diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md index 57c503e..3dc20eb 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md @@ -26,17 +26,28 @@ Can be used as ใ‚ใ‘ใฏใ„ใ‹ใชใ„ or ใ‚ใ‘ใซใฏใ„ใใพใ›ใ‚“. > {ๆœฌๅฝ“|ใปใ‚“ใจใ†}ใซ้ฃฒใฟไผšใซ่กŒใ==ใ‚ใ‘ใซใฏใ„ใ‹ใชใ„==ใ‚ˆใ€‚ > There's really no way I can go to the afterwork. -## ใšใซใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ +## ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ -Means "can't help but do something". -Made with a verb in the negative form (ใชใ„) without the ใชใ„ ending and adding ใšใซใฏใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„. +Means "don't have to". Used with a verb in the negative form (ใชใ„), appending ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„. +Can also be used as ใชใใฆใ„ใ„. > [!info] Example -> {ๆ‚ฒ|ใ‹ใช}ใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒ ้ฃŸใน==ใšใซใฏๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚Œใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> I'm sad so I can't help but eat ice cream. +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใง{ๆ‰‹ไผ|ใฆ|ใค}ใ‚==ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„==ใ€‚ +> You don't have to help out at the restaurant today (it's okay if you don't help at the restaurant today). + +## ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใจ + +Means "must first do". The second part becomes possible after the first one. +Used with a verb in ใฆ form, with ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใจ or ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ‰•|ใฏใ‚‰}==ใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใจ=={ๅ…ฅ|ใฏใ„}ใ‚‹ใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€‚ +> You can enter only after paying. ## ใ“ใจ as "should do" +### ใ“ใจ +

V (dictionary)

@@ -51,7 +62,16 @@ Means "should do". Mostly used to set rules. > ใ“ใ“ใซ{่ปŠ|ใใ‚‹ใพ}ใ‚’{ๆญข|ใจ}ใ‚ใชใ„==ใ“ใจ==ใงใ™ใ€‚ > Don't park your car here. -## ใ“ใจใฏใชใ„ +### ใ“ใจใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ + +This form is used to express rules or expectations. +Used with dictionary (ใ‚‹) and negative (ใชใ„) form of verbs. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆŒ‡|ใ‚†ใณ}ใง้ฃŸในใชใ„==ใ“ใจใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> You're not supposed to eat with your fingers. + +### ใ“ใจใฏใชใ„ This has two meanings: * it is not necessary to @@ -63,57 +83,19 @@ Used with a verb in the dictionary form. > {่ตฐ|ใฏใ—}ใ‚‹==ใ“ใจใฏใชใ„==ใ€‚ใพใ {ๆ™‚้–“|ใ˜ใ‹ใ‚“}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ > There's no need to run. There's still time. -## ใ“ใจใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ +## ๅฟ…ใš -This form is used to express rules or expectations. -Used with dictionary (ใ‚‹) and negative (ใชใ„) form of verbs. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๆŒ‡|ใ‚†ใณ}ใง้ฃŸในใชใ„==ใ“ใจใซใชใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ -> You're not supposed to eat with your fingers. - -## Must - -### ใชใใกใ‚ƒใƒปใชใใ‚ƒ - -Only used on casual spoken conversations. -This form is used with the negative form of a verb (ใชใ„), and adding ใชใใกใ‚ƒ and optionally one of the following ending: ใ ใ‚, ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„, ใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“, ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„, ใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. - -ใชใใกใ‚ƒ is the shortened form of ใชใใฆใฏ. -ใชใใ‚ƒ is the shortened form of ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ. +{ๅฟ…|ใ‹ใชใ‚‰}ใš means certainly, definitely. Expresses an obligation. > [!info] Example -> {ๆญฏ|ใฏ}ใ‚’{็ฃจ|ใฟใŒ}ใ‹==ใชใใกใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> I must brush my teeth. +> ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฎ{ๆŽˆๆฅญ|ใ˜ใ‚…|ใŽใ‚‡ใ†}==ๅฟ…ใš==ๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Please be sure to attend tomorrow's class. -### ใชใใฆใฏใ€Œใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใƒปใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ - -Also formed with the negative form of a verb. - -> [!info] Example -> ไปŠ{้…|ใŠใ}ใ„ใญใ€‚{ๅฏ|ใญ}ใซ่กŒใ‹==ใชใใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> It's late now. I have to go to sleep. - -### ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€Œใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใƒปใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ - -Also formed with the negative form of a verb. - -> [!info] Example -> {ไบ‹ๅ‹™ๆ‰€|ใ˜ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚‡}ใงใฏ{้™|ใ—ใš}ใ‹ใซใ—==ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> You have to be quiet in the office. - -### ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ - -Also formed with the negative form of a verb. -In casual contexts, can be shortened as ใชใ„ใจ. - -> [!info] Example -> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—==ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> I have to study today. +## ในใ ### ในใใ  -Means "should do", "must do". +Means "should do", "must do". Compared to the [[Obligation - ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใƒปใชใ„ใจ]] forms and ๅฟ…ใš, it has a nuance of being less universally logical. It is defined by the speaker's own logic. Used with verbs. ใ™ใ‚‹ can be used as ใ™ใ‚‹ในใ or ใ™ในใ. @@ -121,64 +103,6 @@ Used with verbs. > {ๆฅ้€ฑ|ใ‚‰ใ„ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}{่ฉฆ้จ“|ใ—ใ‘ใ‚“}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใง{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ™==ในใใงใ™==ใ€‚ > There is an exam next week, so I should study. -## ใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใจ - -Means "must first do". The second part becomes possible after the first one. -Used with a verb in ใฆ form, with ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใจ or ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆ‰•|ใฏใ‚‰}==ใฃใฆใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใชใ„ใจ=={ๅ…ฅ|ใฏใ„}ใ‚‹ใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ€‚ -> You can enter only after paying. - - -๐Ÿ› ๐Ÿ› ๐Ÿ› ๐Ÿ›  -Todo: new notions! - -### Comparing ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ and ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ - -* ==ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„== is the standardly used form. It implies a subjective view, that it would be better to do something, to avoid negative consequences (eg: brushing one's teeth, eating well, etc). -* ==ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„== is usually more formal or in written form. It implies a is more objective view, something that has to be done because there's no other way (eg: respecting the law, paying taxes, etc). - -### Comparing ใชใใฆใฏ, ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ and ใชใ„ใจ - -ใชใใฆใฏ and ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ are generally interchangeable in speech. However: -* ==ใชใใฆใฏ== is generally used when there is _no penalty_ for not complying. -* ==ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ== is generally used when there _is a penalty_ for not complying. -* ==ใชใ„ใจ== is lighter and does not imply that there can or cannot be penalty. Its construction is based on the [[Conditional#ใจ]] particle, and should be based on knowledge or experience. - -## Must not - -#### ใ€Œใกใ‚ƒใƒปใ˜ใ‚ƒใ€ใ€Œใ ใ‚ใƒปใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใƒปใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ - -Only used on casual spoken conversations. ใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ is a bit more formal. -This form is used with a V-ใฆ, depending on the ending: -* with ใฆ, ใกใ‚ƒ is used. -* with ใง, ใ˜ใ‚ƒ is used. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใใฎ{่Šฑ|ใฏใช}ใ‚’้ฃŸใน==ใกใ‚ƒใ ใ‚==ใ€‚ -> Don't eat those flowers. -> -> {่Šฑ็“ถ|ใ‹|ใณใ‚“}ใฎๆฐดใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“==ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> Don't drink the water of the flower vase. - -### ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ - -Used in a more formal or written manner. Used with a V-ใฆ. - -> [!info] Example -> {้‰„้“|ใฆใค|ใฉใ†}ใซ{ๆญฉ|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใ„==ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ€‚ -> Do not walk on the railroad. - -### ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ - -Means "don't have to". Used with a verb in the negative form (ใชใ„), appending ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„. -Can also be used as ใชใใฆใ„ใ„. - -> [!info] Example -> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใง{ๆ‰‹ไผ|ใฆ|ใค}ใ‚==ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„==ใ€‚ -> You don't have to help out at the restaurant today (it's okay if you don't help at the restaurant today). - ### ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใƒปในใใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ The contrary of ในใใ  is ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใƒปในใใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„. @@ -187,45 +111,23 @@ The contrary of ในใใ  is ในใใงใฏใชใ„ใƒปในใใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„. > {ๆณฅ|ใฉใ‚}ใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹==ในใใงใฏใชใ„==ใ€‚ > You should not eat mud. - - - - -## ใฆใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใชใ„ +## ใฏใšใ ใƒปใฏใšใŒใชใ„
-

V (ใฆ)

-

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใใฆ

-

ใช-Adj + ใง

-

N + ใง

+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

-

+ ใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ‚ใชใ„ใƒปใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“

+

+ ใฏใšใ  ใƒป ใฏใšใŒใชใ„

-Means "it doesn't matter if", "I don't mind". +ใฏใšใ  means "it must/should be", while ใฏใšใŒใชใ„ means "it cannot be". Has a nuance of being sure that it is something possible (or impossible). -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใ“ใง{ๅบง|ใ™ใ‚}==ใฃใฆใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ‹ใ€‚ -> Would it be okay if I sit here? +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏไปŠๆ—ฅๆฅใ‚‹==ใฏใšใ ==ใ€‚ +> He should be coming today. > -> ==ใ‹ใพใ‚ใชใ„==ใ‚ˆใ€‚ -> I don't mind. - - - - - - -# TODO - -## ใชใ„ใจ - - - - - -must do; unless/if you don't ~ - -https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%e3%81%aa%e3%81%84%e3%81%a8-naito-meaning/ -https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%A8 +> ใใ‚“ใ‚==ใฏใšใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ€‚ +> This cannot be true.