179 lines
4.7 KiB
Markdown
179 lines
4.7 KiB
Markdown
# Amounts of quantification
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## 以 prefix
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{以上|い|じょう} means "above", "exceeding".
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{以下|い|か} means "below", "not exceeding".
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{以外|い|がい} means "excepting".
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{以内|い|ない} means "within".
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Used with nouns.
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> [!info] Example
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> １{時間|じかん}==以内=={終|お}わります。
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> It will be finished within an hour.
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## せいぜい
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Means "at the most".
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Used before a noun of time or a verb.
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> [!info] Example
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> ==せいぜい=={頑張|がんば}ります。
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> I'll do my best.
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>
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> この木は==せいぜい==３{年|ねん}です。
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> This tree is at most 3 years old.
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## さらに
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{更|さら}に means "even more", "more and more", "in addition to".
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Used with time, quantity, etc.
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> [!info] Example
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> {新|あたら}しい{仕事|しごと}を{始|はじめ}めて==さらに==うれしいになりました。
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> I've become even happier with my new job.
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## 別に～ない
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{別|べつ}に means "not really", "not particularly".
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Used with words in negative form.
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> [!info] Example
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> どうしてエアコンを{付|つ}きましたか。{今|いま}は==別に=={暑|あつ}==くない==よ。
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> Why did you turn on the AC? It's not that hot right now.
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## No matter how
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### どんなに～ても
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<div class="usage">
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<p class="iright">どんなに + </p>
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<div class="ileft">
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<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くても</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + でも</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + でも</span></p>
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</div>
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</div>
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Means "no matter how much". Also used as いくら~ても.
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> [!info] Example
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> ==どんなに=={練習|れんしゅう}し==ても==、マラソンを{走|はし}れない。
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> No matter how much I train, I cannot run a marathon.
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### どうしても
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Means "no matter what".
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> [!info] Example
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> ==どうしても=={花火|はなび}に行きたい。
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> No matter what, I want to go see the fireworks.
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## Very
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### てしょうがない・てしかたがない
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くて</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + <strike>な</strike> で</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ しょうがない・しかたがない</p>
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</div>
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Means both "extremely" and "can't be helped".
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> [!info] Example
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> {今日|きょう}は{暑|あつ}く==てしょうがない==。
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> Today is extremely hot.
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>
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> {隣|となり}の{会話|かいわ}は{聞|き}き==ってしょうがない==。
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> I can't help but to listen to the conversion next door.
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### なかなか
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<div class="usage">
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<p class="iright">なかなか + </p>
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<div class="ileft">
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<p><span class="box">Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">の + N</span></p>
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</div>
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</div>
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Means "very", "quite".
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See also [[Adverbs#なかなか～ない]].
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> [!info] Example
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> {今日|きょう}は==なかなか=={寒|さむ}いね。
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> It's quite cold today.
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### だけ
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ だけ</p>
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</div>
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Means "as much".
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See also [[Only - just#だけ]].
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> [!info] Example
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> 私は{払|はら}うんでだ、{飲|の}む==だけ==飲んで！
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> I'll be paying, so drink as much as you can!
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### なるべく・できるだけ
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Means "as much as possible". なるべく is a bit softer than できるだけ.
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> [!info] Example
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> ==なるべく=={静|しず}かにしてください。
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> Please be as quiet as possible.
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### あまり
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ あまり</p>
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</div>
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Means "so much... that".
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Adjectives nominalized can be used as nouns. See [[Transformation#~さ adjective as noun]] and [[Transformation#~み adjective as noun]].
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> [!info] Example
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> おいしさの==あまり==、このレストラン{毎日|まいにち}行きたい。
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> The food is so delicious that I want to eat in this restaurant every day.
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### あまりにも
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<div class="usage">
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<p class="iright">あまりに(も) + </p>
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<div class="ileft">
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">Adj</span></p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="usage">
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<p class="r">あまりの + </p>
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
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</div>
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</div>
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Means "so much... that". A version of あまり that can also be used with adjectives.
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> [!info] Example
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> {先生|せんせい}が==あまりに=={厳|きび}しくて、{私|わたし}は{泣|な}き{始|はじ}めった。
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> The teacher was so strict that I started to cry.
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