Update Obligation.md
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@ -26,17 +26,28 @@ Can be used as わけはいかない or わけにはいきません.
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> {本当|ほんとう}に飲み会に行く==わけにはいかない==よ。
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> {本当|ほんとう}に飲み会に行く==わけにはいかない==よ。
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> There's really no way I can go to the afterwork.
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> There's really no way I can go to the afterwork.
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## ずにはいられない
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## なくてもいい
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Means "can't help but do something".
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Means "don't have to". Used with a verb in the negative form (ない), appending なくてもいい.
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Made with a verb in the negative form (ない) without the ない ending and adding ずにはいられない.
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Can also be used as なくていい.
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> [!info] Example
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> [!info] Example
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> {悲|かな}しいのでアイスクリーム食べ==ずには入れれない==。
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> 今日はレストランで{手伝|て|つ}わ==なくてもいい==。
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> I'm sad so I can't help but eat ice cream.
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> You don't have to help out at the restaurant today (it's okay if you don't help at the restaurant today).
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## てからでないと
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Means "must first do". The second part becomes possible after the first one.
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Used with a verb in て form, with からでないと or からでないければ.
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> [!info] Example
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> {払|はら}==ってからでないと=={入|はい}るができること。
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> You can enter only after paying.
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## こと as "should do"
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## こと as "should do"
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### こと
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
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@ -51,7 +62,16 @@ Means "should do". Mostly used to set rules.
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> ここに{車|くるま}を{止|と}めない==こと==です。
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> ここに{車|くるま}を{止|と}めない==こと==です。
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> Don't park your car here.
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> Don't park your car here.
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## ことはない
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### ことになっている
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This form is used to express rules or expectations.
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Used with dictionary (る) and negative (ない) form of verbs.
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> [!info] Examples
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> {指|ゆび}で食べない==ことになっている==。
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> You're not supposed to eat with your fingers.
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### ことはない
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This has two meanings:
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This has two meanings:
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* it is not necessary to
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* it is not necessary to
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@ -63,57 +83,19 @@ Used with a verb in the dictionary form.
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> {走|はし}る==ことはない==。まだ{時間|じかん}がある。
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> {走|はし}る==ことはない==。まだ{時間|じかん}がある。
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> There's no need to run. There's still time.
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> There's no need to run. There's still time.
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## ことになっている
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## 必ず
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This form is used to express rules or expectations.
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{必|かなら}ず means certainly, definitely. Expresses an obligation.
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Used with dictionary (る) and negative (ない) form of verbs.
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> [!info] Examples
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> {指|ゆび}で食べない==ことになっている==。
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> You're not supposed to eat with your fingers.
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## Must
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### なくちゃ・なきゃ
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Only used on casual spoken conversations.
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This form is used with the negative form of a verb (ない), and adding なくちゃ and optionally one of the following ending: だめ, いけない, いけません, ならない, なりません.
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なくちゃ is the shortened form of なくては.
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なきゃ is the shortened form of なければ.
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> [!info] Example
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> [!info] Example
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> {歯|は}を{磨|みが}か==なくちゃいけない==。
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> 明日の{授業|じゅ|ぎょう}==必ず==来てください。
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> I must brush my teeth.
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> Please be sure to attend tomorrow's class.
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### なくては「いけない・ならない」
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## べき
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Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
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> [!info] Example
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> 今{遅|おそ}いね。{寝|ね}に行か==なくてはいけない==。
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> It's late now. I have to go to sleep.
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### なければ「いけない・ならない」
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Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
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> [!info] Example
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> {事務所|じむしょ}では{静|しず}かにし==なければならない==。
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> You have to be quiet in the office.
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### ないといけない
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Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
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In casual contexts, can be shortened as ないと.
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> [!info] Example
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> 今日は{勉強|べんきょう}し==ないといけない==。
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> I have to study today.
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### べきだ
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### べきだ
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Means "should do", "must do".
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Means "should do", "must do". Compared to the [[Obligation - なければ・ないと]] forms and 必ず, it has a nuance of being less universally logical. It is defined by the speaker's own logic.
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Used with verbs.
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Used with verbs.
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する can be used as するべき or すべき.
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する can be used as するべき or すべき.
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@ -121,64 +103,6 @@ Used with verbs.
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> {来週|らいしゅう}{試験|しけん}があるので{勉強|べんきょう}す==べきです==。
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> {来週|らいしゅう}{試験|しけん}があるので{勉強|べんきょう}す==べきです==。
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> There is an exam next week, so I should study.
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> There is an exam next week, so I should study.
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## てからでないと
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Means "must first do". The second part becomes possible after the first one.
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Used with a verb in て form, with からでないと or からでないければ.
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> [!info] Example
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> {払|はら}==ってからでないと=={入|はい}るができること。
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> You can enter only after paying.
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🛠🛠🛠🛠
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Todo: new notions!
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### Comparing いけない and ならない
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* ==いけない== is the standardly used form. It implies a subjective view, that it would be better to do something, to avoid negative consequences (eg: brushing one's teeth, eating well, etc).
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* ==ならない== is usually more formal or in written form. It implies a is more objective view, something that has to be done because there's no other way (eg: respecting the law, paying taxes, etc).
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### Comparing なくては, なければ and ないと
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なくては and なければ are generally interchangeable in speech. However:
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* ==なくては== is generally used when there is _no penalty_ for not complying.
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* ==なければ== is generally used when there _is a penalty_ for not complying.
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* ==ないと== is lighter and does not imply that there can or cannot be penalty. Its construction is based on the [[Conditional#と]] particle, and should be based on knowledge or experience.
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## Must not
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#### 「ちゃ・じゃ」「だめ・いけない・いけません」
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Only used on casual spoken conversations. いけません is a bit more formal.
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This form is used with a V-て, depending on the ending:
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* with て, ちゃ is used.
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* with で, じゃ is used.
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> [!info] Examples
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> その{花|はな}を食べ==ちゃだめ==。
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> Don't eat those flowers.
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>
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> {花瓶|か|びん}の水を{飲|の}ん==じゃいけない==。
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> Don't drink the water of the flower vase.
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### てはいけない
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Used in a more formal or written manner. Used with a V-て.
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> [!info] Example
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> {鉄道|てつ|どう}に{歩|ある}い==てはいけません==。
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> Do not walk on the railroad.
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### なくてもいい
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Means "don't have to". Used with a verb in the negative form (ない), appending なくてもいい.
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Can also be used as なくていい.
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> [!info] Example
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> 今日はレストランで{手伝|て|つ}わ==なくてもいい==。
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> You don't have to help out at the restaurant today (it's okay if you don't help at the restaurant today).
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### べきではない・べきじゃない
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### べきではない・べきじゃない
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The contrary of べきだ is べきではない・べきじゃない.
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The contrary of べきだ is べきではない・べきじゃない.
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@ -187,45 +111,23 @@ The contrary of べきだ is べきではない・べきじゃない.
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> {泥|どろ}を食べる==べきではない==。
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> {泥|どろ}を食べる==べきではない==。
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> You should not eat mud.
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> You should not eat mud.
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## はずだ・はずがない
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## ても構わない
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くて</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + で</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ もかまわない・もかまいません</p>
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<p class="right">+ はずだ ・ はずがない</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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Means "it doesn't matter if", "I don't mind".
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はずだ means "it must/should be", while はずがない means "it cannot be". Has a nuance of being sure that it is something possible (or impossible).
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> [!info] Example
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> [!info] Examples
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> ここで{座|すわ}==っても構いません==か。
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> {彼|かれ}は今日来る==はずだ==。
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> Would it be okay if I sit here?
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> He should be coming today.
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>
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>
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> ==かまわない==よ。
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> そんあ==はずがありません==。
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> I don't mind.
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> This cannot be true.
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# TODO
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## ないと
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must do; unless/if you don't ~
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https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%e3%81%aa%e3%81%84%e3%81%a8-naito-meaning/
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https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%A8
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