197 lines
6.5 KiB
Markdown
197 lines
6.5 KiB
Markdown
# Listing
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## Connecting sentences
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### そして
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This conjunction means "and". It implies a cause-effect relationship between the two sentences. There's an interconnection, where the order of the actions cannot be changed.
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> [!info] Examples
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> バスケットボールをした。==そして==水を{飲|の}んだ。
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> I played basketball. Then, I drank water.
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### それから
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This conjunction means "and" or "after that". It implies a chronological order to the events. Since there's no interconnection, the order of actions could be changed.
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> [!info] Examples
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> スーパーに行きました。==それから=={弁当|べんとう}を食べました。
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> I went to the supermarket. After that, I ate my bento.
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### それに
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This conjunction means "and", "besides" or "in addition". Implies a new information in relation to the precedent one. It is not used to add a negative information to a positive one, and vice-versa.
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> [!info] Examples
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> 昨日、{病気|びょうき}になった。==それに==パソコンも{壊|こわ}れた。
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> I got sick yesterday. Beside, my computer broke.
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### それで
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Means "because of that", "therefore". Substitutes the first sentence happening before by それ, highlighting information from it.
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> [!info] Examples
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> {子供|こども}のころ、毎日{電車|でんしゃ}で{通|かよ}うていた。==それで=={電車|でんしゃ}{運転手|うんてんしゅ}になりたかった。
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> When I was a child, I took the train to school every day. Because of that, I wanted to be a train driver.
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## Exhaustive listing
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### と
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This particles means "and" or "with". Used for a list that is exhaustive. Connects sentences.
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> [!info] Examples
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> 犬==と=={住|す}んでいます。
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> I live with my dog.
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>
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> フランス語==と==スペイン語を習っています。
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> I am learning French and Spanish.
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### て connecting
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Used for a list that is exhaustive. Connects verbs.
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See [[TeF (1) - basics#て sequence]].
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## Unexhaustive listing
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### や
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Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "among other things". Formal.
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Used only with nouns.
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> [!info] Example
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> フランス==や==スペインに{旅行|りょこう}しました。
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> I travelled to France and Spain (among others).
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### など
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Means "things as". Can be used with や for a meaning like "etc".
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Used with nouns.
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> [!info] Example
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> お金がないのでカフェ**や**レストラン==など=={払|はら}えない。
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> I can't pay things like cafes or restaurant (etc.) because I have no money.
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### とか～とか
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Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "and", "among other things". More casual than や. Ending a sentence with とか can soften the meaning. Can also be used to quote someone.
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Only used with verbs and nouns.
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> [!info] Examples
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> {果物|くだもの}はバナナ==とか==リンゴ==とか==が好きです。
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> I like fruits like bananas and apples.
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>
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> 明日{野球|やきゅう}==とか==しようか。
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> Do you want to play baseball (or something) tomorrow?
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>
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> もう{諦|あきら}めよう==とか==言わないで。
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> Don't say (things like) we should already give up.
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### たり～たり
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V-た</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> かった</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だった</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ り...します</p>
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</div>
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This is used to list things that are related, in an unexhaustive way. Translates to "or", "do things such as".
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Usually used to talk about things like hobbies, explaining liked things, activities done, etc. Not used for usual things like a routine. It is not an ordered or chronological list like [[#て connecting]].
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> [!info] Example
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> {週末|しゅうまつ}に{泳|およ}い==だり==、{散歩|さんぽ}し==たり==、{買|か}い{物|もの}し==たり==します。
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> On the weekends, I do things like swimming, walking and shopping.
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### し
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ し</p>
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</div>
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Used for a list that is unexhaustive, going in the same direction: for example reasons, causes, qualities, etc. Gives an opinion, a review.
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It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence.
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> [!info] Examples
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> この電車は{速|はや}い==し==デザインもかっこいい。
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> This train is fast and has a cool design.
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>
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> 言ってない==し==！
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> I never said that!
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## Summing up
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* ==や== means "and", and is formal. Can be completed by ==など== (= etc).
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* ==とか== also means "and", but is casual.
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* ==たり== means "or", "things like". Used to express possibilities.
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* ==し== means "and", but with an emphasis on a review.
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## And also
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### も～ば～も
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<div class="usage">
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<p class="iright">N1 + も + </p>
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<div class="ileft">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (ば)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> ければ</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + なら</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + なら</span></p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ N2 + も</p>
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</div>
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Means "also", "as well". Means that both N1 and N2 are true (and should share a connection).
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⚠ Despite using conditional form, it is not conditional in meaning.
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> [!info] Examples
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> {母|はは}はポルトガル{語|ご}==も==できれ==ば==スペイン{語|ご}==も=={話|はな}せる。
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> My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish.
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### 上に
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ 上(に)</p>
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</div>
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{上|うえ}に means "and also", "in addition", "as well". Used with similar qualities (positive with positive, negative with negative).
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> [!info] Examples
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> このスーパーは{高|たか}い==上に=={不便|ふべん}です。
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> This supermarket is expensive as well as inconvenient.
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### はもちろん
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ はもちろん + </p>
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">phrase</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ も・さえ</p>
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</div>
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Means "not only but also", "not to mention".
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> [!info] Examples
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> このゲームセンターにはゲーム==はもちろん==ボウリングもあります。
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> This game center not only has games but also bowling.
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