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Update Observation - hearsay.md

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Théo Marchal 2024-06-03 11:00:14 +02:00
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🔰 Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md
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# Observation - Hearsay
## と聞いた
Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
> [!info] Example
> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).
## と言われている
Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
For nouns, だ is placed before.
> [!info] Example
> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
> The curry of this restaurant is good (someone told me).
## んだって
<div class="usage">
@ -30,13 +13,31 @@ For nouns, だ is placed before.
</div>
Used to quote something that you heard in a casual conversation.
🛠 nuance with と言われている?
Similar in the quotation sense to [[Description#って・って言う・と言う|って]], but here the nuance is that the information is new or unexpected.
> [!info] Example
> ワールドカップでアルゼンチンが{勝|か}した==んだって==!
> Argentina won the world cup! (you just saw it on TV but you were doing something else and are surprised)
## と聞いた
Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
Mostly used formally.
> [!info] Example
> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).
## と言われている
Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
For nouns, だ is placed before.
Mostly used formally.
> [!info] Example
> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
> They say the curry of this restaurant is good.
## そうだ
<div class="usage">
@ -50,10 +51,11 @@ Similar in the quotation sense to [[Description#って・って言う・と言
</div>
Means "I heard that".
Do not confuse with [[Observation - looking like#そうだ]].
Do not confuse with [[Observation - looking like#そうだ]] (no stem modification).
It is casual.
> [!info] Examples
> テストは{難|むず}しい==だそうだ==。
> テストは{難|むず}しいだ==そうだ==。
> The exam is said to be difficult.
## ということだ
@ -69,4 +71,8 @@ Can be used as ==ということだ== or ==とのことだ==. A more casual vers
## Summing it up
🛠 Todo: understand the nuances.
* ==んだって== used for quotation, similar to って, when the information is new.
* ==と聞いた== is used for something for something you heard from an identifiable speaker. Is mostly formal.
* ==と言われている== is used for something for something you heard from an unspecified speaker. Is mostly formal.
* ==そうだ== is used for hearsay and is casual.
* ==ということだ== is used for hearsay, when the validity of the information is certain. More formal than そうだ.