4.3 KiB
Combination actions
Those rules combine a verb and an adjective to make a new meaning.
V-ます
+ Adj
Difficulty
~やすい: easy
Means:
- easy to do
- likely to happen
- has a tendency of
[!info] Example 見==やすい==。 Easy to see.
{泣|な}き==やすい==。 Prone to crying.
~にくい・~づらい: difficult
Means that something is difficult to do. While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective manner, for actions that are intentional.
[!info] Example 見==にくい==。 Difficult to see.
～がたい: very difficult
~がたい means that something is very difficult to do. It is more extreme than ~にくい.
[!info] Example それは{信|しん}じ==がたい==な。 That's hard to believe...
~始める
～{始|はじ}める means that something starts or has started. Expresses intentionality.
[!info] Example {飲|の}み==始める==。 To start to drink.
~出す
～{出|だ}す means that something suddenly started. Has the nuance of being unintentional, or cannot be avoided.
[!info] Example 雨が降り==出した==。 It suddenly started raining.
~続く
～{続|つづ}く means that something continues.
[!info] Example {飲|の}み==続ける==。 To continue to drink.
~終わる
～{終|お}わる means that something ends.
[!info] Example {飲|の}み==終わります==。 To stop to drink.
～上げる
This can be used both as:
- {上|あ}げる means "finish doing" (transitive)
- {上|あ}がる means "was finished" (intransitive)
[!info] Example {全部|ぜんぶ}の{夏休|なつ|や}みの{宿題|しゅくだい}を出来==上げった==。 I have finished all my summer homework.
～合う
～{合|あ}う means that the action is done with someone else.
[!info] Example {妹|いもうと}と{家|いえ}へ{帰|かえ}り==会った==。 I went home with my sister.
～切る・～切れる・～切れない
~{切|き}る means "to do completely" and ~切れる means "able to do completely". The negative form ~切れない means "unable to do", "too much to complete". It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
[!info] Example 父はすべての{部屋|へや}を{掃除|そうじ}し==切った==。 My father finished cleaning all the rooms.
彼は{納豆|なっとう}を食べ==切れなかった==。 He could not finish all his natto.
～通す
~{通|とお}す means "to do something until the end", "continually" or "through". It focuses on the process of the action, rather than its ending.
[!info] Example マラソンの{全部|ぜんぶ}を{走|はし}り==通した==。 He ran through the whole marathon.
～直す
~{直|なお}す means to do something again.
[!info] Example {今年|ことし}をやり==直す==てほしい。 I want this year to start over.
～っぱなし
~っぱなし means leaving something as it is.
[!info] Example この１３時間{飛行|ひこう}で{座|すわ}り==っぱなし==でした。 I sat the entire time on this 13 hours flight.
～込む
~{込|こ}む has multiple meanings depending on the verb. Sometimes it is idiomatic and so it cannot exactly be guessed. However, there are some broad categories.
⚠ Depending on the context, verbs can fall into multiple categories!
Going into
- If the verb describes a movement, adding 込む add the meaning of "into" (jumping => jumping into).
- If the verb already has a notion of "into", it put emphasis into it. It could have a meaning like "completely into".
[!info] Example {海|うみ}に{飛|とび}び==込んだ==。 He jumped into the ocean.
Emphasis
When the verb does not include physical movement, 込む can be used to put emphasis on certain verbs (deeply, a lot, etc).
[!info] Example {猫|ねこ}が{眠|ねむ}り==込んでいます==。 The cat is fast asleep.
Repetition
The last common meaning is for an action that is repeated until a point is reached. It can also be an action that is done for a long time.
[!info] Example {毎朝|まいあさ}5キロ{走|かし}り==込む==。 Every morning I go for a 5km run (emphasis on the fact that it is a long run).