106 lines
2.9 KiB
Markdown
106 lines
2.9 KiB
Markdown
# Particles (2)
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## から
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### Because
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ から</p>
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</div>
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The first meaning of から is "because".
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> [!info] Example
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> {疲|つか}れる==から==今ベットに行きます。
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> I'm going to bed now because I am tired.
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### From, since
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The second meaning expresses that something comes from someone/something, or the start time/location. Used by only adding から.
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> [!info] Example
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> お{祖母|ばあ}さん==から==もらった。
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> I got it from my grandmother.
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>
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> ここで{子供|こども}の時==から=={家族|かぞく}と{住|す}んでいます。
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> I have lived here with my family since I'm a kid.
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## まで
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Means "until" or "to".
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> [!info] Example
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> {駅|えき}==まで==どのくらいですか。
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> How far is it to the station?
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## から～まで
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These two particles are frequently used together. It means "from X to Y".
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> [!info] Example
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> {朝|あさ}に６時==から==７時==まで==電車で{通|かよ}うっています。
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> I commute by train from 6am to 7am.
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## っけ
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> かった</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ・だった</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + だ・だった</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ っけ</p>
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</div>
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Used when the speaker tries to remember, or confirm an information, that has been forgotten.
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> [!info] Example
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> {会議|かいぎ}は今日だった==っけ==。
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> Was the meeting today?
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## こそ
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Means "for sure". Used to emphasize words.
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Used with nouns.
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⚠ Replaces the を and が particle. It is, in a certain way, a stronger way than が to highlight information.
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> [!info] Example
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> {今年|ことし}==こそ=={日本|にほん}を{住|す}む。
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> This year, for sure I'll live in Japan.
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## さえ
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + </span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ さえ</p>
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</div>
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Means "even", "not even" (with negative verbs).
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With conditional verbs, it means "only". See [[State#さえ～ば]].
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> [!info] Example
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> {先生|せんせい}で==さえ==、この{曲|きょく}を{弾|ひ}くことは{難|むずか}しいです。
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> Even for my teacher, this composition is difficult to play.
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## Sentence ending
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At the end of a sentence, some particles can be added to put emphasis on a meaning.
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* ==なあ== express hope, admiration or uncertainty. Can also be used to ask for confirmation ("right?").
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* ==ね== seeks confirmation.
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* ==よ== when informing someone about something.
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* ==わ== is informal women's speech.
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