Added most of N5-N4 grammar notions
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1- Grammar/Actions.md
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1- Grammar/Actions.md
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# Actions
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## になる
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike> + く</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + に</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + に</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ なる</p>
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</div>
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Means "to become".
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> [!info] Example
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> {新幹線|しんかんせん}==になりたい==！
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> I want to become a bullet train!
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## にする
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### To decide
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Means "to decide".
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Used with nouns.
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> [!info] Example
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> このレストラン==にしました==。
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> I've decided on this restaurant.
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### Make something
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike> + く</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + に</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ なる</p>
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</div>
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Means to "make something more".
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> [!info] Example
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> ストーブを{点|つ}けて{部屋|へや}を{暑|あつ}==くする==。
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> Turn on the heater to make the room hotter.
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## ようになる
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Means "to reach a point". Used with verbs.
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> [!info] Example
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> この本{全部|ぜんぶ}{分|わ}かる==ようになった==。
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> I've come to understand all of this book.
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## ようにする
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Means "to try to", "to make sure to".
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Used with a verb.
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> [!info] Example
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> 毎日に{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を食べる==ようとします==。
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> I'll try to eat a breakfast everyday.
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## に気がつく
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V + こと</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ に気がつく</p>
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</div>
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Means "to notice", "to realize".
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> [!info] Example
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> {新|あたら}しいレストランが{開店|かい|てん}==に{気|き}がついた==。
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> I noticed a new restaurant opened.
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## と思う
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ と思う</p>
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</div>
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Means "to think".
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> [!info] Example
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> {変|へん}だ==と{思|おも}わない==か。
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> Don't you think it's strange?
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>
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> 今日は{公園|こう|えん}に行く==と思います==。
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> I think I'll go to the park today.
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## すぎる
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ すぎる</p>
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</div>
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Means "too much", "exceeding".
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> [!info] Example
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> {昨晩|さく|ばん}に{飲|の}み==すぎて=={頭|あたま}が{痛|いた}い。
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> I drank too much last night and my head hurts.
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45
1- Grammar/Adverbs.md
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1- Grammar/Adverbs.md
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# Adverbs
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## さすが
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">さすが</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ に + V</p>
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</div>
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">さすが</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ の + N</p>
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</div>
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Means "as expected".
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> [!info] Example
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> ==さすが==のオランダ人、{自転車|じてんしゃ}で{通|かよ}う。
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> As expected of a Dutch, they commute by bicycle.
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## そんなに
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Means "so much" or "like that".
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Not used with nouns.
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⚠ It is applied to the following word, not the preceding one.
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> [!info] Example
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> {僕|ぼく}は{卵|たまご}が==そんなに==好きじゃない。
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> I don't like eggs that much.
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## なかなか～ない
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This form means that an effort has been made, but no outcome happens. Can be translated as "not easy to", "not able to", "hardly", "not at all".
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This form is used with a verb in the negative form (ない).
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> [!info] Example
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> 雨だから、==なかなか==タクシーが来てい==ません==。
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> Because of the rain, it's not easy to get a taxi.
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>
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> ==なかなか==お酒止めるでき==ない==。
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> It is not easy to stop drinking.
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19
1- Grammar/Advice - Guidance.md
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1- Grammar/Advice - Guidance.md
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# Advice & guidance
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## たらどう
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Used to ask about a situation, usually to give advice. Translates to "why don't you" or "how about".
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Used with the たら form of verbs.
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> [!info] Example
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> ゲームをし==たらどう==か。
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> How about you play a game?
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## たらいいですか
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Used to ask about an advice or instructions. Translates to "what should I do".
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Used with the たら form of verbs.
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> [!info] Example
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> 何を{飲|の}ん==だらいいですか==。
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> What should I drink?
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65
1- Grammar/Combination actions.md
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1- Grammar/Combination actions.md
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# Combination actions
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Those rules combine a verb and an adjective to make a new meaning.
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ます</strike></span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ Adj</p>
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</div>
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## ~やすい
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Means:
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* easy to do
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* likely to happen
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* has a tendency of
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> [!info] Example
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> 見==やすい==。
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> Easy to see.
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>
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> {泣|な}き==やすい==。
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> Prone to crying.
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## ~にくい・~づらい
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Means that something is difficult to do.
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While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective manner, for actions that are intentional.
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> [!info] Example
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> 見==にくい==。
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> Difficult to see.
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## ~始める
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Means that something starts or has started. Expresses intentionality.
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> [!info] Example
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> {飲|の}み=={始|はじ}まる==。
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> To start to drink.
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## ~出す
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Means that something suddenly started. Has the nuance of being unintentional, or cannot be avoided.
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> [!info] Example
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> 雨が降り==出した==。
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> It suddenly started raining.
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## ~続く
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Means that something continues.
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> [!info] Example
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> {飲|の}み=={続|つづ}ける==。
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> To continue to drink.
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## ~終わる
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Means that something ends.
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> [!info] Example
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> {飲|の}み=={終|お}わります==。
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> To stop to drink.
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1- Grammar/Comparison.md
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1- Grammar/Comparison.md
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# Comparison
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## より
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With the following pattern, it means that A is "more" Adj than B.
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<div class="usage">
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<p class="r">AはB +</p>
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">より</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ Adj + です</p>
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</div>
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> [!info] Example
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> 電車は車==より=={速|はや}いです。
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> Trains are faster than cars.
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## より～ほうが
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ ほうが</p>
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</div>
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With the following pattern, it means that B is more than A:
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<div class="usage">
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<p class="r">A +</p>
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">より</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="r">+ B +</p>
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<div class="">
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<p><span class="box">ほうが</span></p>
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</div>
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</div>
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より indicates the lesser thing, and ほうが the greater thing.
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> [!info] Example
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> 昨日==より==今日の=={方|ほう}が==寒いです。
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> Today is colder than yesterday.
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## ほうがいい
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Means "should", or "it would be better", as an advice. It's better than not doing it.
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Used with a verb.
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> [!info] Example
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> 毎日{練習|れんしゅう}する==ほうがいい==。
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> It's better to train everyday.
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1- Grammar/Conditional.md
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1- Grammar/Conditional.md
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# Conditional
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## と
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ と</p>
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</div>
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Means "if" when a result is known or assumed to be true, aka a logical cause-effect relationship. Cannot be used if the result is uncertain. So it cannot be an intention, a request, a desire, an order, etc.
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> [!info] Example
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> {急|いそ}いでない==と==、{遅刻|ちこく}に{着|つ}きます。
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> If you don't hurry, you'll arrive late.
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## なら
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (casual) + (の)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj + (の)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + (の)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ なら</p>
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</div>
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Means "in the case that/of". The second part of the sentence is generally an opinion, a request or a suggestion.
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Adding の adds emphasis.
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> [!info] Example
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> 車を使う==なら==、気を{付|つ}けて。
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> If you're using a car, be careful.
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## えば・なければ
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Positive form:
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (う -> え)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj + けれ</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + なら</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + なら</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ ば</p>
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</div>
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Negative form:
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V <strike>ない</strike></span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>ない</strike></span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + で</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ なければ</p>
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</div>
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See Conjugation [[Basics]] for verbs (the う sound transforms the the corresponding え sound).
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Means "if". A conditional relationship without the cause-effect relationship of と.
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> [!info] Examples
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> 雨が止==めれば==、店に行く。
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> If it stops raining, I'll go to the store.
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>
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> おいしい==でなければ==、食べません。
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> If it's not good, I will not eat it.
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## たら
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> + かった</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だった</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + だった</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ ら</p>
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</div>
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Means "if" or "when". Describes a condition (the first action must be completed before the second action). Usually used for hypothetical situations. It is the main word used for conditional.
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> [!info] Example
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> 安==かったら==、買う。
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> (If / When) it's cheap, I'll buy it.
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## 場合
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ 場合は</p>
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</div>
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Means "in the case of". The second part explains what to do in the situation (instructions, advices, etc). More formal than たら.
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> [!info] Example
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> {地震|じ|しん}==の{場合|ば|あい}は==、エレベーターを使わないでください。
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> In case of an earthquake, please don't use the elevators.
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1- Grammar/Connectors.md
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1- Grammar/Connectors.md
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# Connectors (conjunctions)
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## ばかり
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Means "only" or "nothing but", and can convey surprise or negative judgment depending on the context.
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Used with nouns and verbs.
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> [!info] Examples
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> この{国|くに}の{春|はる}は雨==ばかり==だ！
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> In this country, there's nothing but rain in spring.
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>
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> うちの{子供|こども}はテレビ==ばかり==見てる。
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> My child does nothing but watching TV.
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## だけで
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Means "just by doing".
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Used with nouns and verbs.
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> [!info] Example
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> 会う==だけで=={幸|しあわ}せになる。
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> Just by meeting you, I get happy.
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## 又は
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または can be used for two things:
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* choosing between two options ("or")
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* listing two options ("both")
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> [!info] Example
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> 日本語=={又|また}は==英語でしゃべれます。
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> I can speak both Japanese and English.
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## それでも
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Means "but still", "even so", "anyway".
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> [!info] Example
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> 雨が{降|ふ}っていた、==それでも==出かけていた。
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> It was raining, but I still went out.
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## のに
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### Even tough
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + な</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ のに</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
The first meaning is "although", "even tough".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 食べたばかり==なのに==、まだお{腹|なか}が{空|す}いた。
|
||||
> Even tough I just ate, I'm still hungry.
|
||||
|
||||
### In order to
|
||||
|
||||
Means "to do", "in order to".
|
||||
Used with a verb (dictionary).
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {勉強|べんきょう}する==のに=={図書館|としょかん}に行くつもりです。
|
||||
> In order to study, I plan to go to the library.
|
||||
|
||||
## And: そして, それから, それに, それで
|
||||
|
||||
See [[Listing#Connecting sentences]].
|
||||
23
1- Grammar/Decision.md
Normal file
23
1- Grammar/Decision.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
# Decision
|
||||
|
||||
## ことになる
|
||||
|
||||
Used for a decision that is made from an external factor. Means "it has been decided that".
|
||||
Used with verbs.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {病気|びょうき}だから少し{仕事|しごと}を休む==ことになった==。
|
||||
> I had to take some time off work because I was sick.
|
||||
|
||||
## ことにする
|
||||
|
||||
Used for a decision that is made by oneself. Means "to decide on".
|
||||
Used with verbs.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {吸|す}うを止める==ことにしました==。
|
||||
> I decided to stop smoking.
|
||||
|
||||
## にする
|
||||
|
||||
See [[Actions#To decide]].
|
||||
119
1- Grammar/Description.md
Normal file
119
1- Grammar/Description.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
|
||||
# Description
|
||||
|
||||
## って・って言う・と言う
|
||||
|
||||
Means "named", "called".
|
||||
* って and っていう: used after a noun.
|
||||
* という: used after a noun or a phrase.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> ゴキブリ==って==虫しっているか。
|
||||
> Do you know the insect named cockroach?
|
||||
>
|
||||
> スペイン語で、ゴキブリは「クカラチャ」==といいます==。
|
||||
> In Spanish, cockroaches are called cucaracha.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> {台風|たいふう}が来る==という==ニュース。
|
||||
> A news that a typhoon is coming.
|
||||
|
||||
## と言ってもいい
|
||||
|
||||
Means "you could say".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> サッカーは{彼|かれ}の{得意|とくい}です。ほとんどサッカーのプロ==と言ってもいい==。
|
||||
|
||||
## まま
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ まま</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means that something doesn't change state, stays as it is.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> {開|あ}けた==まま==。
|
||||
> To be left open.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> {熱|あつ}い==まま==。
|
||||
> Still hot.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> {昔|むかし}の==まま==。
|
||||
> As it always been.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> その==まま==でいい。
|
||||
> It is fine as it is.
|
||||
|
||||
## がする
|
||||
|
||||
This means to experience a sense (except visual): to smell, to hear, to taste, etc, depending on the noun.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> いい{匂|にお}い==がする==。
|
||||
> It smells good.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 今日は{最悪|さいあく}日=={気|き}がする==。
|
||||
> I feel like today is the worst.
|
||||
|
||||
## から作る・で作る
|
||||
|
||||
Means "made from".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> チーズは{牛乳|ぎゅうにゅう}==から作る==。
|
||||
> Cheese is made from milk.
|
||||
|
||||
## のが{好き・上手・下手}
|
||||
|
||||
Means "to {like/be good/be bad}" at an action.
|
||||
Used with a verb in dictionary form.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> テレビでサッカーを見る==のが{好|す}き==です。
|
||||
> I like watching soccer on the television.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 彼女は料理を作る==のが{上手|じょうず}==と思います。
|
||||
> I think she is a good cook.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> {絵|え}を{塗|ぬる}る==のが{下手|へた}==です。
|
||||
> I'm not good at painting.
|
||||
|
||||
## くらい・ぐらい
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ くらい・ぐらい</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means "about" or "approximately" when talking about numbers or counter words. ぐらい is more common in conversations, but can change depending on the preceding word.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {電車|でんしゃ}はどの==くらい==で{到着|とうちゃく}しますか。
|
||||
> About how much time will the train take to arrive?
|
||||
>
|
||||
> {医者|いしゃ}に１時間==ぐらい==を{待|ま}ってました。
|
||||
> I waited approximately an hour for the doctor.
|
||||
|
||||
Also used to compare things as being similar.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {友達|ともだち}と{試験|しけん}の{結果|けっか}は{同|おな}じ==ぐらい==です。
|
||||
> My friend and I have about the same results at the test.
|
||||
|
||||
Also means "to the extent of".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 食べなくて{寝|ね}たい==ぐらい=={疲|つか}れています。
|
||||
> I'm tired to the extent of not eating and going to sleep.
|
||||
9
1- Grammar/Experience.md
Normal file
9
1- Grammar/Experience.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
||||
# Experience
|
||||
|
||||
## たことがある
|
||||
|
||||
Used with past verbs to talk about things experienced before.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 日本に行==ったことがあるですか==。
|
||||
> Have you ever been to Japan?
|
||||
89
1- Grammar/Give - Receive - Lend - Borrow.md
Normal file
89
1- Grammar/Give - Receive - Lend - Borrow.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
|
||||
# Give and receive; lend and borrow
|
||||
|
||||
## Give and receive
|
||||
|
||||
### あげる
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<p class="r">Giver が Receiver に Object を + </p>
|
||||
<div class="">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">あげる</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Used when you give an object to someone.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {友達|とも|だち}に本を==あげる==。
|
||||
> I give a book to my friend.
|
||||
|
||||
### くれる
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<p class="r">Giver が Receiver に Object を + </p>
|
||||
<div class="">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">くれる</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Used when someone gives an object to you.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {友達|とも|だち}が本を==くれる==。
|
||||
> My friend gives me a book.
|
||||
|
||||
### もらう
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<p class="r">Receiver が Giver {に・から} Object を + </p>
|
||||
<div class="">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">もらう</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Used when you receive an object from someone.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {友達|とも|だち}に本を==もらう==。
|
||||
> I get a book from my friend.
|
||||
|
||||
### When to use?
|
||||
|
||||
#### Giving
|
||||
|
||||
There's a nuance between the two terms depending on who you are close to.
|
||||
The general rule is that you:
|
||||
* use ==あげる== if you, your friends or family give something to others (closer to giver's side).
|
||||
* use ==くれる== if you, your friends or family are receiving things from others (closer to receiver's side).
|
||||
|
||||
In both cases, the topic is the giver.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Receiving
|
||||
|
||||
There's only one word: ==もらう==, and it doesn't matter who you are close to.
|
||||
|
||||
In this case, the topic is the receiver.
|
||||
|
||||
## Lend and borrow
|
||||
|
||||
### 貸す
|
||||
|
||||
{貸|か}す means to lend.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> 傘を==貸しました==。
|
||||
> I lent my umbrella.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 傘を==貸して==くれませんか？
|
||||
> Could you do me a favor of lending me your umbrella?
|
||||
>
|
||||
> トイレ==貸りて==もいい。
|
||||
> Could I use your toilets?
|
||||
|
||||
### 借りる
|
||||
|
||||
{借|か}りる means to borrow.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 傘を==借りました==。
|
||||
> I borrowed the umbrella.
|
||||
138
1- Grammar/Listing.md
Normal file
138
1- Grammar/Listing.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
|
||||
# Listing
|
||||
|
||||
## Connecting sentences
|
||||
|
||||
### そして
|
||||
|
||||
This conjunction means "and". It implies a cause-effect relationship between the two sentences. There's an interconnection, where the order of the actions cannot be changed.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> バスケットボールをした。==そして==水を{飲|の}んだ。
|
||||
> I played basketball. Then, I drank water.
|
||||
|
||||
### それから
|
||||
|
||||
This conjunction means "and" or "after that". It implies a chronological order to the events. Since there's no interconnection, the order of actions could be changed.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> スーパーに行きました。==それから=={弁当|べんとう}を食べました。
|
||||
> I went to the supermarket. After that, I ate my bento.
|
||||
|
||||
### それに
|
||||
|
||||
This conjunction means "and", "besides" or "in addition". Implies a new information in relation to the precedent one. It is not used to add a negative information to a positive one, and vice-versa.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> 昨日、{病気|びょうき}になった。==それに==パソコンも{壊|こわ}れた。
|
||||
> I got sick yesterday. Beside, my computer broke.
|
||||
|
||||
### それで
|
||||
|
||||
Means "because of that", "therefore". Substitutes the first sentence happening before by それ, highlighting information from it.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> {子供|こども}のころ、毎日{電車|でんしゃ}で{通|かよ}うていた。==それで=={電車|でんしゃ}{運転手|うんてんしゅ}になりたかった。
|
||||
> When I was a child, I took the train to school every day. Because of that, I wanted to be a train driver.
|
||||
|
||||
## Exhaustive listing
|
||||
|
||||
### と
|
||||
|
||||
This particles means "and" or "with". Used for a list that is exhaustive. Connects sentences.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> 犬==と=={住|す}んでいます。
|
||||
> I live with my dog.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> フランス語==と==スペイン語を習っています。
|
||||
> I am learning French and Spanish.
|
||||
|
||||
### て connecting
|
||||
|
||||
Used for a list that is exhaustive. Connects verbs.
|
||||
See [[TeF (1) - basics#て sequence]].
|
||||
|
||||
## Unexhaustive listing
|
||||
|
||||
### や
|
||||
|
||||
Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "among other things". Formal.
|
||||
Used only with nouns. Cannot be repeated!
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> フランス==や==スペインに{旅行|りょこう}しました。
|
||||
> I travelled to France and Spain (among others).
|
||||
|
||||
### など
|
||||
|
||||
Means "things as". Can be used with や for a meaning like "etc".
|
||||
Used with nouns. Cannot be repeated!
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> お金がないのでカフェ**や**レストラン==など=={払|はら}えない。
|
||||
> I can't pay things like cafes or restaurant (etc.) because I have no money.
|
||||
|
||||
### とか～とか
|
||||
|
||||
Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "among other things". More casual than や or たり～たり. Ending a sentence with とか can soften the meaning. Can also be used to quote someone.
|
||||
Only used with verbs and nouns. Can be repeated.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> {果物|くだもの}はバナナ==とか==リンゴ==とか==が好きです。
|
||||
> I like fruits like bananas and apples.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 明日{野球|やきゅう}==とか==しようか。
|
||||
> Do you want to play baseball (or something) tomorrow?
|
||||
>
|
||||
> もう{諦|あきら}めよう==とか==言わないで。
|
||||
> Don't say (things like) we should already give up.
|
||||
|
||||
### たり～たり
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V-た</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> かった</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だった</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + だった</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ り</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
This is used to list things that are related, in an unexhaustive way. Translates to "do things such as".
|
||||
Usually used to talk about things like hobbies, explaining liked things, activities done, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {週末|しゅうまつ}に{泳|およ}い==だり==、{散歩|さんぽ}し==たり==、{買|か}い{物|もの}し==たり==します。
|
||||
> On the weekends, I do things like swimming, walking and shopping.
|
||||
|
||||
### し
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ し</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Used for a list that is unexhaustive, going in the same direction: for example reasons, causes, qualities, etc.
|
||||
It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> この電車は{速|はや}い==し==デザインもかっこいい。
|
||||
> This train is fast and has a cool design.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 言ってない==し==！
|
||||
> I never said that!
|
||||
|
||||
## Summing up
|
||||
|
||||
🛠 To do: finish.
|
||||
|
||||
* ==や== is formal and cannot be repeated (nouns only). Can be completed by ==など==.
|
||||
* ==とか== is casual and can be repeated.
|
||||
* ==たり==
|
||||
* ==し==
|
||||
98
1- Grammar/Must (not).md
Normal file
98
1- Grammar/Must (not).md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
||||
# Must & must Not
|
||||
|
||||
## が必要・必要がある
|
||||
|
||||
Means "needed" or "necessary".
|
||||
が{必要|ひつよう} is used mainly with nouns (can be used with verbs by appending こと before).
|
||||
{必要|ひつよう}がある is used with verbs.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {今時|いまどき}、{携帯電話|けいたいでんわ}==が必要です==。
|
||||
> Nowadays, a cell phone is necessary.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 今日はパン{屋|や}に行く==必要がない==。
|
||||
> No need to go to the bakery today.
|
||||
|
||||
## Must
|
||||
|
||||
### なくちゃ・なきゃ
|
||||
|
||||
Only used on casual spoken conversations.
|
||||
This form is used with the negative form of a verb (ない), and adding なくちゃ and optionally one of the following ending: だめ, いけない, いけません, ならない, なりません.
|
||||
|
||||
なくちゃ is the shortened form of なくては.
|
||||
なきゃ is the shortened form of なければ.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {歯|は}を{磨|みが}か==なくちゃいけない==。
|
||||
> I must brush my teeth.
|
||||
|
||||
### なくては{いけない・ならない}
|
||||
|
||||
Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 今{遅|おそ}いね。{寝|ね}に行か==なくてはいけない==。
|
||||
> It's late now. I have to go to sleep.
|
||||
|
||||
### なければ{いけない・ならない}
|
||||
|
||||
Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {事務所|じむしょ}では{静|しず}かにし==なければならない==。
|
||||
> You have to be quiet in the office.
|
||||
|
||||
### ないといけない
|
||||
|
||||
Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
|
||||
In casual contexts, can be shortened as ないと.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 今日は{勉強|べんきょう}し==ないといけない==。
|
||||
> I have to study today.
|
||||
|
||||
### Comparing いけない and ならない
|
||||
|
||||
* ==いけない== is the standardly used form. It implies a subjective view, that it would be better to do something, to avoid negative consequences (eg: brushing one's teeth, eating well, etc).
|
||||
* ==ならない== is usually more formal or in written form. It implies a is more objective view, something that has to be done because there's no other way (eg: respecting the law, paying taxes, etc).
|
||||
|
||||
### Comparing なくては, なければ and ないと
|
||||
|
||||
なくては and なければ are generally interchangeable in speech. However:
|
||||
* ==なくては== is generally used when there is _no penalty_ for not complying.
|
||||
* ==なければ== is generally used when there _is a penalty_ for not complying.
|
||||
* ==ないと== is lighter and does not imply that there can or cannot be penalty. Its construction is based on the [[Conditional#と]] particle, and should be based on knowledge or experience.
|
||||
|
||||
## Must not
|
||||
|
||||
#### ちゃ・じゃ{だめ・いけない・いけません}
|
||||
|
||||
Only used on casual spoken conversations. いけません is a bit more formal.
|
||||
This form is used with a V-て, depending on the ending:
|
||||
* with て, ちゃ is used.
|
||||
* with で, じゃ is used.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> その{花|はな}を食べ==ちゃだめ==。
|
||||
> Don't eat those flowers.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> {花瓶|か|びん}の水を{飲|の}ん==じゃいけない==。
|
||||
> Don't drink the water of the flower vase.
|
||||
|
||||
### てはいけない
|
||||
|
||||
Used in a more formal or written manner. Used with a V-て.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {鉄道|てつ|どう}に{歩|ある}い==てはいけません==。
|
||||
> Do not walk on the railroad.
|
||||
|
||||
### なくてもいい
|
||||
|
||||
Means "don't have to". Used with a verb in the negative form (ない), appending なくてもいい.
|
||||
Can also be used as なくていい.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 今日はレストランで{手伝|て|つ}わ==なくてもいい==。
|
||||
> You don't have to help out at the restaurant today (it's okay if you don't help at the restaurant today).
|
||||
253
1- Grammar/Observation - Description.md
Normal file
253
1- Grammar/Observation - Description.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
|
||||
# Observation & description
|
||||
|
||||
## がる・がっている
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ がる ・ がっている</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
This transforms adjective into verbs, and means "to show signs of", "to appear like".
|
||||
Can be conjugated: がっている means to currently show signs, がていた means to have shown signs.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {彼女|かのじょ}は虫を{怖|ごわ}がる。
|
||||
> She seems afraid of insects.
|
||||
|
||||
## がり
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ がり</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Expresses a personality trait (tendency to, sensitivity towards).
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {彼|かれ}はを{怖|ごわ}がり。
|
||||
> He has a tendency of being scared.
|
||||
|
||||
## Looks like
|
||||
|
||||
### よう
|
||||
|
||||
Means that it looks like. Used from direct knowledge or experience, with a high degree of confidence. It is a more polite form of みたい.
|
||||
|
||||
#### ようだ
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ ようだ</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means that it looks like, appears like, seems like.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {子供|こども}が{嬉|うれ}しい==ようだ==。
|
||||
> The kids look happy (= I can see them laughing and smiling).
|
||||
|
||||
#### ように・ような
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ [ように + V] ・ [ような + N]</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Expresses "in the manner of".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> {新幹線|しんかんせん}の==ような=={速度|そく|ど}。
|
||||
> Speed like a Shinkansen.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> アヒルの==ように==食べる。
|
||||
> To eat like a duck.
|
||||
|
||||
### みたい
|
||||
|
||||
みたい means similar to, like. Used for direct observation, with a high degree of certainty in consequence.
|
||||
It is a less polite form of ようだ.
|
||||
|
||||
#### みたいだ
|
||||
|
||||
The basic form, used with all forms of words.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 今日は暑いですね。夏==みたい==だな。
|
||||
> It's hot today, isn't it. It looks like it's summer.
|
||||
|
||||
#### みたいに
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ みたいに + V / Adj</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
The adverbial form.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 犬==みたいに==食べた。
|
||||
> I ate like a dog.
|
||||
|
||||
#### みたいな
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ みたいな + N</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Similar to the precedent form, but when using with nouns.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {故郷|ふる|さと}==みたい==な町だ。
|
||||
> A city like my hometown.
|
||||
|
||||
### っぽい
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ っぽい</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
This has the meaning of like, easy to, _-ish_. Makes a direct comparison with certainty, from the point of view of the person saying it. Close to an even more casual meaning of みたい.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> {子供|こ|ども}==っぽい==。
|
||||
> Childish.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> {忘|わす}れ==っぽい==。
|
||||
> Easy to forget.
|
||||
|
||||
### らしい
|
||||
|
||||
Expresses an information based on hearsay, or based on the situation, or ressemblance. This is always used bases on a source that is unknown or ambiguous. It can be similar to a guess.
|
||||
Also used for something typical.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> 男==らしい==。
|
||||
> Typical of a man (befitting of a man).
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 今日は{君|きみ}==らしくない==。
|
||||
> You aren't yourself today.
|
||||
|
||||
### そう
|
||||
|
||||
#### そうだ
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means "I heard that".
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means that it looks like.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> テストは{難|むず}しい==だそうだ==。
|
||||
> The exam is said to be difficult.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> おいし==そうだ==。
|
||||
> lt looks like it is delicious.
|
||||
|
||||
#### そうに・そうな
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ そうに・そうな + N・V</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Also means that it looks like, but connecting to nouns and verbs.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 面白==そうに==人です。
|
||||
> He seems like an interesting person.
|
||||
|
||||
### Summing it up
|
||||
|
||||
🛠 To do: check validity.
|
||||
|
||||
* ==ようだ== is a formal way to say that it looks like, usually from direct observation.
|
||||
* ==みたい== is a less formal way, used in a casual conversation.
|
||||
* ==っぽい== is even more casual. A girl trying to be masculine would be 男っぽい.
|
||||
* ==らしい== is usually used when something is typical or expected. The same girl wouldn't be either 女らしい or 男っぽい because it's not what is expected from her.
|
||||
* ==そうだ== is used for something that is hearsay or not directly observation, more as a guess.
|
||||
|
||||
## に見える
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual) + ように</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike>く</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + に</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + (のよう) + に</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ 見える</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
This is used (unlike other forms that can apply to abstract similarities) exclusively for visual resemblance.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {彼女|かのじょ}はフランス人==に見える==。
|
||||
> She looks like she is French.
|
||||
|
||||
## I heard that...
|
||||
|
||||
### と言われている
|
||||
|
||||
Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
|
||||
For nouns, だ is placed before.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
|
||||
> The curry of this restaurant is good (someone told me).
|
||||
|
||||
### と聞いた
|
||||
|
||||
Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
|
||||
> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).
|
||||
39
1- Grammar/Opposition.md
Normal file
39
1- Grammar/Opposition.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
# Opposition
|
||||
|
||||
## が
|
||||
|
||||
Between two sentences, it has the meaning of "but".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> この{建物|たてもの}は大きいです==が==、トイレは{一|ひと}つだけあります。
|
||||
> This building is huge but has only one toilet.
|
||||
|
||||
## でも
|
||||
|
||||
This is the basic way to say "but".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> コンビニに行きました。==でも==、何も買わなかった。
|
||||
> I went to the convenience store. But I didn't buy anything.
|
||||
|
||||
## しかし
|
||||
|
||||
This is similar to でも, meaning "however", but usually more formal and most commonly found in written form.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {戦争|せん|そう}は{悪|わる}いこと。==しかし==、{人類|じん|るい}はいつも{戦|たたか}っています
|
||||
> War is bad. However, humanity is always fighting.
|
||||
|
||||
## けど・けれども
|
||||
|
||||
けれども is more formal than けど. Contrary to でも (which is more stand-alone), this links two clauses. The second clause can also be implicit and not said.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {外|そと}は{暑|あつ}い==けど==行きたい。
|
||||
> It's hot outside but I'd still like to go.
|
||||
|
||||
It can also be used to soften your assertion.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {明日|あした}に行きたい==けど==。
|
||||
> I'd like to go tomorrow... (but I don't want to cause any inconvenience).
|
||||
35
1- Grammar/Planning - Wishing.md
Normal file
35
1- Grammar/Planning - Wishing.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
# Planning & wishing
|
||||
|
||||
## ようと思う
|
||||
|
||||
Means "thinking of doing".
|
||||
Used with a verb in the volitional form (よう).
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> レストランへ行こ==うと{思|おも}います==。
|
||||
> I'm thinking of going to the restaurant.
|
||||
|
||||
## つもり
|
||||
|
||||
Means "intend to".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 明日ゲームセンターに行く==つもり==はない。
|
||||
> I don't plan to go to the arcade tomorrow.
|
||||
|
||||
## よてい
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ 予定だ</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
It means "plan to".
|
||||
This form is stronger than つもり. For a same sentence, the nuance could be a strong intention for つもり, while with よてい the plan has already been booked.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 来年日本へ行く=={予定|よてい}==です。
|
||||
> I'm planning to go to Japan next year (I have my tickets).
|
||||
81
1- Grammar/Possibility - Obligation.md
Normal file
81
1- Grammar/Possibility - Obligation.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
||||
# Possibility and obligation
|
||||
|
||||
## でも
|
||||
|
||||
Used to list one or more possible options.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> ジュース==でも==お茶==でも==飲もうか。
|
||||
> Shall we drink something like a juice or tea?
|
||||
|
||||
## かもしれない
|
||||
|
||||
Express a possibility, like "perhaps".
|
||||
By order of politeness: かもしれません > かもしれない > かも.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 今日も来る==かもしれない==。
|
||||
> He might come today too.
|
||||
|
||||
## かどうか
|
||||
|
||||
Means "whether or not".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 行きたい==かどうか=={分|わ}からない。
|
||||
> I'm not sure if I want to go or not.
|
||||
|
||||
## はずだ・はずがない
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ はずだ ・ はずがない</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
はずだ means "it must/should be", while はずがない means "it cannot be".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> {彼|かれ}は今日来る==はずだ==。
|
||||
> He should be coming today.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> そんあ==はずがありません==。
|
||||
> This cannot be true.
|
||||
|
||||
## ぜひ
|
||||
|
||||
Means certainly, definitely. Expresses a wish.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> この{映画|えい|が}==ぜひ==見ます。
|
||||
> I'll watch this movie for sure.
|
||||
|
||||
## きっと
|
||||
|
||||
Means surely, almost certainly. Express an expectation.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> ==きっと==雨でしょう。
|
||||
> It will surely rain.
|
||||
|
||||
## 必ず
|
||||
|
||||
Means certainly, definitely. Expresses an obligation.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 明日の{授業|じゅ|ぎょう}=={必|かなら}ず==来てください。
|
||||
> Please be sure to attend tomorrow's class.
|
||||
|
||||
## ことができる
|
||||
|
||||
Means "can", "able to".
|
||||
It has the same meaning as the potential form (see Conjugation [[Basics]]).
|
||||
食べる => 食べられる = 食べることができる.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {英語|えいご}を{話|はな}す==ことが出来ない==。
|
||||
> I cannot speak English.
|
||||
90
1- Grammar/Question.md
Normal file
90
1- Grammar/Question.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
|
||||
# Question
|
||||
|
||||
## か
|
||||
|
||||
At the end of a sentence, this particle asks a question, like a question mark.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {猫|ねこ}が好きです==か==。
|
||||
> Do you like cats?
|
||||
|
||||
It can also be used when there is uncertainty between two or more choices. It can be used once or multiple times.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 犬==か==猫==か==、どちら{選|えら}んでますかな。
|
||||
> Which should I chose, a dog or a cat?
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 雨==か=={分|わ}かりません。
|
||||
> I don't know if it will rain.
|
||||
|
||||
## Probably - right - isn't it?
|
||||
|
||||
### でしょう
|
||||
|
||||
Means "probably", "right?". The polite version of だろう.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> この{服|}はきれい==でしょう==。
|
||||
> These clothes are beautiful, aren't they? (It's probably what you also think?)
|
||||
|
||||
### だろう
|
||||
|
||||
Means "probably", "right?". The casual version of でしょう.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 今日また雨==だろう==。
|
||||
> It will probably rain again.
|
||||
|
||||
### ではないか
|
||||
|
||||
Means "isn't it?". The polite version of じゃないか.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 今の{揺|ゆ}れは{地震|じ|しん}==ではないか==。
|
||||
> That shaking is an earthquake, isn't it?
|
||||
|
||||
### じゃないか
|
||||
|
||||
Means "isn't it?". The casual version of ではないか.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> アイスクリームを食べよう==じゃないか==。
|
||||
> Let's have some ice cream, shall we?
|
||||
|
||||
### ね
|
||||
|
||||
This particle when added to the end of a sentence meaning "right?".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 今日は{寒|さむ}いです==ね==。
|
||||
> It's cold today, right?
|
||||
|
||||
### Summing up
|
||||
|
||||
* ==でしょう==・==だろう== expresses a probability or an assumption.
|
||||
* ==ではないか==・==じゃないか== invites or suggests an action.
|
||||
* ==ね== asks an agreement or a confirmation.
|
||||
|
||||
## かな・かしら
|
||||
|
||||
Means "I wonder", "should I?". かな is a neutral form, while かしら sounds feminine.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> この{帽子|ぼうし}を{被|かぶ}ろう==かな==。
|
||||
|
||||
## かい
|
||||
|
||||
Using this particle, the sentences becomes a yes/no question. Very casual, masculine connotation.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 来るの==かい==。
|
||||
> Are you coming?
|
||||
|
||||
## どうやって
|
||||
|
||||
Means "how", "in what way".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> これを==どうやって==作れましたか。
|
||||
> How did you make this?
|
||||
|
||||
56
1- Grammar/Reason.md
Normal file
56
1- Grammar/Reason.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
|
||||
# Reason
|
||||
|
||||
## ので
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ ので</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Used after a reason, to explain the consequence. Means "because of", "since".
|
||||
It is more objective than から: it expresses a situation that exists, and that is outside of one's control. For this reason, it can also be perceived as more polite.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 雨な==ので==傘を持ってきてください。
|
||||
> Since it is raining, please bring an umbrella.
|
||||
|
||||
## から
|
||||
|
||||
See [[🔰 Particles (2)#Because]].
|
||||
It is more subjective than ので: it expresses more personal needs/actions/opinions.
|
||||
|
||||
## んです・のです
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ んだ・んです・のだ・のです</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
It is used to explain or put emphasis on something.
|
||||
のだ・のです is a bit more formal than んだ・んです.
|
||||
It is only used with nouns when asking questions.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {良|よ}い{仕事|しごと}な==のです==か。
|
||||
> Is it a good job?
|
||||
>
|
||||
> もう言った==んだ==よ！
|
||||
> I've already told you!
|
||||
|
||||
## のは・のが
|
||||
|
||||
See [[Transformation#のは・のが sentence as noun]].
|
||||
|
||||
## のに
|
||||
|
||||
See [[Connectors#のに]].
|
||||
55
1- Grammar/Request.md
Normal file
55
1- Grammar/Request.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
|
||||
# Request
|
||||
|
||||
## てください
|
||||
|
||||
It is a polite request that is translated as "please do". See Conjugation [[Basics]] ("command").
|
||||
In casual speech, can be shortened to て.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {消|けし}しゴムを{貸|か}し==て==。
|
||||
> Lend me your eraser.
|
||||
|
||||
## てもいい
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V-て</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くて</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + で</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ もいい</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means "is it alright if?", "may I?".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> ここに{座|すわ}て==もいい==ですか。
|
||||
> May I sit here?
|
||||
|
||||
## ないでください
|
||||
|
||||
Means "please don't". It is a polite request. Removing the ください makes it more casual.
|
||||
Formed by a verb in the negative form (ない) with the で particle.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {冷蔵庫|れいぞうこ}のデザートは食べ==ないでください==。
|
||||
> Please do not eat the dessert from the fridge.
|
||||
|
||||
## なさい
|
||||
|
||||
This form is used when commanding an action.
|
||||
It is used with verbs by removing the ます and adding なさい. In casual conversation, it can be shortened to な.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {質問|しつ|もん}を{答|こた}え==なさい==。
|
||||
> Answer the question.
|
||||
|
||||
## ように言う
|
||||
|
||||
It means "to tell", "to request", "to order".
|
||||
It is form by added ように{言|い}う to a verb. The verb {頼|たの}む can be used for requests, while {命|めい}じる can be used for order. The verb {言|い}う can tell the three meanings depending on the tone.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {子供|こども}にお{菓子|か|し}を食べない==ように言った==。
|
||||
> I told the kids to not eat candies.
|
||||
234
1- Grammar/Time.md
Normal file
234
1- Grammar/Time.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
|
||||
# Time
|
||||
|
||||
## とき
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ とき</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means "time". When used like this, means "at the time of".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 行った==とき==、{誰|だれ}もいなかった。
|
||||
> When I went, no one was there.
|
||||
|
||||
## ところ
|
||||
|
||||
Means "just about to". Used when describing what we're about to do.
|
||||
Used by combining to a verb.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 今ご{飯|はん}を作る==ところ==です。
|
||||
> I'm about to make dinner.
|
||||
|
||||
## ことがある
|
||||
|
||||
Means "there are time when".
|
||||
Used by combining to a verb.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {時々|とき|どき}パリへ行く==ことがある==。
|
||||
> I sometimes go to Paris.
|
||||
|
||||
## ながら
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="r"> + ながら + ...</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means "while", "simultaneously".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {歩|ある}き==ながら=={電話|でん|わ}を見ています。
|
||||
> While walking, I'm looking at my phone.
|
||||
|
||||
## 間
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ 間</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means "while" or "during". Used to express something that is done for the whole period of time.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 電車に{乗|の}っている=={間|あいだ}==、ゲームをしてた。
|
||||
> While I was on the train, I was playing a game.
|
||||
|
||||
Can also be used to talk about a distance between two physical places or the time between two things.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> １時から９じまでの==間==、{寝|ね}ます。
|
||||
> I sleep between 1AM and 9AM.
|
||||
|
||||
## 間に
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual, non-past)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ 間に</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
A first meaning is similar to {間|あいだ} (while), but with intentionality.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 電車に{乗|の}った==間に==、本を読みました。
|
||||
> While I was on the train, I read a book.
|
||||
|
||||
A second meaning is a statement of something that happened during a time period, independently of your actions.
|
||||
Contrary to 間, it doesn't include the whole time period. So 間に means that at a point during the time period, something happened.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {夜|よる}の==間に==、{隣|となり}の木が{落|お}ちていた。
|
||||
> During the night, the tree next door fell.
|
||||
|
||||
# から～まで
|
||||
|
||||
See から: [[🔰 Particles (2)#From, since]].
|
||||
See まで: [[🔰 Particles (2)#まで]].
|
||||
See から～まで: [[🔰 Particles (2)#から～まで]].
|
||||
|
||||
## 前に
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ 前に</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means before (time) or in front of (place).
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> {寝|ねる}る=={前|まえ}に==、レストランに行こうと思います。
|
||||
> I think I'll go to the restaurant before sleeping.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> レストランの==前に=={自転車|じ|てん|しゃ}があります。
|
||||
> There are bikes in front of the restaurant.
|
||||
|
||||
## 後で
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ 後で</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means after or later.
|
||||
⚠ Only works with the past form of verbs!
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 食べた=={後|あと}で==、寝ます。
|
||||
> After eating, I'll go to sleep.
|
||||
|
||||
## さっき
|
||||
|
||||
Means that something happened recently, either just now, or a little while ago.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> ==さっき==家に出てきた。
|
||||
> I just left home.
|
||||
|
||||
## たところ
|
||||
|
||||
Combined with a verb in the past tense, it express that something just occurred (something just ended, just started, etc).
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 今食べた==ところ==だ。
|
||||
> I just finished to eat right now.
|
||||
|
||||
## ているところ
|
||||
|
||||
See [[TeF (2) - manner of doing#ているところ]].
|
||||
|
||||
## たばかり
|
||||
|
||||
Combined with a verb in the past tense, it express that something just occurred (something just ended, just started, etc). It is more subjective than ところ. It doesn't have to be something that literally just happened, but something that feels like it just happened.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 今食べた==ばかり==だ。
|
||||
> I just finished to eat right now.
|
||||
|
||||
When comparing the two examples, the meaning is different depending on the context. Imagine a friend asking you to go eat with him. When using ところ, it means you just finished your meal this instant. When using ばかり, it means that it feels too soon to eat again just yet from your point of view, independently of how much time has really passed.
|
||||
|
||||
## 急に
|
||||
|
||||
Means that something happened unexpectedly or quickly.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> =={急|きゅう}に==電車が{現|あらわ}れた。
|
||||
> A train suddenly appeared.
|
||||
|
||||
## やっと
|
||||
|
||||
Means that something happened at last. More rarely means "barely".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> ==やっと=={論文|ろん|ぶん}を書き{終|お}わった。
|
||||
> I finally finished writing my thesis.
|
||||
|
||||
## までに
|
||||
|
||||
This indicates a time limit for the action, similar to "by".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {来週|らい|しゅう}==までに=={終|お}わってください。
|
||||
> Please finish by next week.
|
||||
|
||||
## おきに
|
||||
|
||||
This is used for repeated intervals, after a noun indicating something measurable.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> この電車は４分==おきに=={出発|しゅ|っぱつ}します。
|
||||
> This train leaves every four minutes.
|
||||
|
||||
## ころ・ごろ
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ ごろ</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means "around" or "about".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 午後８時==ごろ==来てください。
|
||||
> Please come around 8PM.
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い/な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ ころ</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means "when".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 子供の==ころ==、毎日{公園|こうえん}で{遊|あそ}んだ。
|
||||
> When I was a kid, I played every day at the park.
|
||||
|
||||
91
1- Grammar/Transformation.md
Normal file
91
1- Grammar/Transformation.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
|
||||
# Transformation
|
||||
|
||||
## こと: verb as noun
|
||||
|
||||
This allows to transform a verb into a noun (verb nominalizer).
|
||||
V+こと => 食べること. The verbs are never conjugated.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {音楽|おん|がく}を聞く==こと==が好きです。
|
||||
> I like to listen to music (listening to music is something I like).
|
||||
|
||||
## ~さ: adjective as noun
|
||||
|
||||
This allows to transform an adjective into a noun (adjective nominalizer).
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ さ</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> やさしい。
|
||||
> Kind.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> やさし==さ==。
|
||||
> Kindness.
|
||||
|
||||
## ということ: phrase as noun
|
||||
|
||||
This allows to transform a phrase into a noun.
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ ということ</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 毎日サッカーをする==ということ==は{大変|たい|へん}です。
|
||||
> It is hard to play soccer every day.
|
||||
|
||||
## のは・のが: sentence as noun
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ のは・のが</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Transforms a sentence into a noun.
|
||||
Also means "the reason for A is B", "doing A is B".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {勉強|べんきょう}する==のは==つまらないです。
|
||||
> Studying is boring.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> このレストランで{一番|いち|ばん}{人気|にん|き}がある==のは=={寿司|すし}です。
|
||||
> The most popular dish in the restaurant is sushi.
|
||||
|
||||
## くする: い-adjectives as adverbs
|
||||
|
||||
Replacing the い in a い-Adj by くする transforms it into an adverb.
|
||||
大きい (big) => 大きくする (make big).
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> エアコンを{点|つ}けると{空気|くう|き}が{寒|さむ}==くなる==。
|
||||
> When turning on the AC, the air becomes cold.
|
||||
|
||||
## にする: な-adjectives as adverbs
|
||||
|
||||
Appending にする to a な-Adj transforms it into an adverb.
|
||||
{静|しず}かな (quiet) => 静かにする (make quiet).
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {部屋|へや}をきれい==にして==ください。
|
||||
> Please clean the room (make the room cleaner).
|
||||
|
||||
## がる・がっている: adjectives as verbs
|
||||
|
||||
See [[Observation - Description#がる・がっている]].
|
||||
60
1- Grammar/Wanting.md
Normal file
60
1- Grammar/Wanting.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
|
||||
# Wanting
|
||||
|
||||
## たい
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="r">+ たい</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
This form is used for yourself when you want to do something. It can be conjugated: たい, たくない, たかった.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> おにぎりを食べ==たい==。
|
||||
> I want to eat an onigiri.
|
||||
|
||||
## たがる
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="r">+ たがる</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
This form is used to express that someone else wants to do something.
|
||||
See also [[Observation - Description#がる・がっている]].
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> {彼女|かのじょ}は毎日{練習|れんしゅう}し==たがった==。
|
||||
> She wanted to practice everyday.
|
||||
|
||||
## がほしい
|
||||
|
||||
This form is used when someone wants something. Can be used for yourself.
|
||||
Used with a noun.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> どんなゲーム==が{欲|ほ}しい==ですか。
|
||||
> What game would you like to have?
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 新しいRPG==がほしい==。
|
||||
> I want the new RPG.
|
||||
|
||||
## てほしい
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V-て</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V-ないで</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ ほしい</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
This form is used when you want someone to do something.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> 私が作った料理を食べ==てほしい==。
|
||||
> I want you to eat the food I prepared.
|
||||
9
1- Grammar/Without.md
Normal file
9
1- Grammar/Without.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
||||
# Without
|
||||
|
||||
## ないで
|
||||
|
||||
Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない).
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {勉強|べんきょう}し==ないで=={卒業|そつぎょう}した。
|
||||
> I graduated without studying.
|
||||
164
1- Grammar/🔰 Particles (1).md
Normal file
164
1- Grammar/🔰 Particles (1).md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
|
||||
# 1- Particles
|
||||
|
||||
## は
|
||||
|
||||
The は particle indicates the topic of a sentence. Usually translated by "as for".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 私==は==フランス人です。
|
||||
> I am French (As for me, I am French).
|
||||
|
||||
When a sentence is negative, は is usually used instead of が and を.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 肉==は==食べません。
|
||||
> I don't eat meat.
|
||||
|
||||
## が
|
||||
|
||||
The が particle indicates the subject of a sentence.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 電車==が==好きです。
|
||||
> I like trains.
|
||||
|
||||
It is also used for making a contrast.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 電車は好きです==が==、バスは好きじゃない。
|
||||
> I like trains, but I don't like buses.
|
||||
|
||||
In a noun modifying clause, は becomes が.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {彼|かれ}はラメんを{作|つく}。
|
||||
> He made ramen.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> {彼|かれ}==が=={作|つく}ったラメんはおいしいです。
|
||||
> The ramen he made is delicious.
|
||||
|
||||
## Difference between は and が
|
||||
|
||||
Usually, they can be used in the same sentence, but have a nuanced meaning based on the context.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> 私==は==フランス人です。
|
||||
> 私==が==フランス人です。
|
||||
> I am French.
|
||||
|
||||
Both sentences mean the same thing. But:
|
||||
* In the first sentence with は, what is highlighted is that the speaker is French.
|
||||
* In the second sentence with が, what is highlighted is that the French person is the speaker.
|
||||
The first sentence would most likely be the answer to "where are you from?", while the second sentence would be the answer to "who is French?". が highlights the information where the focus is wanted.
|
||||
|
||||
## を
|
||||
|
||||
This particle is used for the target of the action of a verb.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> ケーキ==を==作る。
|
||||
> I prepare a cake.
|
||||
|
||||
## に
|
||||
|
||||
This particle has multiple meanings.
|
||||
|
||||
* A place of existence.
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {会社|かいしゃ}は東京==に==あります。
|
||||
> The company is in Tokyo.
|
||||
|
||||
* A point in time.
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 毎日１２時==に=={寝|ね}ます。
|
||||
> I sleep at 12:00 everyday.
|
||||
|
||||
* A direction towards whom an action is directed. For example: meeting a person, phoning to someone, riding a transport, writing on something, sitting on something, etc.
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 日本==に=={住|す}んでいます。
|
||||
> I live in Japan.
|
||||
|
||||
## に・へ
|
||||
|
||||
に and へ are used to indicate a direction of movement with verbs like 行く, くる, and 帰る.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 日本==へ==行きます。
|
||||
> 日本==に==行きます。
|
||||
> I'm going to Japan.
|
||||
|
||||
## で
|
||||
|
||||
This particle can indicate several things.
|
||||
|
||||
* A place where the action is done.
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {図書館|としょかん}==で==本を{読|よ}みました。
|
||||
> I read a book in the library.
|
||||
|
||||
* The use of something
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> えんぴつ==で==書いてください。
|
||||
> Please write with a pencil.
|
||||
|
||||
* The use of ingredients or materials
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> タコ==で==たこ{焼|や}きを作る。
|
||||
> I prepare takoyaki with octopus.
|
||||
|
||||
* Numbers or volume for multiple objects.
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 本を５{冊|さつ}==で==買った。
|
||||
> I bought 5 books.
|
||||
|
||||
* A noun that is the cause of something.
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> かぜ==で==休みました。
|
||||
> I took the day off because of a cold.
|
||||
|
||||
* A mode of transportation.
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {休暇|きゅうか}に電車==で==行った。
|
||||
> I went on holiday by train.
|
||||
|
||||
## の
|
||||
|
||||
This particle indicates possession.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 私==の==ボール。
|
||||
> My ball.
|
||||
|
||||
## も
|
||||
|
||||
This particle means "also".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 日本{料理|りょうり}==も=={韓国|かん|こく}{料理|りょうり}==も==食べます。
|
||||
> I eat Japanese and Korean food.
|
||||
|
||||
The particles は, が and を change to も.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 私は{中国|ちゅう|ごく}語==も==話せます。
|
||||
> I can also speak Chinese.
|
||||
|
||||
In other cases, it can be combined with other particles: に, で, へ, と, から.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {大阪|おお|さか}に==も==行きたい。
|
||||
> I also want to go to Osaka.
|
||||
|
||||
Another meaning of this particle can be found when combined with words like {何|なに}, {誰|だれ}, or どこ (what, who, where). It means nothing, nobody and nowhere. It indicates the absence.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> A: {昨日|きのう}どこかへ行った？
|
||||
> B: いいえ、どこへ==も==行かなかった。
|
||||
> A: Did you go somewhere yesterday?
|
||||
> B: No, I didn't go anywhere.
|
||||
|
||||
Used with a number or a time, it means "as many as" or "nearly".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 2時間==も=={待|ま}っていました。
|
||||
> I have waited for nearly 2 hours.
|
||||
73
1- Grammar/🔰 Particles (2).md
Normal file
73
1- Grammar/🔰 Particles (2).md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
|
||||
# Particles (2)
|
||||
|
||||
## から
|
||||
|
||||
### Because
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="right">+ から</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
The first meaning of から is "because".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {疲|つか}れる==から==今ベットに行きます。
|
||||
> I'm going to bed now because I am tired.
|
||||
|
||||
### From, since
|
||||
|
||||
The second meaning expresses that something comes from someone/something, or the start time/location. Used by only adding から.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> お{祖母|ばあ}さん==から==もらった。
|
||||
> I got it from my grandmother.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> ここで{子供|こども}の時==から=={家族|かぞく}と{住|す}んでいます。
|
||||
> I have lived here with my family since I'm a kid.
|
||||
|
||||
## まで
|
||||
|
||||
Means "until" or "to".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {駅|えき}==まで==どのくらいですか。
|
||||
> How far is it to the station?
|
||||
|
||||
## から～まで
|
||||
|
||||
These two particles are frequently used together. It means "from X to Y".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {朝|あさ}に６時==から==７時==まで==電車で{通|かよ}うっています。
|
||||
> I commute by train from 6am to 7am.
|
||||
|
||||
## だけ
|
||||
|
||||
Means "only", "just".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {一|ひと}つ==だけ==ください。
|
||||
> Only one, please.
|
||||
|
||||
### だけで
|
||||
|
||||
Means "just by doing".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 見る==だけ==で{楽|たの}しいですね。
|
||||
> Just looking at it is fun, isn't it.
|
||||
|
||||
## Sentence ending
|
||||
|
||||
At the end of a sentence, some particles can be added to put emphasis on a meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
* ==なあ== express hope, admiration or uncertainty. Can also be used to ask for confirmation ("right?").
|
||||
* ==ね== seeks confirmation.
|
||||
* ==よ== when informing someone about something.
|
||||
* ==わ== is informal women's speech.
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user