171 lines
4.7 KiB
Markdown
171 lines
4.7 KiB
Markdown
# Particles (1)
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## は
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The は particle indicates the topic of a sentence. Usually translated by "as for".
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> [!info] Example
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> 私==は==フランス人です。
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> I am French (As for me, I am French).
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When a sentence is negative, は is usually used instead of が and を.
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> [!info] Example
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> 肉==は==食べません。
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> I don't eat meat.
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When used with a noun that is a number or an amount, it takes the meaning of "at least" or "around". Can be mixed with [[Amount#くらい]].
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> [!info] Example
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> {毎週|まいしゅう}２{回|かい}==は=={映画館|えいがかん}に行きます。
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> I go to the cinema at least twice a week.
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## が
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The が particle indicates the subject of a sentence.
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> [!info] Example
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> 電車==が==好きです。
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> I like trains.
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It is also used for making a contrast.
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> [!info] Example
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> 電車は好きです==が==、バスは好きじゃない。
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> I like trains, but I don't like buses.
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In a noun modifying clause, は becomes が.
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> [!info] Example
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> {彼|かれ}はラメんを{作|つく}。
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> He made ramen.
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>
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> {彼|かれ}==が=={作|つく}ったラメんはおいしいです。
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> The ramen he made is delicious.
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## Difference between は and が
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Usually, they can be used in the same sentence, but have a nuanced meaning based on the context.
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> [!info] Examples
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> 私==は==フランス人です。
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> 私==が==フランス人です。
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> I am French.
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Both sentences mean the same thing. But:
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* In the first sentence with は, what is highlighted is that the speaker is French.
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* In the second sentence with が, what is highlighted is that the French person is the speaker.
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The first sentence would most likely be the answer to "where are you from?", while the second sentence would be the answer to "who is French?". が highlights the information where the focus is wanted.
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## を
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This particle is used for the target of the action of a verb.
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> [!info] Examples
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> ケーキ==を==作る。
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> I prepare a cake.
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## に
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This particle has multiple meanings.
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* A place of existence.
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> [!info] Example
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> {会社|かいしゃ}は東京==に==あります。
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> The company is in Tokyo.
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* A point in time.
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> [!info] Example
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> 毎日１２時==に=={寝|ね}ます。
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> I sleep at 12:00 everyday.
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* A direction towards whom an action is directed. For example: meeting a person, phoning to someone, riding a transport, writing on something, sitting on something, etc.
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> [!info] Example
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> 日本==に=={住|す}んでいます。
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> I live in Japan.
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## に・へ
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に and へ are used to indicate a direction of movement with verbs like 行く, くる, and 帰る.
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> [!info] Example
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> 日本==へ==行きます。
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> 日本==に==行きます。
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> I'm going to Japan.
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## で
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This particle can indicate several things.
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* A place where the action is done.
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> [!info] Example
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> {図書館|としょかん}==で==本を{読|よ}みました。
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> I read a book in the library.
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* The use of something
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> [!info] Example
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> えんぴつ==で==書いてください。
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> Please write with a pencil.
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* The use of ingredients or materials
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> [!info] Example
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> タコ==で==たこ{焼|や}きを作る。
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> I prepare takoyaki with octopus.
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* Numbers or volume for multiple objects.
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> [!info] Example
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> 本を５{冊|さつ}==で==買った。
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> I bought 5 books.
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* A noun that is the cause of something.
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> [!info] Example
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> かぜ==で==休みました。
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> I took the day off because of a cold.
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* A mode of transportation.
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> [!info] Example
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> {休暇|きゅうか}に電車==で==行った。
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> I went on holiday by train.
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## の
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This particle indicates possession.
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> [!info] Example
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> 私==の==ボール。
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> My ball.
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## も
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This particle means "also".
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> [!info] Example
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> 日本{料理|りょうり}==も=={韓国|かん|こく}{料理|りょうり}==も==食べます。
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> I eat Japanese and Korean food.
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The particles は, が and を change to も.
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> [!info] Example
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> 私は{中国|ちゅう|ごく}語==も==話せます。
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> I can also speak Chinese.
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In other cases, it can be combined with other particles: に, で, へ, と, から.
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> [!info] Example
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> {大阪|おお|さか}に==も==行きたい。
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> I also want to go to Osaka.
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Another meaning of this particle can be found when combined with words like {何|なに}, {誰|だれ}, or どこ (what, who, where). It means nothing, nobody and nowhere. It indicates the absence.
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> [!info] Example
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> A: {昨日|きのう}どこかへ行った？
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> B: いいえ、どこへ==も==行かなかった。
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> A: Did you go somewhere yesterday?
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> B: No, I didn't go anywhere.
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Used with a number or a time, it means "as many as" or "nearly".
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> [!info] Example
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> 2時間==も=={待|ま}っていました。
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> I have waited for nearly 2 hours.
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