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2f71d2a3c1 Update Comparison.md 2024-05-26 17:24:37 +02:00
935bb27161 Create Amount.md 2024-05-26 16:12:21 +02:00
a5980da2b7 Create Planning.md 2024-05-26 16:07:45 +02:00
cf86dea947 Create Certainty.md 2024-05-26 15:24:22 +02:00
86d1d1eddc Update Transformation.md 2024-05-26 15:22:05 +02:00
dd794cbd79 First batch of N3 notions. 2024-05-26 11:53:10 +02:00
15 changed files with 445 additions and 103 deletions

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@ -36,4 +36,20 @@
.usage .r {
margin-left: 0.25rem;
margin-right: 0.25rem;
}
.usage .ileft {
padding-left: 1.7rem;
background-image: linear-gradient(black, black), linear-gradient(black, black);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 8px 2px;
background-position: top left, bottom left;
border-left: solid black;
border-width: 0 2px;
}
.usage .iright {
padding-right: 1rem;
}

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@ -52,15 +52,6 @@ Means "to reach a point". Used with verbs.
> この本{全部|ぜんぶ}{分|わ}かる==ようになった==。
> I've come to understand all of this book.
## ようにする
Means "to try to", "to make sure to".
Used with a verb.
> [!info] Example
> 毎日に{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を食べる==ようとします==。
> I'll try to eat a breakfast everyday.
## に気がつく
<div class="usage">
@ -114,3 +105,31 @@ Means "too much", "exceeding".
> [!info] Example
> {昨晩|さく|ばん}に{飲|の}み==すぎて=={頭|あたま}が{痛|いた}い。
> I drank too much last night and my head hurts.
## Try to
### ようにする
Means "to try to", "to make sure to". It's more of an assertion than ようとする.
Used with a verb.
> [!info] Example
> 毎日に{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を食べる==ようとします==。
> I'll try to eat a breakfast everyday.
### ようとする・ようとしない
Means "try to", "attempt to" (or not, in the negative form). It's more of an attempt than with ようにする.
Used with the volitional form of verbs (よう).
> [!info] Example
> 出かけ==ようとした==時、電話が{鳴|な}ってた。
> At the time I was trying to go out, the phone rang.
>
> さっき店に{入|はい}==ろうとしたら==が、ドアが{閉|し}まってしまいました。
> I tried to enter the shop earlier, but the door was closed...
>
> 彼は{運動|うんどう}し==ようとしない==。
> He doesn't try to exercise.
⚠ Not used in negative form to talk about oneself.

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@ -41,5 +41,60 @@ This form is used with a verb in the negative form (ない).
> 雨だから、==なかなか==タクシーが来てい==ません==。
> Because of the rain, it's not easy to get a taxi.
>
> ==なかなか==お止めるでき==ない==。
> ==なかなか==お{酒|さけ}止めるでき==ない==。
> It is not easy to stop drinking.
## 一体
{一体|いったい} is used to make an emphasis when something is surprising, confusing, etc.
> [!info] Example
> ==いったい=={誰|だれ}がそんあことをしたか。
> Who in the world would do something like this?
## まるで
<div class="usage">
<p class="iright">まるで + </p>
<div class="ileft">
<p><span class="box">V + よう・みたい</span></p>
<p><span class="box">N + のよう・みたい</span></p>
</div>
</div>
Means "as if".
> [!info] Example
> え、{中古|ちゅうこ}ですね。==まるで=={新規|しんき}の==よう==です。
> Eh, it's second-hand? It looks like new.
## むしろ
Means "instead" or "rather".
> [!info] Example
> ==むしろ=={自転車|じてんしゃ}で行こうと思います。
> I think I'd rather go by bike.
## もう
Means "already".
> [!info] Example
> ==もう==出ちゃった。
> They already left.
## すでに
Means "already". More formal than もう, implies that something is too late and cannot be changed.
> [!info] Example
> {遅|おそ}く{起|お}きたので==すでに==バスは{出発|しゅっぱつ}してしまった。
> I woke up late, so the bus already left.
## すなわち
Means "in other words".
> [!info] Example
> この{映画|えいが}は120分、==すなわち==2時です。

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🔰 Grammar/Amount.md Normal file
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# Amount
## くらい・ぐらい
<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
</div>
<p class="right">+ くらい・ぐらい</p>
</div>
Means "about" or "approximately" when talking about numbers or counter words. Focuses on the uncertainty of the number.
ぐらい is more common than くらい in conversations, but can change depending on the preceding word.
> [!info] Example
> {電車|でんしゃ}はどの==くらい==で{到着|とうちゃく}しますか。
> About how much time will the train take to arrive?
>
> {医者|いしゃ}に1時間==ぐらい==を{待|ま}ってました。
> I waited approximately an hour for the doctor.
Also used to compare things as being similar.
> [!info] Example
> {友達|ともだち}と{試験|しけん}の{結果|けっか}は{同|おな}じ==ぐらい==です。
> My friend and I have about the same results at the test.
Also means "to the extent of".
> [!info] Example
> 食べなくて{寝|ね}たい==ぐらい=={疲|つか}れています。
> I'm tired to the extent of not eating and going to sleep.
## ほど
<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
<p><span class="box">V (non-past)</span></p>
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
</div>
<p class="right">+ 程</p>
</div>
Like くらい, it describes an approximate amount. It focuses on a limit being reached. It translates to "about" or "to the extent".
> [!info] Example
> {地下鉄|ちかてつ}を{乗|の}るために、{死|し}ぬ==程=={走|はし}った。

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🔰 Grammar/Certainty.md Normal file
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# Certainty
## Certain: に違いない
に{違|ちが}いない means "I'm certain that".
> [!info] Example
> 私は{試験|しけん}を{合格|ごうかく}==に違いない==。
> I'm sure I'll pass the exam.
## Not always: とは限らない
<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
</div>
<p class="right">+ とは限らない</p>
</div>
とは{限|かぎ}らない means "not always", "not necessarily".
> [!info] Example
> {大人|おとな}は{正|ただ}しい==とは限らない==。
> Adults are not always right.
## Impossible
### わけがない
<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
</div>
<p class="right">+ わけがない</p>
</div>
Means that there is no way, "impossible". 🛠 nuance?
> [!info] Example
> {全部|ぜんぶ}食べられる==わけがない==よ!
> It is impossible to eat it all!
### ようがない・ようもない
~{様|よう}がない means that there is no way, "impossible". 🛠 nuance?
Works by removing ~ます from a verb and adding ようがない・ようもない.
🛠 difference between ようがない and ようもない?
> [!info] Example
> もうこんな時間。帰り==ようがない==。
> It's already this late. I have no way to go back home.
### まさか
Usually at the start of a sentence, expresses surprise, about something that seemed impossible.
> [!info] Example
> ==まさか=={僕|ぼく}たちのチームが{負|ま}けた。
> I cannot believe our team lost.

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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
## より
With the following pattern, it means that A is "more" Adj than B.
With the following pattern, it means that A is "more" Adj "than" B.
<div class="usage">
<p class="r">AはB +</p>
@ -16,6 +16,49 @@ With the following pattern, it means that A is "more" Adj than B.
> 電車は車==より=={速|はや}いです。
> Trains are faster than cars.
## より(も)
<div class="usage">
<p class="r">V・N + </p>
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">より(も)</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ Adj</p>
</div>
With this pattern, it just means "more".
> [!info] Example
> このビルは私のマンション==よりも=={高|たか}い。
> This building is taller than my apartment.
## というより
<div class="usage">
<p class="r">A + </p>
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">というより</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ B</p>
</div>
This form is similar to より(も), but with a sense closer to "rather than".
"It is rather B than A".
Used with verbs, adjectives and nouns.
> [!info] Example
> 彼女は{恥|は}ずかしがり==というより=={静|しず}かです。
> She is quiet rather than shy.
## ほうがいい
Means "should", or "it would be better", as an advice. It's better than not doing it.
Used with a verb.
> [!info] Example
> 毎日{練習|れんしゅう}する==ほうがいい==。
> It's better to train everyday.
## より~ほうが
<div class="usage">
@ -46,14 +89,31 @@ With the following pattern, it means that B is more than A:
> 昨日==より==今日の==ほうが==寒いです。
> Today is colder than yesterday.
## ほうがいい
## に比べて
Means "should", or "it would be better", as an advice. It's better than not doing it.
Used with a verb.
に{比|くら}べて is used for comparison.
Used with nouns.
> [!info] Example
> 毎日{練習|れんしゅう}する==ほうがいい==
> It's better to train everyday.
> 昨日==に比べて==、今日は晴れるです
> Compared to yesterday, it is sunny today.
## ほど~ない
<div class="usage">
<p class="r">N + </p>
<div class="">
<p><span class="box">ほど</span></p>
</div>
<p class="r">+ V・Adj (ない)</p>
</div>
Means that the extent has not been reached, so it is not as much.
See also [[Amount#ほど]].
> [!info] Example
> {韓国|かんこく}==ほど=={辛|から}いの食べ{物|もの}は==ない==。
> There's no food as spicy as Korean food.
>
> {中国|ちゅうごく}{料理|りょうり}は{韓国|かんこく}{料理|りょうり}==ほど=={辛|から}く==ない==です。
> Korean food is spicier than Chinese food.

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@ -1,18 +1,6 @@
# Connectors (conjunctions)
## ばかり
Means "only" or "nothing but", and can convey surprise or negative judgment depending on the context.
Used with nouns and verbs.
> [!info] Examples
> この{国|くに}の{春|はる}は雨==ばかり==だ!
> In this country, there's nothing but rain in spring.
>
> うちの{子供|こども}はテレビ==ばかり==見てる。
> My child does nothing but watching TV.
## だけで
## Just by: だけで
Means "just by doing".
Used with nouns and verbs.
@ -21,7 +9,7 @@ Used with nouns and verbs.
> 会う==だけで=={幸|しあわ}せになる。
> Just by meeting you, I get happy.
## 又は
## Or, both: 又は
{又|また}は can be used for two things:
* choosing between two options ("or")
@ -31,14 +19,6 @@ Used with nouns and verbs.
> 日本語==又は==英語でしゃべれます。
> I can speak both Japanese and English.
## それでも
Means "but still", "even so", "anyway".
> [!info] Example
> 雨が{降|ふ}っていた、==それでも==出かけていた。
> It was raining, but I still went out.
## のに
### Even tough
@ -70,4 +50,28 @@ Used with a verb (dictionary).
## And: そして, それから, それに, それで
See [[Listing#Connecting sentences]].
See [[Listing#Connecting sentences]].
## Well then: さて
Used to change to topic of the conversation, or to a new element. Translates to "well (then)" or "now".
> [!info] Example
> ==さて==、食べようか。
> Well then, shall we eat?
## By the way: ところで
Used to introduce a new topic of conversation. Translates to "by the way".
> [!info] Example
> ==ところで==、車の{修理|しゅうり}はどう。
> By the way, how are the repairs for your car?
## Certainly: 確かに
{確|たし}かに means "surely", "certainly".
> [!info] Example
> この{歌|うた}は==確かに=={面白|おも|しろ}そうだ。
> This song certainly sounds interesting.

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# Planning
## ようと思う
ようと{思|おも}う means "thinking of doing".
Used with a verb in the volitional form (よう).
> [!info] Example
> レストランへ行こ==うと思います==。
> I'm thinking of going to the restaurant.
## つもり
Means "intend to".
> [!info] Example
> 明日ゲームセンターに行く==つもり==はない。
> I don't plan to go to the arcade tomorrow.
### つもりだった・つもりなのに
Used to express that someone thought they did something.
> [!info] Example
> リンゴを買った==つもりだった==けど。
> I'm sure I bought apples... (that was my intention, but apparently I did not)
>
> リンゴを買う==つもりだった==けど。
> I was planning to buy apples... (it was my intention, but I changed my mind)
### つもりで
<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
</div>
<p class="right">+ つもりで</p>
</div>
Means "with the intention of doing".
> [!info] Example
> {旅行|りょこう}に行く==つもりで==、{旅行|りょこう}本を読んでいる。
> With the intention of traveling, I'm reading a travel book.
## よてい
<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
</div>
<p class="right">+ 予定だ</p>
</div>
It means "plan to".
This form is stronger than つもり. For a same sentence, the nuance could be a strong intention for つもり, while with よてい the plan has already been booked.
> [!info] Example
> 来年日本へ行く==予定==です。
> I'm planning to go to Japan next year (I have my tickets).
## Summing it up
* ==ようとおもう== expresses a thought about doing.
* ==つもり== expresses an intention.
* ==予定== expresses a plan.

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@ -1,29 +1,4 @@
# Possibility and obligation
## でも
Used to list one or more possible options.
> [!info] Example
> ジュース==でも==お茶==でも==飲もうか。
> Shall we drink something like a juice or tea?
## かもしれない
Express a possibility, like "perhaps".
By order of politeness: かもしれません > かもしれない > かも.
> [!info] Example
> 今日も来る==かもしれない==。
> He might come today too.
## かどうか
Means "whether or not".
> [!info] Example
> 行きたい==かどうか=={分|わ}からない。
> I'm not sure if I want to go or not.
# Possibility - obligation
## はずだ・はずがない
@ -46,22 +21,6 @@ Means "whether or not".
> そんあ==はずがありません==。
> This cannot be true.
## ぜひ
Means certainly, definitely. Expresses a wish.
> [!info] Example
> この{映画|えい|が}==ぜひ==見ます。
> I'll watch this movie for sure.
## きっと
Means surely, almost certainly. Express an expectation.
> [!info] Example
> ==きっと==雨でしょう。
> It will surely rain.
## 必ず
{必|かなら}ず means certainly, definitely. Expresses an obligation.
@ -69,13 +28,3 @@ Means surely, almost certainly. Express an expectation.
> [!info] Example
> 明日の{授業|じゅ|ぎょう}==必ず==来てください。
> Please be sure to attend tomorrow's class.
## ことができる
Means "can", "able to".
It has the same meaning as the potential form (see Conjugation [[Basics]]).
食べる => 食べられる = 食べることができる.
> [!info] Example
> {英語|えいご}を{話|はな}す==ことが出来ない==。
> I cannot speak English.

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# Possibility - expectation
## きっと
Means surely, almost certainly. Express an expectation.
> [!info] Example
> ==きっと==雨でしょう。
> It will surely rain.

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@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
# Possibility - Wish
## ぜひ
Means certainly, definitely. Expresses a wish.
> [!info] Example
> この{映画|えい|が}==ぜひ==見ます。
> I'll watch this movie for sure.

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@ -88,4 +88,20 @@ Appending にする to a な-Adj transforms it into an adverb.
## がる・がっている: adjectives as verbs
See [[Observation - Description#がる・がっている]].
See [[Observation - tendency - feelings#がる・がっている]].
## 的: noun as な-Adj / Adverb
This allows to change a noun into:
* ~{的|てき} な for a な-Adj
* ~{的|てき} に for an Adverb
> [!info] Example
> {感情|かんじょう}。
> Emotion.
>
> {感情|かん|じょう}==的==。
> Emotional.
>
> 彼女のスピーチはとても{感情|かん|じょう}==的==だった。
> Her speech was very emotional.

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@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ This form is used for yourself when you want to do something. It can be conjugat
</div>
This form is used to express that someone else wants to do something.
See also [[Observation - Description#がる・がっている]].
See also [[Observation - tendency - feelings#がる・がっている]].
> [!info] Examples
> {彼女|かのじょ}は毎日{練習|れんしゅう}し==たがった==。

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@ -3,7 +3,18 @@
## ないで
Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない).
It is a bit more casual than ずに.
> [!info] Example
> {勉強|べんきょう}し==ないで=={卒業|そつぎょう}した。
> I graduated without studying.
> I graduated without studying.
## ずに
Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない) by removing the -ない stem and adding ずに.
する transforms to せずに.
It is a bit more formal than ないで.
> [!info] Example
> 毎日食べ==ずに==出かける。
> Everyday, I go out without eating.

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@ -47,22 +47,32 @@ These two particles are frequently used together. It means "from X to Y".
> {朝|あさ}に6時==から==7時==まで==電車で{通|かよ}うっています。
> I commute by train from 6am to 7am.
## だけ
Means "only", "just".
> [!info] Example
> {一|ひと}つ==だけ==ください。
> Only one, please.
### だけで
Means "just by doing".
> [!info] Example
> 見る==だけ=={楽|たの}しいですね。
> 見る==だけ=={楽|たの}しいですね。
> Just looking at it is fun, isn't it.
## っけ
<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike></strike> かった</span></p>
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ・だった</span></p>
<p><span class="box">N + だ・だった</span></p>
</div>
<p class="right">+ っけ</p>
</div>
Used when the speaker tries to remember, or confirm an information, that has been forgotten.
> [!info] Example
> {会議|かいぎ}は今日だった==っけ==。
> Was the meeting today?
## Sentence ending
At the end of a sentence, some particles can be added to put emphasis on a meaning.