2.9 KiB
Particles (2)
から
Because
V
い-Adj
な-Adj + だ
N + だ
+ から
The first meaning of から is "because".
[!info] Example {疲|つか}れる==から==今ベットに行きます。 I'm going to bed now because I am tired.
From, since
The second meaning expresses that something comes from someone/something, or the start time/location. Used by only adding から.
[!info] Example お{祖母|ばあ}さん==から==もらった。 I got it from my grandmother.
ここで{子供|こども}の時==から=={家族|かぞく}と{住|す}んでいます。 I have lived here with my family since I'm a kid.
まで
Means "until" or "to".
[!info] Example {駅|えき}==まで==どのくらいですか。 How far is it to the station?
から～まで
These two particles are frequently used together. It means "from X to Y".
[!info] Example {朝|あさ}に６時==から==７時==まで==電車で{通|かよ}うっています。 I commute by train from 6am to 7am.
っけ
V
い-Adj い かった
な-Adj + だ・だった
N + だ・だった
+ っけ
Used when the speaker tries to remember, or confirm an information, that has been forgotten.
[!info] Example {会議|かいぎ}は今日だった==っけ==。 Was the meeting today?
こそ
Means "for sure". Used to emphasize words. Used with nouns.
⚠ Replaces the を and が particle. It is, in a certain way, a stronger way than が to highlight information.
[!info] Example {今年|ことし}==こそ=={日本|にほん}に{住|す}む。 This year, for sure I'll live in Japan.
さえ
V (て)
V ます
N + で
N +
+ さえ
Means "even", "not even" (with negative verbs).
[!info] Example {先生|せんせい}で==さえ==、この{曲|きょく}を{弾|ひ}くことは{難|むずか}しいです。 Even for my teacher, this composition is difficult to play.
⚠ With conditional verbs, it means "only". See State#さえ～ば.
Sentence ending
At the end of a sentence, some particles can be added to put emphasis on a meaning.
- ==なあ== express hope, admiration or uncertainty. Can also be used to ask for confirmation ("right?").
- ==ね== seeks confirmation.
- ==よ== when informing someone about something.
- ==わ== is informal women's speech.