + なら</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ N2 + も</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "also", "as well". Means that both N1 and N2 are true (and should share a connection).
|
||||||
|
⚠ Despite using conditional form, it is not conditional in meaning.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {母|はは}はポルトガル{語|ご}==も==できれ==ば==スペイン{語|ご}==も=={話|はな}せる。
|
||||||
|
> My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 上に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 上(に)</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{上|うえ}に means "and also", "in addition", "as well". Used with similar qualities (positive with positive, negative with negative).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> このスーパーは{高|たか}い==上に=={不便|ふべん}です。
|
||||||
|
> This supermarket is expensive as well as inconvenient.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### はもちろん
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ はもちろん + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">phrase</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ も・さえ</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "not only but also", "not to mention".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> このゲームセンターにはゲーム==はもちろん==ボウリングもあります。
|
||||||
|
> This game center not only has games but also bowling.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
88
content/🔰 Grammar/Means.md
Normal file
88
content/🔰 Grammar/Means.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Means
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## つい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "accidentally", "unintentionally". Can be combined with [[TeF (2) - manner of doing## てしまう・ちゃう・じゃう|てしまう]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {歩|ある}きながら{携帯|けいたい}を見ていました、==つい=={誰|だれ}かとぶつきました。
|
||||||
|
> I was looking at my phone while walking, when I accidentally bumped into someone.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## わざと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "on purpose".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 彼女は==わざと=={学校|がっこ}を{休|やす}んだ。
|
||||||
|
> She missed school on purpose.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## わざわざ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Expresses that someone has made a great effort to reach a certain result.
|
||||||
|
Can be used for example for gratitude when someone made something for you.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==わざわざ==私のために{作|つく}った。
|
||||||
|
> Thank you for going the trouble of making this for me.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ふりをする
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ ふりをする</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This means "to pretend", "to act as if".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> うちの{子|こ}は{病気|びょうき}の==ふりをする==。
|
||||||
|
> My child pretends to be sick.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## を通じて・を通して
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
を{通|つう}じて・を{通|とお}して mean "through" or "by". Indicates a method or a location.
|
||||||
|
を{通|とお}して is the most widely used, the other one being more formal.
|
||||||
|
Used with a noun.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {写真|しゃしん}を{撮|と}る==を通して==、私の{見方|みかた}は{変|か}わりました。
|
||||||
|
> Through photography, my perspective has changed.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## によって・による・による
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "depending on", "by means of", or "because of".
|
||||||
|
による will most likely be found at the end of a sentence, highlighting a statement.
|
||||||
|
Used with a noun.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {国|くに}==によって==、{法律|ほうりつ}は{違|ちが}います。
|
||||||
|
> Depending on the country, the laws are different.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> 台風==により==、出かけられない。
|
||||||
|
> Because of the typhoon, I cannot go out.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## とおりに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (る・た)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ とおりに</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ のとおりに・どおりに</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "just as", "precisely". Can be written as 通り.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {計画|けいかく}==どおり=={間|ま}に{合|あ}った。
|
||||||
|
> We arrived on time as planned.
|
||||||
@ -1,17 +1,4 @@
|
|||||||
# Must & must Not
|
# Obligation: なければ・ないと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## が必要・必要がある
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "needed" or "necessary".
|
|
||||||
が{必要|ひつよう} is used mainly with nouns (can be used with verbs by appending こと before).
|
|
||||||
{必要|ひつよう}がある is used with verbs.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {今時|いまどき}、{携帯電話|けいたいでんわ}==が必要です==。
|
|
||||||
> Nowadays, a cell phone is necessary.
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> 今日はパン{屋|や}に行く==必要がない==。
|
|
||||||
> No need to go to the bakery today.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Must
|
## Must
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -52,18 +39,6 @@ In casual contexts, can be shortened as ないと.
|
|||||||
> 今日は{勉強|べんきょう}し==ないといけない==。
|
> 今日は{勉強|べんきょう}し==ないといけない==。
|
||||||
> I have to study today.
|
> I have to study today.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Comparing いけない and ならない
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* ==いけない== is the standardly used form. It implies a subjective view, that it would be better to do something, to avoid negative consequences (eg: brushing one's teeth, eating well, etc).
|
|
||||||
* ==ならない== is usually more formal or in written form. It implies a is more objective view, something that has to be done because there's no other way (eg: respecting the law, paying taxes, etc).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Comparing なくては, なければ and ないと
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
なくては and なければ are generally interchangeable in speech. However:
|
|
||||||
* ==なくては== is generally used when there is _no penalty_ for not complying.
|
|
||||||
* ==なければ== is generally used when there _is a penalty_ for not complying.
|
|
||||||
* ==ないと== is lighter and does not imply that there can or cannot be penalty. Its construction is based on the [[Conditional#と]] particle, and should be based on knowledge or experience.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Must not
|
## Must not
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### 「ちゃ・じゃ」「だめ・いけない・いけません」
|
#### 「ちゃ・じゃ」「だめ・いけない・いけません」
|
||||||
@ -88,11 +63,14 @@ Used in a more formal or written manner. Used with a V-て.
|
|||||||
> {鉄道|てつ|どう}に{歩|ある}い==てはいけません==。
|
> {鉄道|てつ|どう}に{歩|ある}い==てはいけません==。
|
||||||
> Do not walk on the railroad.
|
> Do not walk on the railroad.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### なくてもいい
|
## Comparing いけない and ならない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "don't have to". Used with a verb in the negative form (ない), appending なくてもいい.
|
* ==いけない== is the standardly used form. It implies a subjective view, that it would be better to do something, to avoid negative consequences (eg: brushing one's teeth, eating well, etc).
|
||||||
Can also be used as なくていい.
|
* ==ならない== is usually more formal or in written form. It implies a is more objective view, something that has to be done because there's no other way (eg: respecting the law, paying taxes, etc).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
## Comparing なくては, なければ and ないと
|
||||||
> 今日はレストランで{手伝|て|つ}わ==なくてもいい==。
|
|
||||||
> You don't have to help out at the restaurant today (it's okay if you don't help at the restaurant today).
|
なくては and なければ are generally interchangeable in speech. However:
|
||||||
|
* ==なくては== is generally used when there is _no penalty_ for not complying.
|
||||||
|
* ==なければ== is generally used when there _is a penalty_ for not complying.
|
||||||
|
* ==ないと== is lighter and does not imply that there can or cannot be penalty. Its construction is based on the [[Conditional#と]] particle, and should be based on knowledge or experience.
|
||||||
133
content/🔰 Grammar/Obligation.md
Normal file
133
content/🔰 Grammar/Obligation.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Obligation
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## が必要・必要がある
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "needed" or "necessary".
|
||||||
|
が{必要|ひつよう} is used mainly with nouns (can be used with verbs by appending こと before).
|
||||||
|
{必要|ひつよう}がある is used with verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {今時|いまどき}、{携帯電話|けいたいでんわ}==が必要です==。
|
||||||
|
> Nowadays, a cell phone is necessary.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> 今日はパン{屋|や}に行く==必要がない==。
|
||||||
|
> No need to go to the bakery today.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## わけにはいかない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used with verbs for a meaning of "cannot do" (which cannot be your inability, but an external factor).
|
||||||
|
Used with verbs in negative form (ない) for a meaning of "cannot be avoided".
|
||||||
|
Can be used as わけはいかない or わけにはいきません.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {今日|きょう}の{弟|おとうと}の{誕生日|たんじょうび}に行か==ないわけにはいかない==だから、{飲|の}み{会|かい}に行かない。
|
||||||
|
> There's no way I don't go to my younger brother's birthday today, so I won't go to the afterwork.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> {本当|ほんとう}に飲み会に行く==わけにはいかない==よ。
|
||||||
|
> There's really no way I can go to the afterwork.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## なくてもいい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "don't have to". Used with a verb in the negative form (ない), appending なくてもいい.
|
||||||
|
Can also be used as なくていい.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 今日はレストランで{手伝|て|つ}わ==なくてもいい==。
|
||||||
|
> You don't have to help out at the restaurant today (it's okay if you don't help at the restaurant today).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## てからでないと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "must first do". The second part becomes possible after the first one.
|
||||||
|
Used with a verb in て form, with からでないと or からでないければ.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {払|はら}==ってからでないと=={入|はい}るができること。
|
||||||
|
> You can enter only after paying.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## こと as "should do"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### こと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ こと</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "should do". Mostly used to set rules.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ここに{車|くるま}を{止|と}めない==こと==です。
|
||||||
|
> Don't park your car here.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### ことになっている
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This form is used to express rules or expectations.
|
||||||
|
Used with dictionary (る) and negative (ない) form of verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {指|ゆび}で食べない==ことになっている==。
|
||||||
|
> You're not supposed to eat with your fingers.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### ことはない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This has two meanings:
|
||||||
|
* it is not necessary to
|
||||||
|
* it never happens
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used with a verb in the dictionary form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {走|はし}る==ことはない==。まだ{時間|じかん}がある。
|
||||||
|
> There's no need to run. There's still time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 必ず
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{必|かなら}ず means certainly, definitely. Expresses an obligation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 明日の{授業|じゅ|ぎょう}==必ず==来てください。
|
||||||
|
> Please be sure to attend tomorrow's class.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## べき
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### べきだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "should do", "must do". Compared to the [[Obligation - なければ・ないと]] forms and 必ず, it has a nuance of being less universally logical. It is defined by the speaker's own logic.
|
||||||
|
Used with verbs.
|
||||||
|
する can be used as するべき or すべき.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {来週|らいしゅう}{試験|しけん}があるので{勉強|べんきょう}す==べきです==。
|
||||||
|
> There is an exam next week, so I should study.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### べきではない・べきじゃない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The contrary of べきだ is べきではない・べきじゃない.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {泥|どろ}を食べる==べきではない==。
|
||||||
|
> You should not eat mud.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## はずだ・はずがない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ はずだ ・ はずがない</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
はずだ means "it must/should be", while はずがない means "it cannot be". Has a nuance of being sure that it is something possible (or impossible).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {彼|かれ}は今日来る==はずだ==。
|
||||||
|
> He should be coming today.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> そんあ==はずがありません==。
|
||||||
|
> This cannot be true.
|
||||||
87
content/🔰 Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md
Normal file
87
content/🔰 Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Observation: hearsay
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## んだって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ んだって・んですって</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used to quote something that you heard in a casual conversation.
|
||||||
|
Similar in the quotation sense to [[Description#って・って言う・と言う|って]], but here the nuance is that the information is new or unexpected.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ワールドカップでアルゼンチンが{勝|か}した==んだって==!
|
||||||
|
> Argentina won the world cup! (you just saw it on TV but you were doing something else and are surprised)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## と聞いた
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
|
||||||
|
Mostly used formally.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
|
||||||
|
> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## と言われている
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
|
||||||
|
For nouns, だ is placed before.
|
||||||
|
Mostly used formally.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
|
||||||
|
> They say the curry of this restaurant is good.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## そうだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "I heard that".
|
||||||
|
Do not confuse with [[Observation - looking like#そうだ]] (no stem modification).
|
||||||
|
It is casual.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> テストは{難|むず}しいだ==そうだ==。
|
||||||
|
> The exam is said to be difficult.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ということだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
It is used for hearsay. Has a nuance of being sure of the validity.
|
||||||
|
Can also be used for a meaning close to "this means".
|
||||||
|
More formal than そうだ.
|
||||||
|
Can be used as ==ということだ== or ==とのことだ==. A more casual version is ==ってことだ==.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {専門家|せん|もん|か}によると、{今年|ことし}の{夏|なつ}は{最高|さいこう}{暑|あつ}くなる==ということです==。
|
||||||
|
> According to the experts, this summer will be the hottest ever.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Summing up
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* ==んだって== used for quotation, similar to って, when the information is new.
|
||||||
|
* ==と聞いた== is used for something for something you heard from an identifiable speaker. Is mostly formal.
|
||||||
|
* ==と言われている== is used for something for something you heard from an unspecified speaker. Is mostly formal.
|
||||||
|
* ==そうだ== is used for hearsay and is casual.
|
||||||
|
* ==ということだ== is used for hearsay, when the validity of the information is certain. More formal than そうだ.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## によると・によれば
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "according to".
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns. With verbs, ところ is added before.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {天気予報|てんきよほう}==によると=={今日|きょう}は{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}るようだ。
|
||||||
|
> According to the weather forecast, it's supposed to snow today.
|
||||||
@ -1,45 +1,16 @@
|
|||||||
# Observation & description
|
# Observation: looking like
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## がる・がっている
|
## よう
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
Means that it looks like. Used from direct knowledge or experience, with a high degree of confidence.
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ がる ・ がっている</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This transforms adjective into verbs, and means "to show signs of", "to appear like".
|
It has two meanings:
|
||||||
Can be conjugated: がっている means to currently show signs, がていた means to have shown signs.
|
* Looks like something: visual observation. Similar to みたい, but more polite.
|
||||||
|
* Perhaps it is. Might be something else, but it look like it is.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
Contrary to そう, focuses on the more logical aspect of things.
|
||||||
> {彼女|かのじょ}は虫を{怖|ごわ}==がる==。
|
|
||||||
> She seems afraid of insects.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## がり
|
### ようだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ がり</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Expresses a personality trait (tendency to, sensitivity towards).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {彼|かれ}はを{怖|ごわ}==がり==。
|
|
||||||
> He has a tendency of being scared.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Looks like
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### よう
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that it looks like. Used from direct knowledge or experience, with a high degree of confidence. It is a more polite form of みたい.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### ようだ
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
@ -57,7 +28,7 @@ Means that it looks like, appears like, seems like.
|
|||||||
> {子供|こども}が{嬉|うれ}しい==ようだ==。
|
> {子供|こども}が{嬉|うれ}しい==ようだ==。
|
||||||
> The kids look happy (= I can see them laughing and smiling).
|
> The kids look happy (= I can see them laughing and smiling).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### ように・ような
|
### ように・ような
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
@ -76,98 +47,11 @@ Expresses "in the manner of".
|
|||||||
> アヒルの==ように==食べる。
|
> アヒルの==ように==食べる。
|
||||||
> To eat like a duck.
|
> To eat like a duck.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### みたい
|
## そう
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
みたい means similar to, like. Used for direct observation, with a high degree of certainty in consequence.
|
Contrary to よう, focuses on a more subjective feeling.
|
||||||
It is a less polite form of ようだ.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### みたいだ
|
### そうだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The basic form, used with all forms of words.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 今日は暑いですね。夏==みたいだ==な。
|
|
||||||
> It's hot today, isn't it. It looks like it's summer.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### みたいに
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ みたいに + V / Adj</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The adverbial form.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 犬==みたいに==食べた。
|
|
||||||
> I ate like a dog.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### みたいな
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ みたいな + N</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Similar to the precedent form, but when using with nouns.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {故郷|ふる|さと}==みたいな==町だ。
|
|
||||||
> A city like my hometown.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### っぽい
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ っぽい</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This has the meaning of like, easy to, _-ish_. Makes a direct comparison with certainty, from the point of view of the person saying it. Close to an even more casual meaning of みたい.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
|
||||||
> {子供|こ|ども}==っぽい==。
|
|
||||||
> Childish.
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> {忘|わす}れ==っぽい==。
|
|
||||||
> Easy to forget.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### らしい
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Expresses an information based on hearsay, or based on the situation, or ressemblance. This is always used bases on a source that is unknown or ambiguous. It can be similar to a guess.
|
|
||||||
Also used for something typical.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
|
||||||
> 男==らしい==。
|
|
||||||
> Typical of a man (befitting of a man).
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> 今日は{君|きみ}==らしくない==。
|
|
||||||
> You aren't yourself today.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### そう
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### そうだ
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "I heard that".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
@ -179,15 +63,13 @@ Means "I heard that".
|
|||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that it looks like.
|
Means that it looks like.
|
||||||
|
Do not confuse with [[Observation - hearsay#そうだ]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> テストは{難|むず}しい==だそうだ==。
|
|
||||||
> The exam is said to be difficult.
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> おいし==そうだ==。
|
> おいし==そうだ==。
|
||||||
> lt looks like it is delicious.
|
> lt looks like it is delicious.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### そうに・そうな
|
### そうに・そうな
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
@ -204,15 +86,107 @@ Also means that it looks like, but connecting to nouns and verbs.
|
|||||||
> 面白==そうに==人です。
|
> 面白==そうに==人です。
|
||||||
> He seems like an interesting person.
|
> He seems like an interesting person.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Summing it up
|
## みたい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
🛠 To do: check validity.
|
みたい means similar to, like. Used for direct observation, with a high degree of certainty in consequence. Usually used for visual observation.
|
||||||
|
It is a less polite form of ようだ.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* ==ようだ== is a formal way to say that it looks like, usually from direct observation.
|
### みたいだ
|
||||||
* ==みたい== is a less formal way, used in a casual conversation.
|
|
||||||
* ==っぽい== is even more casual. A girl trying to be masculine would be 男っぽい.
|
The basic form, used with all forms of words.
|
||||||
* ==らしい== is usually used when something is typical or expected. The same girl wouldn't be either 女らしい or 男っぽい because it's not what is expected from her.
|
|
||||||
* ==そうだ== is used for something that is hearsay or not directly observation, more as a guess.
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 今日は暑いですね。夏==みたいだ==な。
|
||||||
|
> It's hot today, isn't it. It looks like it's summer.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### みたいに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ みたいに + V / Adj</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The adverbial form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 犬==みたいに==食べた。
|
||||||
|
> I ate like a dog.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### みたいな
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ みたいな + N</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Similar to the precedent form, but when using with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {故郷|ふる|さと}==みたいな==町だ。
|
||||||
|
> A city like my hometown.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## らしい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Expresses an information based on hearsay, or based on the situation, or ressemblance. This is always used based on a source that is unknown or ambiguous. It can be similar to a guess. Similar to the "perhaps" meaning of ようだ.
|
||||||
|
Also used for something typical, expected, characteristic.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> 男==らしい==。
|
||||||
|
> Typical of a man (befitting of a man).
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> 今日は{君|きみ}==らしくない==。
|
||||||
|
> You aren't yourself today.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## っぽい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ っぽい</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This has the meaning of like, easy to, _-ish_. Makes a direct comparison with certainty, from the point of view of the person saying it. Close to an even more casual meaning of みたい, with a focus on attitude or gesture.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {子供|こ|ども}==っぽい==。
|
||||||
|
> Childish.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> {忘|わす}れ==っぽい==。
|
||||||
|
> Easy to forget.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 気味
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 気味</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{気味|ぎみ} means that it shows sign of. It talks about a condition (tiredness, sickness, lateness, etc).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 今日、{君|きみ}はちょっと{病気|びょうき}==気味==です。
|
||||||
|
> You look a bit sick today.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Summing up
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* ==ようだ== is a formal way to say that it looks like, usually from direct observation. Used for logical assumptions.
|
||||||
|
* ==そうだ== is used for things that are on the more subjective side.
|
||||||
|
* ==みたい== is a less formal way, used in a casual conversation. Focused on visual information.
|
||||||
|
* ==っぽい== is even more casual. Usually used for attitude or gesture.
|
||||||
|
* ==らしい== is usually used when something is typical or expected.
|
||||||
|
* ==気味== is used for condition (tiredness, sickness, lateness, etc).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に見える
|
## に見える
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -232,22 +206,3 @@ This is used (unlike other forms that can apply to abstract similarities) exclus
|
|||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {彼女|かのじょ}はフランス人==に見える==。
|
> {彼女|かのじょ}はフランス人==に見える==。
|
||||||
> She looks like she is French.
|
> She looks like she is French.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## I heard that...
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### と言われている
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
|
|
||||||
For nouns, だ is placed before.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
|
|
||||||
> The curry of this restaurant is good (someone told me).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### と聞いた
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
|
|
||||||
> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).
|
|
||||||
87
content/🔰 Grammar/Observation - tendency - feelings.md
Normal file
87
content/🔰 Grammar/Observation - tendency - feelings.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Observation: tendency & feelings
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## がる・がっている
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ がる ・ がっている</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This transforms adjective into verbs, and means "to show signs of", "to appear like".
|
||||||
|
Can be conjugated: がっている means to currently show signs, がていた means to have shown signs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {彼女|かのじょ}は虫を{怖|ごわ}==がる==。
|
||||||
|
> She seems afraid of insects.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## がり
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ がり</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Expresses a personality trait (tendency to, sensitivity towards).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {彼|かれ}はを{怖|ごわ}==がり==。
|
||||||
|
> He has a tendency of being scared.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## がち
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ がち</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used to describe a tendency, something that happens often. Usually used for something negative.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ドイツの{電車|でんしゃ}は{遅|おく}れ==がち==。
|
||||||
|
> Trains in Germany tend to be late.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## とみえる・とみえて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ と見える・とみえて</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "it seems that". Used for something that the speaker concludes, being reasonably confident.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {通|とお}りにはゴミがない。{清掃車|せいそうしゃ}が{通|とお}り{過|す}ぎた==と見える==。
|
||||||
|
> There's no garbage in the streets. It seems the garbage truck has passed by.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ような気がする
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V + ような</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + ような</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + のような</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 気がする</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ような{気|き}がする means "have a feeling". Has a degree of uncertainty.
|
||||||
|
See also [[Description#がする]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {今年|ことし}は{恋人|こいびと}を{見|み}つかる==ような気がする==。
|
||||||
|
> I have a feeling I will find a lover this year.
|
||||||
114
content/🔰 Grammar/Only - just.md
Normal file
114
content/🔰 Grammar/Only - just.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Only, just
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## だけ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "only", "just".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {一|ひと}つ==だけ==ください。
|
||||||
|
> Only one, please.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## だけでなく
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な・である</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N (である)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ だけでなく(て) ... (も)</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "not only A but also B".
|
||||||
|
Can also be used as だけではなく.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> この{都市|とし}は大きい==だけでなく==、きれいでもある。
|
||||||
|
> This city is not only big, it's also pretty.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## きり
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ きり・っきり</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used with verbs and nouns, it indicates a cutting off point.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {一人|ひとり}==きり==で{住|す}んでいます。
|
||||||
|
> I live alone.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used with a noun, it means "only".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> このバスで{一度|いちど}==きり=={乗|の}った。
|
||||||
|
> I only rode this bus once.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used with a verb, it means "since", "after", "even since".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {彼|かれ}は{卒業|そつぎょう}した==きり=={見|み}なかった。
|
||||||
|
> I haven't seen him since we graduated.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Using it as っきり is more casual.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ばかり
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "only" or "nothing but", and can convey surprise or negative judgment depending on the context.
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns and verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> この{国|くに}の{春|はる}は雨==ばかり==だ！
|
||||||
|
> In this country, there's nothing but rain in spring.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> うちの{子供|こども}はテレビ==ばかり==見てる。
|
||||||
|
> My child does nothing but watching TV.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ばかりで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ ばかりで</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used to say "only" with a negative meaning.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> 彼は{有名|ゆうめい}な==ばかりで=={面白|おもしろ}くない。
|
||||||
|
> He's only famous but not interesting.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ばかりでなく
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ ばかりでなく... (も)</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "not only A but also B".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> 彼女は{綺麗|きれい}==ばかりでなく=={天才|てんさい}もあるです。
|
||||||
|
> She's not only beautiful, she's also a genius.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## てばかりいる
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "only", "nothing but".
|
||||||
|
Used with a verb in て form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {僕|ぼく}の{犬|いぬ}は{鳴|な}け==てばかりいる==。
|
||||||
|
> My dog is always barking.
|
||||||
81
content/🔰 Grammar/Opposition - although.md
Normal file
81
content/🔰 Grammar/Opposition - although.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Opposition: although
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## に反して
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
に{反|はん}して means "contrary to". Opposes the first noun to the rest of the sentence.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {常識|じょうしき}==に反して==、彼は{勉強|べんきょう}しなかった。
|
||||||
|
> Contrary to common sense, he did not study.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 割に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 割に</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{割|わり}に means "considering A, B", "although".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> このマンションは{古|ふる}い==割に=={高|たか}いです。
|
||||||
|
> This apartment is expensive considering how old it is.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ことは～が
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ が</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ が</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ が</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
⚠ It must be the same verb or adjective at both end!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "although".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {勉強|べんきょう}する==ことは==する==が==、まだ{下手|へた}です。
|
||||||
|
> Although I study everyday, I'm still bad at it.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## といっても
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "although". Puts a nuance to the first statement describing that it is not as much as imagined, and adds a complimentary information.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {彼|かれ}は{医者|いしゃ}==といっても==、あまり{頭|あたま}が{良|よ}くない。
|
||||||
|
> He may be a doctor, but he is not very smart.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## に対して
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
に{対|たい}して.
|
||||||
|
See [[Towards#In contrast to]].
|
||||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|||||||
# Opposition
|
# Opposition: but, however
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## が
|
## が
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ This is the basic way to say "but".
|
|||||||
> コンビニに行きました。==でも==、何も買わなかった。
|
> コンビニに行きました。==でも==、何も買わなかった。
|
||||||
> I went to the convenience store. But I didn't buy anything.
|
> I went to the convenience store. But I didn't buy anything.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
⚠ Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## しかし
|
## しかし
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is similar to でも, meaning "however", but usually more formal and most commonly found in written form.
|
This is similar to でも, meaning "however", but usually more formal and most commonly found in written form.
|
||||||
@ -26,7 +28,8 @@ This is similar to でも, meaning "however", but usually more formal and most c
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## けど・けれども
|
## けど・けれども
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
けれども is more formal than けど. Contrary to でも (which is more stand-alone), this links two clauses. The second clause can also be implicit and not said.
|
Means "but". Contrary to でも (which is more stand-alone), this links two clauses. The second clause can also be implicit and not said.
|
||||||
|
けれども is more formal than けど.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {外|そと}は{暑|あつ}い==けど==行きたい。
|
> {外|そと}は{暑|あつ}い==けど==行きたい。
|
||||||
@ -37,3 +40,16 @@ It can also be used to soften your assertion.
|
|||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {明日|あした}に行きたい==けど==。
|
> {明日|あした}に行きたい==けど==。
|
||||||
> I'd like to go tomorrow... (but I don't want to cause any inconvenience).
|
> I'd like to go tomorrow... (but I don't want to cause any inconvenience).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 「ん・の」「だけど・ですけど」
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "but", "however".
|
||||||
|
の is more formal than ん, and ですけど is more formal than だけど.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {手伝|てつだ}いたい==んですけど=={暇|ひま}はない。
|
||||||
|
> I'd like to help but I don't have time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Summing up
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
🛠 Todo.
|
||||||
118
content/🔰 Grammar/Opposition - even if.md
Normal file
118
content/🔰 Grammar/Opposition - even if.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Opposition: even if, even though
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## て-form: even if
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
See [[TeF (4) - even if]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## のに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "although", "even tough".
|
||||||
|
See [[Connectors#のに#Even tough]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## それでも
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "but still", "even so", "anyway".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 雨が{降|ふ}っていた、==それでも==出かけていた。
|
||||||
|
> It was raining, but I still went out.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## くせに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ くせに</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "despite", "even tough". Has a negative connotation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {掃除|そうじ}すると言った==くせに==、まだ{汚|きたな}いよ。
|
||||||
|
> You said you would clean it up, but it's still dirty.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## たとえ～ても
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<p class="iright">たとえ + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="ileft">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くても</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + でも</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + でも</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "even if X is the case". Used to present possibilities.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==たとえ=={疲|つか}れ==ても==、もうちょっと{起|お}きている。
|
||||||
|
> Even if I'm tired, I'll stay up a little longer.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## たって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くた</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ って</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "even if", "even though".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {今|いま}で行==ったって==、{間|ま}に{合|あ}わない。
|
||||||
|
> Even if you go now, you won't make it in time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ても始まらない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ても{始|はじ}まらない means "there's no point, even if you..."
|
||||||
|
Used with a verb in て form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> もう{遅|おく}れているから、行==っても始まらない==。
|
||||||
|
> I'm already late, so it's no use going now.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ところが
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">expectation</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r"> + ところが + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">result</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "however", "even though".
|
||||||
|
It is used to talk about an unexpected result, that is contradictory to the precedent statement.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {自転車|じてんしゃ}の{乗|の}り{方|かた}を{忘|わす}れるはありえないと{思|おも}っていた。==ところが==すっかり{忘|わす}れた。
|
||||||
|
> I thought it was impossible to forget how to ride a bike. However, I completely forgot.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ながらも
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "even while", "despite". It is used to express that while something is one state, something else.
|
||||||
|
See also [[Time#ながら]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {病気|びょうき}==ながらも==、パーティーに行くつもりです。
|
||||||
|
> Although I am sick, I'm planning to go to party.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 「と・に」しても
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
See [[Considering - for - as#としても]].
|
||||||
|
See [[Considering - for - as#にしても]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Summing up
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
🛠 Todo.
|
||||||
@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
# Planning & wishing
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ようと思う
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ようと{思|おも}う means "thinking of doing".
|
|
||||||
Used with a verb in the volitional form (よう).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> レストランへ行こ==うと思います==。
|
|
||||||
> I'm thinking of going to the restaurant.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## つもり
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "intend to".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 明日ゲームセンターに行く==つもり==はない。
|
|
||||||
> I don't plan to go to the arcade tomorrow.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## よてい
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 予定だ</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It means "plan to".
|
|
||||||
This form is stronger than つもり. For a same sentence, the nuance could be a strong intention for つもり, while with よてい the plan has already been booked.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 来年日本へ行く==予定==です。
|
|
||||||
> I'm planning to go to Japan next year (I have my tickets).
|
|
||||||
68
content/🔰 Grammar/Planning.md
Normal file
68
content/🔰 Grammar/Planning.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Planning
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ようと思う
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ようと{思|おも}う means "thinking of doing".
|
||||||
|
Used with a verb in the volitional form (よう).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> レストランへ行こ==うと思います==。
|
||||||
|
> I'm thinking of going to the restaurant.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## つもり
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "intend to".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 明日ゲームセンターに行く==つもり==はない。
|
||||||
|
> I don't plan to go to the arcade tomorrow.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### つもりだった・つもりなのに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used to express that someone thought they did something.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> リンゴを買った==つもりだった==けど。
|
||||||
|
> I'm sure I bought apples... (that was my intention, but apparently I did not)
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> リンゴを買う==つもりだった==けど。
|
||||||
|
> I was planning to buy apples... (it was my intention, but I changed my mind)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### つもりで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ つもりで</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "with the intention of doing".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {旅行|りょこう}に行く==つもりで==、{旅行|りょこう}本を読んでいる。
|
||||||
|
> With the intention of traveling, I'm reading a travel book.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## よてい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 予定だ</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
It means "plan to".
|
||||||
|
This form is stronger than つもり. For a same sentence, the nuance could be a strong intention for つもり, while with よてい the plan has already been booked.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 来年日本へ行く==予定==です。
|
||||||
|
> I'm planning to go to Japan next year (I have my tickets).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Summing up
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* ==ようとおもう== expresses a thought about doing.
|
||||||
|
* ==つもり== expresses an intention.
|
||||||
|
* ==予定== expresses a plan.
|
||||||
@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
# Possibility and obligation
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## でも
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used to list one or more possible options.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> ジュース==でも==お茶==でも==飲もうか。
|
|
||||||
> Shall we drink something like a juice or tea?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## かもしれない
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Express a possibility, like "perhaps".
|
|
||||||
By order of politeness: かもしれません > かもしれない > かも.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 今日も来る==かもしれない==。
|
|
||||||
> He might come today too.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## かどうか
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "whether or not".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 行きたい==かどうか=={分|わ}からない。
|
|
||||||
> I'm not sure if I want to go or not.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## はずだ・はずがない
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ はずだ ・ はずがない</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
はずだ means "it must/should be", while はずがない means "it cannot be".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
|
||||||
> {彼|かれ}は今日来る==はずだ==。
|
|
||||||
> He should be coming today.
|
|
||||||
>
|
|
||||||
> そんあ==はずがありません==。
|
|
||||||
> This cannot be true.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ぜひ
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means certainly, definitely. Expresses a wish.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> この{映画|えい|が}==ぜひ==見ます。
|
|
||||||
> I'll watch this movie for sure.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## きっと
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means surely, almost certainly. Express an expectation.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> ==きっと==雨でしょう。
|
|
||||||
> It will surely rain.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 必ず
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{必|かなら}ず means certainly, definitely. Expresses an obligation.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 明日の{授業|じゅ|ぎょう}==必ず==来てください。
|
|
||||||
> Please be sure to attend tomorrow's class.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ことができる
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "can", "able to".
|
|
||||||
It has the same meaning as the potential form (see Conjugation [[Basics]]).
|
|
||||||
食べる => 食べられる = 食べることができる.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {英語|えいご}を{話|はな}す==ことが出来ない==。
|
|
||||||
> I cannot speak English.
|
|
||||||
9
content/🔰 Grammar/Possibility - expectation.md
Normal file
9
content/🔰 Grammar/Possibility - expectation.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Possibility: expectation
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## きっと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means surely, almost certainly. Express an expectation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==きっと==雨でしょう。
|
||||||
|
> It will surely rain.
|
||||||
9
content/🔰 Grammar/Possibility - impossibility.md
Normal file
9
content/🔰 Grammar/Possibility - impossibility.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Possibility: impossibility
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### とても～ない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "cannot". This form implies a strong impossibility. Used with negative verbs, often in potential form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {苦|にが}い{食|たべ}べ{物|もの}は==とても==食べられ==ない==。
|
||||||
|
> I cannot eat bitter food.
|
||||||
10
content/🔰 Grammar/Possibility - no choice.md
Normal file
10
content/🔰 Grammar/Possibility - no choice.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Possibility: no choice
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## しかない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "have no choice but".
|
||||||
|
Used with verbs in dictionary form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {説明書|せつめいしょ}を{読|よ}む==しかない==な。
|
||||||
|
> I guess I have no choice but to read to manual.
|
||||||
9
content/🔰 Grammar/Possibility - wish.md
Normal file
9
content/🔰 Grammar/Possibility - wish.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Possibility: wish
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ぜひ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means certainly, definitely. Expresses a wish.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> この{映画|えい|が}==ぜひ==見ます。
|
||||||
|
> I'll watch this movie for sure.
|
||||||
97
content/🔰 Grammar/Possibility.md
Normal file
97
content/🔰 Grammar/Possibility.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Possibility
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## でも
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used to list one or more possible options.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ジュース==でも==お茶==でも==飲もうか。
|
||||||
|
> Shall we drink something like a juice or tea?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
⚠ Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## か何か
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
か{何|なに}か means "or something".
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ジュース==か何か=={飲|の}もうか。
|
||||||
|
> Shall we drink something like a juice?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## かもしれない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Express a possibility, like "perhaps".
|
||||||
|
By order of politeness: かもしれません > かもしれない > かも.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 今日も来る==かもしれない==。
|
||||||
|
> He might come today too.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## もしかしたら
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "perhaps", "maybe". Usually completed by [[#かもしれない]].
|
||||||
|
Can be used as もしかしたら, もしかすると and もしかして.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==もしかして=={今日|きょう}も{郵便局員|ゆうびんきょくいん}が来ません==かもしれない==。
|
||||||
|
> Perhaps the postman will not come today either.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ことができる
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "can", "able to".
|
||||||
|
It has the same meaning as the potential form (see Conjugation [[Basics]]).
|
||||||
|
食べる => 食べられる = 食べることができる.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {英語|えいご}を{話|はな}す==ことが出来ない==。
|
||||||
|
> I cannot speak English.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## かどうか
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "whether or not".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 行きたい==かどうか=={分|わ}からない。
|
||||||
|
> I'm not sure if I want to go or not.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ないことはない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <stroke>い</stroke> くない</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + ではない</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + ではない</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ ことはない</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "not impossible to", "it is not that". Used with negative forms.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 本を{読|よ}ま==ないことはない==ですが、{最近|さいきん}は{暇|ひま}がない。
|
||||||
|
> It's not that I don't read books, it's just that I don't have free time these days.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## か
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "or". Can be used when there is uncertainty between two or more choices.
|
||||||
|
See [[Question#か]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 又は
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{又|また}は can be used for two things:
|
||||||
|
* choosing between two options ("or")
|
||||||
|
* listing two options ("both")
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 日本語==又は==英語でしゃべれます。
|
||||||
|
> I can speak both Japanese and English.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## それとも
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This is used to give a choice between a limited set of two options. It is casual.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 何が食べたい。ラーメン==それとも==カレーか。
|
||||||
|
> What do you want to eat? Ramen or curry?
|
||||||
@ -17,6 +17,30 @@ It can also be used when there is uncertainty between two or more choices. It ca
|
|||||||
> 雨==か=={分|わ}かりません。
|
> 雨==か=={分|わ}かりません。
|
||||||
> I don't know if it will rain.
|
> I don't know if it will rain.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## かな・かしら
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "I wonder", "should I?". かな is a neutral form, while かしら sounds feminine.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> この{帽子|ぼうし}を{被|かぶ}ろう==かな==。
|
||||||
|
> Should I wear this hat?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## かい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Using this particle, the sentences becomes a yes/no question. Very casual, masculine connotation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 来るの==かい==。
|
||||||
|
> Are you coming?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## どうやって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "how", "in what way".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> これを==どうやって==作れましたか。
|
||||||
|
> How did you make this?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Probably - right - isn't it?
|
## Probably - right - isn't it?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### でしょう
|
### でしょう
|
||||||
@ -64,27 +88,3 @@ This particle when added to the end of a sentence meaning "right?".
|
|||||||
* ==でしょう==・==だろう== expresses a probability or an assumption.
|
* ==でしょう==・==だろう== expresses a probability or an assumption.
|
||||||
* ==ではないか==・==じゃないか== invites or suggests an action.
|
* ==ではないか==・==じゃないか== invites or suggests an action.
|
||||||
* ==ね== asks an agreement or a confirmation.
|
* ==ね== asks an agreement or a confirmation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## かな・かしら
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "I wonder", "should I?". かな is a neutral form, while かしら sounds feminine.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> この{帽子|ぼうし}を{被|かぶ}ろう==かな==。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## かい
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Using this particle, the sentences becomes a yes/no question. Very casual, masculine connotation.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 来るの==かい==。
|
|
||||||
> Are you coming?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## どうやって
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "how", "in what way".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> これを==どうやって==作れましたか。
|
|
||||||
> How did you make this?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@ -24,6 +24,24 @@ It is more objective than から: it expresses a situation that exists, and that
|
|||||||
See [[🔰 Particles (2)#Because]].
|
See [[🔰 Particles (2)#Because]].
|
||||||
It is more subjective than ので: it expresses more personal needs/actions/opinions.
|
It is more subjective than ので: it expresses more personal needs/actions/opinions.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ことから
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ ことから</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "based on the fact that". Most formal than から, and puts an emphasis on it being true (objective information).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {部屋|へや}から{音|おと}がある==ことから==、{誰|だれ}かいるはずです。
|
||||||
|
> From the fact that there is sound coming from the room, someone must be there.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## んです・のです
|
## んです・のです
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
@ -49,8 +67,125 @@ It is only used with nouns when asking questions.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## のは・のが
|
## のは・のが
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "the reason for A is B", "doing A is B".
|
||||||
See [[Transformation#のは・のが sentence as noun]].
|
See [[Transformation#のは・のが sentence as noun]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## のに
|
## なぜなら～から
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
See [[Connectors#のに]].
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">result</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r"> + なぜなら + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">reason</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ から</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "the reason is".
|
||||||
|
There are three variations:
|
||||||
|
* なぜなら(ば)
|
||||||
|
* なぜかというと
|
||||||
|
* どうしてかというと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> それを{言|い}えない！==どうしてかというと=={秘密|ひみつ}だ==から==。
|
||||||
|
> I cannot tell you that! Why, because it's a secret.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## そのために
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">goal</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r"> + そのため(に) + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">action</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "for that reason", "because of".
|
||||||
|
See also [[Connectors - in order to#ために]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {丸|まる}い{日|にち}{働|はたら}いていた、==そのために=={今|いま}{寝|ね}に行きます。
|
||||||
|
> I worked the whole day. For that reason, I'm going to bed.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> {日本|にほん}に行きたい。==そのために==、{日本語|にほんご}をちゃんと{勉強|べんきょう}しています。
|
||||||
|
> I want to go to Japan. In order to do so, I'm studying seriously.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## せいで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ せいで</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "because of". Mostly used for negative contexts, to blame, etc.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> あなたの==せいで=={負|ま}けた。
|
||||||
|
> We lost because of you.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## おかげで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ おかげで</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "because of". Used for positive contexts, like "thanks to".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> あなたの==おかげで=={勝|か}った。
|
||||||
|
> We lost because of you.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## というのは
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">phrase</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r"> + というのは + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">definition</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "this means", "known as", "because".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 「モバゲー」==というのは==モバイルゲームのことです。
|
||||||
|
> "Mobage" stands for mobile game.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## わけだ・わけではない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ わけだ・わけではない</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
わけだ・わけです means "for that reason", "as you'd expect".
|
||||||
|
わけではない・わけじゃない means "it doesn't mean that".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {毎日|まいにち}{料理|りょうり}を{作|つく}るからうまくになった==わけだ==。
|
||||||
|
> I got good at cooking because I cook every day.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
See also [[Certainty#わけがない]].
|
||||||
@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ Means "is it alright if?", "may I?".
|
|||||||
> ここに{座|すわ}==てもいい==ですか。
|
> ここに{座|すわ}==てもいい==ですか。
|
||||||
> May I sit here?
|
> May I sit here?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
A more polite way is [[Can't help - doesn't matter#ても構わない]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ないでください
|
## ないでください
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "please don't". It is a polite request. Removing the ください makes it more casual.
|
Means "please don't". It is a polite request. Removing the ください makes it more casual.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
98
content/🔰 Grammar/State.md
Normal file
98
content/🔰 Grammar/State.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
|||||||
|
# State
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## まま
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ まま</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means that something doesn't change state, stays as it is.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {開|あ}けた==まま==。
|
||||||
|
> To be left open.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> {熱|あつ}い==まま==。
|
||||||
|
> Still hot.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> {昔|むかし}の==まま==。
|
||||||
|
> As it always been.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> その==まま==でいい。
|
||||||
|
> It is fine as it is.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## さえ～ば
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ さえ + すれば</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ さえ + いれば</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ さえ + V(ば)</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "as long as", "if only". If a certain condition is met, the result will be okay.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {公園|こうえん}==さえ==あれ==ば==、うれしいです。
|
||||||
|
> As long as there is a park, I am happy.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## かける
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "half", "not yet finished", "in the middle of".
|
||||||
|
Made by removing the ます stem of a verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> この{本棚|ほんだな}はまだ{作|つく}り==かける==です。
|
||||||
|
> This bookshelf is not yet finished building.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 一方だ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{一方|いっぽう}だ means "to continue to", "more and more".
|
||||||
|
Used with verbs that expresses change.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {禁煙|きんえん}の{場所|ばしょ}は{増|ふ}えている==一方です==。
|
||||||
|
> The number of places where smoking is prohibited keeps increasing.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 結果
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 結果</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{結果|けっか} means "as a result of", "after".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {遅|おく}れた==結果==もう{全部|ぜんぶ}の{切符|きっぷ}は{売|う}り{切|き}れた。
|
||||||
|
> As a result of being late, all the tickets were already sold out.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 結局
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{結局|けっきょく} means "after all", "in the end". Acts as a conclusion.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> ==結局=={卒業|そつぎょう}した。
|
||||||
|
> In the end, I graduated.
|
||||||
103
content/🔰 Grammar/Talking about.md
Normal file
103
content/🔰 Grammar/Talking about.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Talking about
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## と言えば・と言うと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
と{言|い}えば・と{言|い}うと means "speaking of".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 日本==と言えば==、富士山です。
|
||||||
|
> Speaking of Japan, Mount Fuji comes to mind.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## において・における
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "in", "at", "regarding".
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns. Is used in formal language.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {冬|ふゆ}==において=={雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}る。
|
||||||
|
> Snow falls in winter.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> 荒川==において=={花火|はなび}。
|
||||||
|
> Fireworks held on Arakawa River.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## について
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "concerning", "about".
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {面接|めんせつ}==について==はいつがよろしいでしょうか。
|
||||||
|
> Regarding the interview, when would be a good time?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## に関する・に関して
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
に{関|かん}する・に{関|かん}して means "related to", "about". More formal than について.
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ロボット==に関して==ゲームがあるんです。
|
||||||
|
> Are there any games about robots?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## つまり
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "in other words". Used after a first phrase for an alternative explanation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> この{映画|えいが}は１２０分、==つまり==２時です。
|
||||||
|
> This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## すなわち
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "in other words". More formal than つまり.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> この{映画|えいが}は１２０分、==すなわち==２時です。
|
||||||
|
> This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## にかけて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "through", "concerning". It is used for something that happens over a period of time.
|
||||||
|
Used with a noun.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {日本|にほん}には６月から９月==にかけて==は{暑|あつ}いです。
|
||||||
|
> It is hot in Japan from June through September.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## をはじめ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "starting with", "not only".
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 漫画==をはじめ=={日本|にほん}の{文化|ぶんか}は{面白|おもしろ}い。
|
||||||
|
> Japanese culture, starting with manga, is interesting.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> フランスの文化はパン==をはじめ==、ワインも{人気|にんき}です。
|
||||||
|
> French culture is popular not only for bread, but also for wine.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## にとって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "concerning", "regarding". Focuses on the standpoint of the preceding part.
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 猫==にとって=={睡眠|すい|みん}は{大切|たいせつ}です。
|
||||||
|
> Sleeping is important for cats.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## なんか・なんて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "such as", "things like". It is used to give examples or to show emphasis.
|
||||||
|
なんか is more informal than なんて. Both are spoken form, while [[Listing#など]] is more written.
|
||||||
|
なんて is used with all words, while なんか is used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> iPod==なんか=={古|ふる}いな{物|もの}です。
|
||||||
|
> Things like iPod are old.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 例えば
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{例|たと}えば means "for example".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {虫|むし}が{好|すき}きです。==例えば=={蝉|せみ}です。
|
||||||
|
> I like insect. For example, cicadas.
|
||||||
156
content/🔰 Grammar/Time - during.md
Normal file
156
content/🔰 Grammar/Time - during.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Time: during
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 間
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 間</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{間|あいだ} means "while" or "during". Used to express something that is done for the whole period of time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 電車に{乗|の}っている==間==、ゲームをしてた。
|
||||||
|
> While I was on the train, I was playing a game.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Can also be used to talk about a distance between two physical places or the time between two things.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> １時から９じまでの==間==、{寝|ね}ます。
|
||||||
|
> I sleep between 1AM and 9AM.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 間に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual, non-past)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 間に</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
A first meaning is similar to {間|あいだ} (while), but with intentionality.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 電車に{乗|の}った==間に==、本を読みました。
|
||||||
|
> While I was on the train, I read a book.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
A second meaning is a statement of something that happened during a time period, independently of your actions.
|
||||||
|
Contrary to 間, it doesn't include the whole time period. So 間に means that at a point during the time period, something happened.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {夜|よる}の==間に==、{隣|となり}の木が{落|お}ちていた。
|
||||||
|
> During the night, the tree next door fell.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ながら
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r"> + ながら + ...</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "while", "simultaneously". The difference with ついでに is that here the main action is the second one.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {歩|ある}き==ながら=={電話|でん|わ}を見ています。
|
||||||
|
> While walking, I'm looking at my phone.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ついでに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ ついでに</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "while", "at the same time". The difference with ながら is that here the main action is the first one.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> スーパーに行く==ついでに==、おにぎりを{買|か}ってくれませんか。
|
||||||
|
> While you're going to the supermarket, could you bring onigiri?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 中
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{中|ちゅう}・{中|じゅう} means different things depending on its pronunciation:
|
||||||
|
* ちゅう is used when pointing a specific time: "during", "at some point".
|
||||||
|
* じゅう is used for the entire time or area: "through", "within", "before it ends".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {午後|ごご}==中==に{会議|かいぎ}がある。
|
||||||
|
> There is a meeting in the afternoon (ちゅう).
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> {今年|ことし}==中==にスウェーデンに行きたい。
|
||||||
|
> I want to go to Sweden before the end of this year (じゅう).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## うちに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ うちに</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "while". The nuance is that the time is optimal and should be taken advantage of.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {晴|は}れる==うちに=={散歩|さんぽ}しましょう。
|
||||||
|
> Let's take a walk while the weather is nice.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 途中で・途中に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 途中で・途中に</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{途中|とちゅう}で・{途中|とちゅう}に means "in the middle of", "on the way".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {帰|かえ}る==途中で=={自動販売機|じ|どう|はん|ばい|き}で{飲|のみ}み{物|もの}を{買|か}った。
|
||||||
|
> On the way home, I bought a drink from the vending machine.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ているところ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "in the process/middle of doing".
|
||||||
|
See [[TeF (2) - manner of doing#ているところ]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 最中に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (ている)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 最中に</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{最中|さいちゅう}に means "in the middle of". Happens during something else, interrupting or disturbing it.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {運転|うんてん}していた==最中に=={鹿|しか}が{現|あらわ}れた。
|
||||||
|
> While I was driving, a deer appeared.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## しばらく
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "for a while", "for now".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==しばらく==お{待|ま}ちください。
|
||||||
|
> Please wait for a moment.
|
||||||
17
content/🔰 Grammar/Time - finally.md
Normal file
17
content/🔰 Grammar/Time - finally.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Time: finally
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## やっと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means that something happened at last. More rarely means "barely".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==やっと=={論文|ろん|ぶん}を書き{終|お}わった。
|
||||||
|
> I finally finished writing my thesis.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ついに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "finally", "at last". Something happened after working to accomplish the goal.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==ついに== {新|あたら}しい{地下鉄|ちかてつ}が{出来上|で|き|あ}がった。
|
||||||
|
> At last, the new subway was completed.
|
||||||
51
content/🔰 Grammar/Time - recently.md
Normal file
51
content/🔰 Grammar/Time - recently.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Time: recently
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## さっき
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means that something happened recently, either just now, or a little while ago.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==さっき==家に出てきた。
|
||||||
|
> I just left home.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## たところ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Combined with a verb in the past tense, it express that something just occurred (something just ended, just started, etc).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 今食べた==ところ==だ。
|
||||||
|
> I just finished to eat right now.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## たばかり
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Combined with a verb in the past tense, it express that something just occurred (something just ended, just started, etc). It is more subjective than ところ. It doesn't have to be something that literally just happened, but something that feels like it just happened.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 今食べた==ばかり==だ。
|
||||||
|
> I just finished to eat right now.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
When comparing the two examples, the meaning is different depending on the context. Imagine a friend asking you to go eat with him. When using ところ, it means you just finished your meal this instant. When using ばかり, it means that it feels too soon to eat again just yet from your point of view, independently of how much time has really passed.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## たて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ たて</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ たて + </p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">の + N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means that something has just been finished. It cannot be used with all verbs. It has a meaning of something fresh, that changes after completion (fresh food that degrades, etc).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {炊|たき}き==たて==のお{好|この}み{焼|やき}きを食べるべきです。
|
||||||
|
> You should eat freshly cooked okonomiyaki.
|
||||||
54
content/🔰 Grammar/Time - regularity.md
Normal file
54
content/🔰 Grammar/Time - regularity.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Time: regularity
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## たびに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ たびに</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "whenever", "every time".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {犬|いぬ}を{見|み}る==たびに=={幸|しあわ}せになる。
|
||||||
|
> Whenever I see a dog, I feel happy.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## おきに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "every other". This is used for repeated intervals, after a noun indicating something measurable.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> この電車は４分==おきに=={出発|しゅ|っぱつ}します。
|
||||||
|
> This train leaves every four minutes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ごとに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ ごとに</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "each", "every". Used for intervals.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {彼女|かのじょ}に{会|あ}う==ごとに==、{心|こころ}がドキドキする。
|
||||||
|
> Every time I see her, my heart pounds.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## おきに vs ごとに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The way the intervals are counted between these two grammar structure is different.
|
||||||
|
* おきに refers to what is _inside_ the interval.
|
||||||
|
* ごとに refers to the interval _per se_.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> １日==おきに== =２日==ごとに== = every other day = every second day
|
||||||
|
> ●○●○●○●
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> ２日==おきに== =３日==ごとに== (every three days = every third day)
|
||||||
|
> ●○○●○○●○○●
|
||||||
26
content/🔰 Grammar/Time - surprise.md
Normal file
26
content/🔰 Grammar/Time - surprise.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Time: surprise
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 急に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{急|きゅう}に means that something happened unexpectedly or quickly.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==急に==電車が{現|あらわ}れた。
|
||||||
|
> A train suddenly appeared.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ふと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This means "suddenly", "unexpectedly", "unintentionally". Emphasis is on the lack of intention.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ==ふと=={通|とお}りに１０００円を{見|み}つけた。
|
||||||
|
> I found 1000 yen on the street by chance.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## たとたん
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "just as". Used for an action that happens just at the moment something else occurs. Can convey a nuance of something unexpected or surprising.
|
||||||
|
Used with verbs in the past form (た).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {部屋|へや}を{掃除|そうじ}し==たとたん==、うちの{猫|ねこ}が{吐|は}いてしまった。
|
||||||
|
> As soon as I cleaned my room, my cat vomited.
|
||||||
@ -18,14 +18,22 @@ Means "time". When used like this, means "at the time of".
|
|||||||
> 行った==とき==、{誰|だれ}もいなかった。
|
> 行った==とき==、{誰|だれ}もいなかった。
|
||||||
> When I went, no one was there.
|
> When I went, no one was there.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ところ
|
## 際に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "just about to". Used when describing what we're about to do.
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
Used by combining to a verb.
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 際に・際は</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{際|さい}に means "time", "when". More formal than とき.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 今ご{飯|はん}を作る==ところ==です。
|
> {家|いえ}で{入|はい}る==際に=={靴|くつ}を{脱|ぬ}いでください。
|
||||||
> I'm about to make dinner.
|
> Please take off your shoes when entering the house.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ことがある
|
## ことがある
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -36,73 +44,20 @@ Used by combining to a verb.
|
|||||||
> {時々|とき|どき}パリへ行く==ことがある==。
|
> {時々|とき|どき}パリへ行く==ことがある==。
|
||||||
> I sometimes go to Paris.
|
> I sometimes go to Paris.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ながら
|
## ところ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
Means "just about to". Used when describing what we're about to do.
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
Used by combining to a verb.
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="r"> + ながら + ...</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "while", "simultaneously".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {歩|ある}き==ながら=={電話|でん|わ}を見ています。
|
> 今ご{飯|はん}を作る==ところ==です。
|
||||||
> While walking, I'm looking at my phone.
|
> I'm about to make dinner.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 間
|
## から～まで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
See から: [[🔰 Particles (2)#From, since]] (from).
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
See まで: [[🔰 Particles (2)#まで]] (until).
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
See から～まで: [[🔰 Particles (2)#から～まで]] (from... until).
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 間</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{間|あいだ} means "while" or "during". Used to express something that is done for the whole period of time.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 電車に{乗|の}っている==間==、ゲームをしてた。
|
|
||||||
> While I was on the train, I was playing a game.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Can also be used to talk about a distance between two physical places or the time between two things.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> １時から９じまでの==間==、{寝|ね}ます。
|
|
||||||
> I sleep between 1AM and 9AM.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 間に
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual, non-past)</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 間に</p>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A first meaning is similar to {間|あいだ} (while), but with intentionality.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 電車に{乗|の}った==間に==、本を読みました。
|
|
||||||
> While I was on the train, I read a book.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A second meaning is a statement of something that happened during a time period, independently of your actions.
|
|
||||||
Contrary to 間, it doesn't include the whole time period. So 間に means that at a point during the time period, something happened.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {夜|よる}の==間に==、{隣|となり}の木が{落|お}ちていた。
|
|
||||||
> During the night, the tree next door fell.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# から～まで
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
See から: [[🔰 Particles (2)#From, since]].
|
|
||||||
See まで: [[🔰 Particles (2)#まで]].
|
|
||||||
See から～まで: [[🔰 Particles (2)#から～まで]].
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 前に
|
## 前に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -140,75 +95,13 @@ See から～まで: [[🔰 Particles (2)#から～まで]].
|
|||||||
> 食べた==後で==、寝ます。
|
> 食べた==後で==、寝ます。
|
||||||
> After eating, I'll go to sleep.
|
> After eating, I'll go to sleep.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## さっき
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that something happened recently, either just now, or a little while ago.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> ==さっき==家に出てきた。
|
|
||||||
> I just left home.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## たところ
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Combined with a verb in the past tense, it express that something just occurred (something just ended, just started, etc).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 今食べた==ところ==だ。
|
|
||||||
> I just finished to eat right now.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ているところ
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
See [[TeF (2) - manner of doing#ているところ]].
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## たばかり
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Combined with a verb in the past tense, it express that something just occurred (something just ended, just started, etc). It is more subjective than ところ. It doesn't have to be something that literally just happened, but something that feels like it just happened.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> 今食べた==ばかり==だ。
|
|
||||||
> I just finished to eat right now.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
When comparing the two examples, the meaning is different depending on the context. Imagine a friend asking you to go eat with him. When using ところ, it means you just finished your meal this instant. When using ばかり, it means that it feels too soon to eat again just yet from your point of view, independently of how much time has really passed.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 急に
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{急|きゅう}に means that something happened unexpectedly or quickly.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> ==急に==電車が{現|あらわ}れた。
|
|
||||||
> A train suddenly appeared.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## やっと
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that something happened at last. More rarely means "barely".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> ==やっと=={論文|ろん|ぶん}を書き{終|お}わった。
|
|
||||||
> I finally finished writing my thesis.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## までに
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This indicates a time limit for the action, similar to "by".
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> {来週|らい|しゅう}==までに=={終|お}わってください。
|
|
||||||
> Please finish by next week.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## おきに
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is used for repeated intervals, after a noun indicating something measurable.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
|
||||||
> この電車は４分==おきに=={出発|しゅ|っぱつ}します。
|
|
||||||
> This train leaves every four minutes.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ころ・ごろ
|
## ころ・ごろ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ ごろ</p>
|
<p class="r">+ ごろ</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "around" or "about".
|
Means "around" or "about".
|
||||||
@ -229,5 +122,62 @@ Means "around" or "about".
|
|||||||
Means "when".
|
Means "when".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 子供の==ころ==、毎日{公園|こうえん}で{遊|あそ}んだ。
|
> {子供|こども}の==ころ==、毎日{公園|こうえん}で{遊|あそ}んだ。
|
||||||
> When I was a kid, I played every day at the park.
|
> When I was a kid, I played every day at the park.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## までに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This indicates a time limit for the action, similar to "by".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {来週|らい|しゅう}==までに=={終|お}わってください。
|
||||||
|
> Please finish by next week.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ぶりに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ ぶりに~する</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="r">+ ぶり + の</p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "for the first time in duration". Used for long times (can be a psychologically perceived one).
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns measuring time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ３{年|ねん}==ぶりに==ブラジルを{戻|もど}ります。
|
||||||
|
> For the first time in 3 years, I'm returning to Brazil.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## から〜にかけて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "through", "from... until". Indicates that something happens over a period of time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {朝|あさ}==から=={夜|よる}==にかかて==ゲームしたい。
|
||||||
|
> I want to play games from morning to night.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 上で
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ 上で</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{上|うえ}で means "after", "upon". Shows a logical progression. Mostly used in formal situations.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
|
> {面接|めんせつ}の==上で==、{連絡|れんらく}します。
|
||||||
|
> We will contact you after the interview.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
61
content/🔰 Grammar/Towards.md
Normal file
61
content/🔰 Grammar/Towards.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
|||||||
|
# Towards
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 向け
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{向|む}け means "intended for", "aimed at".
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> この本は{子供|こども}==向け==です。
|
||||||
|
> The book is for children.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 向き
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
{向|む}き means "suitable for". Close to 向け, but intended doesn't exactly means suitable.
|
||||||
|
Also means "facing".
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> この{建物|たてもの}は{南|みなみ}==向き==です。
|
||||||
|
> This building is facing south.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## を中心に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
を{中心|ちゅう|しん}に means "mainly", "focused on".
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> ポケモンはポケモン==を中心にする==ゲームです。
|
||||||
|
> Pokémon is a game centered around on Pokémon battles.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> この{授業|じゅぎょう}は{漢字|かんじ}==を中心に=={習|なら}います。
|
||||||
|
> This class focuses on learning kanjis.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## に対して
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### Towards
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The first meaning of に{対|たい}して is "towards", "regarding". Focuses on action, attitude, feelings, etc.
|
||||||
|
Used with a noun.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {彼|かれ}は{子供|こども}==に対して=={優|やさ}しいです。
|
||||||
|
> He is kind towards children.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### In contrast to
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + な + の</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ に対して</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The second meaning is "in contrast to".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {弟|おとうと}は{漢字|かんじ}を{読|よ}むこと==に対して==、{私|わたし}が{読|よ}みません。
|
||||||
|
> My little brother can read kanji, whereas I can't.
|
||||||
@ -11,16 +11,16 @@ V+こと => 食べること. The verbs are never conjugated.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~さ: adjective as noun
|
## ~さ: adjective as noun
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This allows to transform an adjective into a noun (adjective nominalizer).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ さ</p>
|
<p class="right">+ さ</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This allows to transform an adjective into a noun (adjective nominalizer). Used to talk about the degree of the adjective. Generally objective.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> やさしい。
|
> やさしい。
|
||||||
> Kind.
|
> Kind.
|
||||||
@ -28,6 +28,28 @@ This allows to transform an adjective into a noun (adjective nominalizer).
|
|||||||
> やさし==さ==。
|
> やさし==さ==。
|
||||||
> Kindness.
|
> Kindness.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ~み: adjective as noun
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ み</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This allows to transform an adjective into a noun (adjective nominalizer). Similar to さ, but it is used in specific contexts. Rather than a degree, it talks about a quality. Generally subjective. Can be used with less adjectives than さ.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 甘い。
|
||||||
|
> Sweet.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> 甘さ。
|
||||||
|
> Amount of sweetness.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> 甘==味==。
|
||||||
|
> Quality of sweetness.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ということ: phrase as noun
|
## ということ: phrase as noun
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This allows to transform a phrase into a noun.
|
This allows to transform a phrase into a noun.
|
||||||
@ -68,7 +90,7 @@ Also means "the reason for A is B", "doing A is B".
|
|||||||
> このレストランで{一番|いち|ばん}{人気|にん|き}がある==のは=={寿司|すし}です。
|
> このレストランで{一番|いち|ばん}{人気|にん|き}がある==のは=={寿司|すし}です。
|
||||||
> The most popular dish in the restaurant is sushi.
|
> The most popular dish in the restaurant is sushi.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## くする: い-adjectives as adverbs
|
## くする: い-adjective as adverb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Replacing the い in a い-Adj by くする transforms it into an adverb.
|
Replacing the い in a い-Adj by くする transforms it into an adverb.
|
||||||
大きい (big) => 大きくする (make big).
|
大きい (big) => 大きくする (make big).
|
||||||
@ -77,7 +99,7 @@ Replacing the い in a い-Adj by くする transforms it into an adverb.
|
|||||||
> エアコンを{点|つ}けると{空気|くう|き}が{寒|さむ}==くなる==。
|
> エアコンを{点|つ}けると{空気|くう|き}が{寒|さむ}==くなる==。
|
||||||
> When turning on the AC, the air becomes cold.
|
> When turning on the AC, the air becomes cold.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## にする: な-adjectives as adverbs
|
## にする: な-adjective as adverb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Appending にする to a な-Adj transforms it into an adverb.
|
Appending にする to a な-Adj transforms it into an adverb.
|
||||||
{静|しず}かな (quiet) => 静かにする (make quiet).
|
{静|しず}かな (quiet) => 静かにする (make quiet).
|
||||||
@ -86,6 +108,22 @@ Appending にする to a な-Adj transforms it into an adverb.
|
|||||||
> {部屋|へや}をきれい==にして==ください。
|
> {部屋|へや}をきれい==にして==ください。
|
||||||
> Please clean the room (make the room cleaner).
|
> Please clean the room (make the room cleaner).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## がる・がっている: adjectives as verbs
|
## がる・がっている: adjective as verb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
See [[Observation - Description#がる・がっている]].
|
See [[Observation - tendency - feelings#がる・がっている]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 的: noun as な-Adj / Adverb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
This allows to change a noun into:
|
||||||
|
* ~{的|てき} な for a な-Adj
|
||||||
|
* ~{的|てき} に for an Adverb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {感情|かんじょう}。
|
||||||
|
> Emotion.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> {感情|かん|じょう}==的==。
|
||||||
|
> Emotional.
|
||||||
|
>
|
||||||
|
> 彼女のスピーチはとても{感情|かん|じょう}==的==だった。
|
||||||
|
> Her speech was very emotional.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ This form is used for yourself when you want to do something. It can be conjugat
|
|||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This form is used to express that someone else wants to do something.
|
This form is used to express that someone else wants to do something.
|
||||||
See also [[Observation - Description#がる・がっている]].
|
See also [[Observation - tendency - feelings#がる・がっている]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {彼女|かのじょ}は毎日{練習|れんしゅう}し==たがった==。
|
> {彼女|かのじょ}は毎日{練習|れんしゅう}し==たがった==。
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@ -3,7 +3,18 @@
|
|||||||
## ないで
|
## ないで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない).
|
Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない).
|
||||||
|
It is a bit more casual than ずに.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {勉強|べんきょう}し==ないで=={卒業|そつぎょう}した。
|
> {勉強|べんきょう}し==ないで=={卒業|そつぎょう}した。
|
||||||
> I graduated without studying.
|
> I graduated without studying.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## ずに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない) by removing the -ない stem and adding ずに.
|
||||||
|
する transforms to せずに.
|
||||||
|
It is a bit more formal than ないで.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> 毎日食べ==ずに==出かける。
|
||||||
|
> Everyday, I go out without eating.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ When a sentence is negative, は is usually used instead of が and を.
|
|||||||
> 肉==は==食べません。
|
> 肉==は==食べません。
|
||||||
> I don't eat meat.
|
> I don't eat meat.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
When used with a noun that is a number or an amount, it takes the meaning of "at least" or "around". Can be mixed with [[Amount#くらい]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {毎週|まいしゅう}２{回|かい}==は=={映画館|えいがかん}に行きます。
|
||||||
|
> I go to the cinema at least twice a week.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## が
|
## が
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The が particle indicates the subject of a sentence.
|
The が particle indicates the subject of a sentence.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@ -47,21 +47,54 @@ These two particles are frequently used together. It means "from X to Y".
|
|||||||
> {朝|あさ}に６時==から==７時==まで==電車で{通|かよ}うっています。
|
> {朝|あさ}に６時==から==７時==まで==電車で{通|かよ}うっています。
|
||||||
> I commute by train from 6am to 7am.
|
> I commute by train from 6am to 7am.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## だけ
|
## っけ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "only", "just".
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> かった</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ・だった</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ・だった</span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ っけ</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Used when the speaker tries to remember, or confirm an information, that has been forgotten.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {一|ひと}つ==だけ==ください。
|
> {会議|かいぎ}は今日だった==っけ==。
|
||||||
> Only one, please.
|
> Was the meeting today?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### だけで
|
## こそ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "just by doing".
|
Means "for sure". Used to emphasize words.
|
||||||
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
⚠ Replaces the を and が particle. It is, in a certain way, a stronger way than が to highlight information.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 見る==だけ==で{楽|たの}しいですね。
|
> {今年|ことし}==こそ=={日本|にほん}を{住|す}む。
|
||||||
> Just looking at it is fun, isn't it.
|
> This year, for sure I'll live in Japan.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## さえ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
|
||||||
|
<p><span class="box">N + </span></p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
<p class="right">+ さえ</p>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Means "even", "not even" (with negative verbs).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
> {先生|せんせい}で==さえ==、この{曲|きょく}を{弾|ひ}くことは{難|むずか}しいです。
|
||||||
|
> Even for my teacher, this composition is difficult to play.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
⚠ With conditional verbs, it means "only". See [[State#さえ～ば]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Sentence ending
|
## Sentence ending
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user