163 lines
4.3 KiB
Markdown
163 lines
4.3 KiB
Markdown
# Combination actions
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Those rules combine a verb and an adjective to make a new meaning.
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ます</strike></span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ Adj</p>
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</div>
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## Difficulty
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### ~やすい: easy
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Means:
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* easy to do
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* likely to happen
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* has a tendency of
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> [!info] Example
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> 見==やすい==。
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> Easy to see.
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>
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> {泣|な}き==やすい==。
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> Prone to crying.
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### ~にくい・~づらい: difficult
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Means that something is difficult to do.
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While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective manner, for actions that are intentional.
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> [!info] Example
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> 見==にくい==。
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> Difficult to see.
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### ～がたい: very difficult
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~がたい means that something is very difficult to do.
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It is more extreme than ~にくい.
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> [!info] Example
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> それは{信|しん}じ==がたい==な。
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> That's hard to believe...
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## ~始める
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～{始|はじ}める means that something starts or has started. Expresses intentionality.
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> [!info] Example
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> {飲|の}み==始める==。
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> To start to drink.
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## ~出す
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～{出|だ}す means that something suddenly started. Has the nuance of being unintentional, or cannot be avoided.
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> [!info] Example
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> 雨が降り==出した==。
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> It suddenly started raining.
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## ~続く
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～{続|つづ}く means that something continues.
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> [!info] Example
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> {飲|の}み==続ける==。
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> To continue to drink.
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## ~終わる
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～{終|お}わる means that something ends.
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> [!info] Example
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> {飲|の}み==終わります==。
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> To stop to drink.
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## ～上げる
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This can be used both as:
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* {上|あ}げる means "finish doing" (transitive)
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* {上|あ}がる means "was finished" (intransitive)
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> [!info] Example
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> {全部|ぜんぶ}の{夏休|なつ|や}みの{宿題|しゅくだい}を出来==上げった==。
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> I have finished all my summer homework.
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## ～合う
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～{合|あ}う means that the action is done with someone else.
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> [!info] Example
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> {妹|いもうと}と{家|いえ}へ{帰|かえ}り==会った==。
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> I went home with my sister.
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## ～切る・～切れる・～切れない
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~{切|き}る means "to do completely" and ~切れる means "able to do completely".
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The negative form ~切れない means "unable to do", "too much to complete".
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It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
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> [!info] Example
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> 父はすべての{部屋|へや}を{掃除|そうじ}し==切った==。
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> My father finished cleaning all the rooms.
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>
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> 彼は{納豆|なっとう}を食べ==切れなかった==。
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> He could not finish all his natto.
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## ～通す
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~{通|とお}す means "to do something until the end", "continually" or "through". It focuses on the process of the action, rather than its ending.
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> [!info] Example
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> マラソンの{全部|ぜんぶ}を{走|はし}り==通した==。
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> He ran through the whole marathon.
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## ～直す
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~{直|なお}す means to do something again.
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> [!info] Example
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> {今年|ことし}をやり==直す==てほしい。
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> I want this year to start over.
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## ～っぱなし
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~っぱなし means leaving something as it is.
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> [!info] Example
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> この１３時間{飛行|ひこう}で{座|すわ}り==っぱなし==でした。
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> I sat the entire time on this 13 hours flight.
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## ～込む
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~{込|こ}む has multiple meanings depending on the verb. Sometimes it is idiomatic and so it cannot exactly be guessed. However, there are some broad categories.
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⚠ Depending on the context, verbs can fall into multiple categories!
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### Going into
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* If the verb describes a movement, adding 込む add the meaning of "into" (jumping => jumping into).
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* If the verb already has a notion of "into", it put emphasis into it. It could have a meaning like "completely into".
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> [!info] Example
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> {海|うみ}に{飛|とび}び==込んだ==。
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> He jumped into the ocean.
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### Emphasis
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When the verb does not include physical movement, 込む can be used to put emphasis on certain verbs (deeply, a lot, etc).
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> [!info] Example
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> {猫|ねこ}が{眠|ねむ}り==込んでいます==。
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> The cat is fast asleep.
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### Repetition
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The last common meaning is for an action that is repeated until a point is reached. It can also be an action that is done for a long time.
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> [!info] Example
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> {毎朝|まいあさ}5キロ{走|かし}り==込む==。
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> Every morning I go for a 5km run (emphasis on the fact that it is a long run).
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