jpg-content/🔰 Grammar/Without.md

Without

ないで

Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない). It is a bit more casual than ずに.

[!info] Example {勉強|べんきょう}し==ないで=={卒業|そつぎょう}した。 I graduated without studying.

ず(に)

Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない) by removing the -ない stem and adding ず(に). する transforms to せずに. It is a bit more formal than ないで.

[!info] Example 毎日食べ==ずに==出かける。 Everyday, I go out without eating.