Normalization pass on all files
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3
.gitignore
vendored
3
.gitignore
vendored
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
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.obsidian/workspace.json
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.obsidian/workspace.json
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0- Do-Not-Commit
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0- Do-Not-Commit
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.DS_Store
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@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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# Misc.
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# Misc.
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## ~まい
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## ～まい
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~まい is the opposition of the volitional form (よう). It means "will not".
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～まい is the opposition of the volitional form (よう). It means "will not".
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Careful of two exceptions:
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Careful of two exceptions:
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* する => すまい
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* する => すまい
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@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Careful of two exceptions:
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> この{川|かわ}は{危|あぶ}ないようだ。ここで{泳|およぐ}ぐ==まい==。
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> この{川|かわ}は{危|あぶ}ないようだ。ここで{泳|およぐ}ぐ==まい==。
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> This river seems dangerous. I won't swim here.
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> This river seems dangerous. I won't swim here.
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## ~得る・~得ない
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## ～得る・～得ない
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{得|え}る means "able to", "possible". Can be conjugated: えない, えた, えなかった.
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{得|え}る means "able to", "possible". Can be conjugated: えない, えた, えなかった.
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Made by:
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Made by:
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@@ -1,56 +1,56 @@
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# Te-Form (3) - give & receive
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# Te-Form (3) - give & receive
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Extends the common forms of あげる, くれる, and もらう, but what is received or given is now a verb, instead of a noun.
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Extends the common forms of あげる, くれる, and もらう, but what is received or given is now a verb, instead of a noun.
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## てあげる
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## てあげる
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Expresses that someone is doing or did something for someone else.
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Expresses that someone is doing or did something for someone else.
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The person that received the favor is followed by the に particle.
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The person that received the favor is followed by the に particle.
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Only for **verbs**.
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Only for **verbs**.
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|
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> [!info] Example
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> [!info] Example
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> 母にケーキを買==ってあげた==。
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> 母にケーキを買==ってあげた==。
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> I bought a cake for my mother.
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> I bought a cake for my mother.
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>
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>
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For casual language, てやる can be used.
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For casual language, てやる can be used.
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## てくれる
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## てくれる
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|
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Used to ask a favor from someone or to say that something was done to the speaker.
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Used to ask a favor from someone or to say that something was done to the speaker.
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The person that received the favor (usually oneself and thus omitted) is followed by the に particle.
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The person that received the favor (usually oneself and thus omitted) is followed by the に particle.
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Only for **verbs**.
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Only for **verbs**.
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|
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> [!info] Example
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> [!info] Example
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> {友達|とも|だち}がギターを{教|おし}え==てくれる==。
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> {友達|とも|だち}がギターを{教|おし}え==てくれる==。
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> My friend will teach me the guitar.
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> My friend will teach me the guitar.
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|
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### てくれてありがとう
|
### てくれてありがとう
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|
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This form expresses gratitude for something that benefited the speaker. It is not used for something expected.
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This form expresses gratitude for something that benefited the speaker. It is not used for something expected.
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Only for **verbs**.
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Only for **verbs**.
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|
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> [!info] Example
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> [!info] Example
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> 今日来==てくれてありがとう==！
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> 今日来==てくれてありがとう==！
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> Thank you for coming today!
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> Thank you for coming today!
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|
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## てもらう
|
## てもらう
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|
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This form expresses gratitude for a favor that the recipient generally requested for, or where gratitude is the focus.
|
This form expresses gratitude for a favor that the recipient generally requested for, or where gratitude is the focus.
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Only for **verbs**.
|
Only for **verbs**.
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|
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> [!info] Example
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> [!info] Example
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> {友達|とも|だち}が手伝==ってもらった==。
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> {友達|とも|だち}が手伝==ってもらった==。
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> My friend helped me (and I owe him / because I asked him and I am grateful)
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> My friend helped me (and I owe him / because I asked him and I am grateful)
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|
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## てくれない・てもらえない
|
## てくれない・てもらえない
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|
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Used as a mean to ask for a favor like "would you, could you?". Used in a similar form to じゃないか.
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Used as a mean to ask for a favor like "would you, could you?". Used in a similar form to じゃないか.
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Only for **verbs**.
|
Only for **verbs**.
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|
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> [!info] Example
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> [!info] Example
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> {電気|でん|き}をつけ==てもらえない==か。
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> {電気|でん|き}をつけ==てもらえない==か。
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> Could you please turn on the lights?
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> Could you please turn on the lights?
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>
|
>
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> 電気をつけ==ないでもらえない==か。
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> 電気をつけ==ないでもらえない==か。
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> Could you please turn off the light?
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> Could you please turn off the light?
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@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ It is used as a condition: "if", "when", "whenever". Generally expresses a negat
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> {授業|じゅぎょう}に{来|こ}なく==ては=={卒業|そつぎょう}できない。
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> {授業|じゅぎょう}に{来|こ}なく==ては=={卒業|そつぎょう}できない。
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> If you don't come to class, you will not be able to graduate.
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> If you don't come to class, you will not be able to graduate.
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## ては~ては
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## ては～ては
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|
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Same structure as [[TeF (5) - Misc#ては・では]], this time only used with verbs. Means the repetition of an action or a phenomenon.
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Same structure as [[TeF (5) - Misc#ては・では]], this time only used with verbs. Means the repetition of an action or a phenomenon.
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The verbs can be in the same order or not in the two part.
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The verbs can be in the same order or not in the two part.
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2
index.md
2
index.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Welcome to my Japanese Grammar project!
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|
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## Goal
|
## Goal
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The goal of this website is to be a synthesis of useful resources for my Japanese learning adventure. I want to have grammar points next to each other, independently of any "difficulty level", set up in a logical and consistent form. I don't want to have to open 5 pages to compare information, and I don't want a deep dive into a notion. The goal is to be a reminder of the things I learn, rather than a way to learn. I want a few examples to grasp it, but I do not want to have ten of the same kind. And nothing quite fits for me!
|
The goal of this website is to be a synthesis of useful resources for my Japanese learning adventure. I want to have grammar points next to each other, independently of any "difficulty level", set up in a logical and consistent form. I don't want to have to open five pages to compare information, and I don't want a deep dive into a notion. The goal is to be a reminder of the things I learn, rather than a way to learn. I want a few examples to grasp it, but I do not want to have ten of the same kind. And nothing quite fits for me!
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||||||
|
|
||||||
## Sources
|
## Sources
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||||||
|
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@@ -1,135 +1,135 @@
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# Actions
|
# Actions
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|
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## になる
|
## になる
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|
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<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike> + く</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike> + く</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + に</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + に</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + に</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + に</span></p>
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</div>
|
</div>
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<p class="right">+ なる</p>
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<p class="right">+ なる</p>
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</div>
|
</div>
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||||||
|
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||||||
Means "to become".
|
Means "to become".
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||||||
|
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> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
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||||||
> {新幹線|しんかんせん}==になりたい==！
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> {新幹線|しんかんせん}==になりたい==！
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||||||
> I want to become a bullet train!
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> I want to become a bullet train!
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||||||
|
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## にする
|
## にする
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||||||
|
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||||||
### To decide
|
### To decide
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||||||
|
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||||||
Means "to decide".
|
Means "to decide".
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||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
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||||||
|
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||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> このレストラン==にしました==。
|
> このレストラン==にしました==。
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||||||
> I've decided on this restaurant.
|
> I've decided on this restaurant.
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||||||
|
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||||||
### Make something
|
### Make something
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||||||
|
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||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike> + く</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike> + く</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + に</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + に</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ なる</p>
|
<p class="right">+ なる</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means to "make something more".
|
Means to "make something more".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ストーブを{点|つ}けて{部屋|へや}を{暑|あつ}==くする==。
|
> ストーブを{点|つ}けて{部屋|へや}を{暑|あつ}==くする==。
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||||||
> Turn on the heater to make the room hotter.
|
> Turn on the heater to make the room hotter.
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||||||
|
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||||||
## ようになる
|
## ようになる
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||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "to reach a point". Used with verbs.
|
Means "to reach a point". Used with verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> この本{全部|ぜんぶ}{分|わ}かる==ようになった==。
|
> この本{全部|ぜんぶ}{分|わ}かる==ようになった==。
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||||||
> I've come to understand all of this book.
|
> I've come to understand all of this book.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に気がつく
|
## に気がつく
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V + こと</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V + こと</span></p>
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||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ に気がつく</p>
|
<p class="right">+ に気がつく</p>
|
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</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
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に{気|き}がつく means "to notice", "to realize".
|
に{気|き}がつく means "to notice", "to realize".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {新|あたら}しいレストランが{開店|かい|てん}==に気がついた==。
|
> {新|あたら}しいレストランが{開店|かい|てん}==に気がついた==。
|
||||||
> I noticed a new restaurant opened.
|
> I noticed a new restaurant opened.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## と思う
|
## と思う
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ と思う</p>
|
<p class="right">+ と思う</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
と{思|おも}う means "to think".
|
と{思|おも}う means "to think".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {変|へん}だ==と思わない==か。
|
> {変|へん}だ==と思わない==か。
|
||||||
> Don't you think it's strange?
|
> Don't you think it's strange?
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> 今日は{公園|こう|えん}に行く==と思います==。
|
> 今日は{公園|こう|えん}に行く==と思います==。
|
||||||
> I think I'll go to the park today.
|
> I think I'll go to the park today.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## すぎる
|
## すぎる
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ すぎる</p>
|
<p class="right">+ すぎる</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "too much", "exceeding".
|
Means "too much", "exceeding".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {昨晩|さく|ばん}に{飲|の}み==すぎて=={頭|あたま}が{痛|いた}い。
|
> {昨晩|さく|ばん}に{飲|の}み==すぎて=={頭|あたま}が{痛|いた}い。
|
||||||
> I drank too much last night and my head hurts.
|
> I drank too much last night and my head hurts.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Try to
|
## Try to
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### ようにする
|
### ようにする
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "to try to", "to make sure to". It's more of an assertion than ようとする.
|
Means "to try to", "to make sure to". It's more of an assertion than ようとする.
|
||||||
Used with a verb.
|
Used with a verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 毎日に{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を食べる==ようにします==。
|
> 毎日に{朝|あさ}ご{飯|はん}を食べる==ようにします==。
|
||||||
> I'll try to eat a breakfast everyday.
|
> I'll try to eat a breakfast everyday.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### ようとする・ようとしない
|
### ようとする・ようとしない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "try to", "attempt to" (or not, in the negative form). It's more of an attempt than with ようにする. Can also mean "just as I was about to".
|
Means "try to", "attempt to" (or not, in the negative form). It's more of an attempt than with ようにする. Can also mean "just as I was about to".
|
||||||
Used with the volitional form of verbs (よう).
|
Used with the volitional form of verbs (よう).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 出かけ==ようとした==時、電話が{鳴|な}ってた。
|
> 出かけ==ようとした==時、電話が{鳴|な}ってた。
|
||||||
> At the time I was trying to go out, the phone rang.
|
> At the time I was trying to go out, the phone rang.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> さっき店に{入|はい}==ろうとしたら==が、ドアが{閉|し}まってしまいました。
|
> さっき店に{入|はい}==ろうとしたら==が、ドアが{閉|し}まってしまいました。
|
||||||
> I tried to enter the shop earlier, but the door was closed...
|
> I tried to enter the shop earlier, but the door was closed...
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> 彼は{運動|うんどう}し==ようとしない==。
|
> 彼は{運動|うんどう}し==ようとしない==。
|
||||||
> He doesn't try to exercise.
|
> He doesn't try to exercise.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
⚠ Not used in negative form to talk about oneself.
|
⚠ Not used in negative form to talk about oneself.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,107 +1,107 @@
|
|||||||
# Adverbs
|
# Adverbs
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## さすが
|
## さすが
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">さすが</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">さすが</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ に + V</p>
|
<p class="r">+ に + V</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">さすが</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">さすが</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ の + N</p>
|
<p class="r">+ の + N</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "as expected".
|
Means "as expected".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==さすが==のオランダ人、{自転車|じてんしゃ}で{通|かよ}う。
|
> ==さすが==のオランダ人、{自転車|じてんしゃ}で{通|かよ}う。
|
||||||
> As expected of a Dutch, they commute by bicycle.
|
> As expected of a Dutch, they commute by bicycle.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## そんなに
|
## そんなに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "so much" or "like that".
|
Means "so much" or "like that".
|
||||||
Not used with nouns.
|
Not used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
⚠ It is applied to the following word, not the preceding one.
|
⚠ It is applied to the following word, not the preceding one.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {僕|ぼく}は{卵|たまご}が==そんなに==好きじゃない。
|
> {僕|ぼく}は{卵|たまご}が==そんなに==好きじゃない。
|
||||||
> I don't like eggs that much.
|
> I don't like eggs that much.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## なかなか～ない
|
## なかなか～ない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This form means that an effort has been made, but no outcome happens. Can be translated as "not easy to", "not able to", "hardly", "not at all".
|
This form means that an effort has been made, but no outcome happens. Can be translated as "not easy to", "not able to", "hardly", "not at all".
|
||||||
This form is used with a verb in the negative form (ない).
|
This form is used with a verb in the negative form (ない).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 雨だから、==なかなか==タクシーが来てい==ません==。
|
> 雨だから、==なかなか==タクシーが来てい==ません==。
|
||||||
> Because of the rain, it's not easy to get a taxi.
|
> Because of the rain, it's not easy to get a taxi.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> ==なかなか==お{酒|さけ}止めるでき==ない==。
|
> ==なかなか==お{酒|さけ}止めるでき==ない==。
|
||||||
> It is not easy to stop drinking.
|
> It is not easy to stop drinking.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 一体
|
## 一体
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{一体|いったい} is used to make an emphasis when something is surprising, confusing, etc.
|
{一体|いったい} is used to make an emphasis when something is surprising, confusing, etc.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==いったい=={誰|だれ}がそんなことをしたか。
|
> ==いったい=={誰|だれ}がそんなことをしたか。
|
||||||
> Who in the world would do something like this?
|
> Who in the world would do something like this?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## まるで
|
## まるで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<p class="iright">まるで + </p>
|
<p class="iright">まるで + </p>
|
||||||
<div class="ileft">
|
<div class="ileft">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V + よう・みたい</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V + よう・みたい</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + のよう・みたい</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + のよう・みたい</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "as if".
|
Means "as if".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> え、{中古|ちゅうこ}ですね。==まるで=={新規|しんき}の==よう==です。
|
> え、{中古|ちゅうこ}ですね。==まるで=={新規|しんき}の==よう==です。
|
||||||
> Eh, it's second-hand? It looks like new.
|
> Eh, it's second-hand? It looks like new.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## もう
|
## もう
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "already".
|
Means "already".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==もう==出ちゃった。
|
> ==もう==出ちゃった。
|
||||||
> They already left.
|
> They already left.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## すでに
|
## すでに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "already". More formal than もう, implies that something is too late and cannot be changed.
|
Means "already". More formal than もう, implies that something is too late and cannot be changed.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {遅|おそ}く{起|お}きたので==すでに==バスは{出発|しゅっぱつ}してしまった。
|
> {遅|おそ}く{起|お}きたので==すでに==バスは{出発|しゅっぱつ}してしまった。
|
||||||
> I woke up late, so the bus already left.
|
> I woke up late, so the bus already left.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## どうせ
|
## どうせ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "anyhow", "at any rate".
|
Means "anyhow", "at any rate".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==どうせ==、{僕|ぼく}のアドバイスを{聞|き}かないんでしょう。
|
> ==どうせ==、{僕|ぼく}のアドバイスを{聞|き}かないんでしょう。
|
||||||
> Anyhow, you won't listen to advice, right?
|
> Anyhow, you won't listen to advice, right?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## なお
|
## なお
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "more", "in addition". Used in writing.
|
Means "more", "in addition". Used in writing.
|
||||||
Can be used:
|
Can be used:
|
||||||
- in a similar way as もっと;
|
- in a similar way as もっと;
|
||||||
- to add information to a previous sentence.
|
- to add information to a previous sentence.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==なお=={考|かんが}えるせんいけない。
|
> ==なお=={考|かんが}えるせんいけない。
|
||||||
> I still have to think about it.
|
> I still have to think about it.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> {今日|きょう}はたくみさんが{休|やす}みです。==なお==、{彼|かれ}は{仕事|しごと}を{終|お}わりなかった。
|
> {今日|きょう}はたくみさんが{休|やす}みです。==なお==、{彼|かれ}は{仕事|しごと}を{終|お}わりなかった。
|
||||||
> Takumi-san is not there today. In addition, he did not finish his work.
|
> Takumi-san is not there today. In addition, he did not finish his work.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
|
|||||||
# Advice, guidance, proposition
|
# Advice, guidance, proposition
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## たらどう
|
## たらどう
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used to ask about a situation, usually to give advice. Translates to "why don't you" or "how about".
|
Used to ask about a situation, usually to give advice. Translates to "why don't you" or "how about".
|
||||||
Used with the たら form of verbs.
|
Used with the たら form of verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ゲームをし==たらどう==か。
|
> ゲームをし==たらどう==か。
|
||||||
> How about you play a game?
|
> How about you play a game?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## たらいいですか
|
## たらいいですか
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used to ask about an advice or instructions. Translates to "what should I do".
|
Used to ask about an advice or instructions. Translates to "what should I do".
|
||||||
Used with the たら form of verbs.
|
Used with the たら form of verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 何を{飲|の}ん==だらいいですか==。
|
> 何を{飲|の}ん==だらいいですか==。
|
||||||
> What should I drink?
|
> What should I drink?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ことだ
|
## ことだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "should do". It is used for suggestion or giving advice in spoken language.
|
Means "should do". It is used for suggestion or giving advice in spoken language.
|
||||||
Used after verbs with a る or ない ending.
|
Used after verbs with a る or ない ending.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {砂糖|さとう}が{多|おお}すぎる{食|た}べ{物|もの}を{食|た}べない==ことだ==。
|
> {砂糖|さとう}が{多|おお}すぎる{食|た}べ{物|もの}を{食|た}べない==ことだ==。
|
||||||
> You shouldn't eat food that is too high in sugar.
|
> You shouldn't eat food that is too high in sugar.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ようではないか
|
## ようではないか
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "why don't we", "shall we", "let's do". Used with a verb in the volitional form (おう). ではないか can be replaced by じゃないか.
|
Means "why don't we", "shall we", "let's do". Used with a verb in the volitional form (おう). ではないか can be replaced by じゃないか.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {一緒|いっしょ}に{飲|の}==もうではないか==。
|
> {一緒|いっしょ}に{飲|の}==もうではないか==。
|
||||||
> Why don't we have drinks together?
|
> Why don't we have drinks together?
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
|
|||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{決|けっ}して~ない means "never". Used with negative verbs.
|
{決|けっ}して～ない means "never". Used with negative verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> 私は==決して=={夢|ゆめ}を{覚|おぼ}えません。
|
> 私は==決して=={夢|ゆめ}を{覚|おぼ}えません。
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Means "slightly", "only", "a little". Used at the beginning of a phrase to indic
|
|||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "no matter how much". Also used as いくら~ても.
|
Means "no matter how much". Also used as いくら～ても.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==どんなに=={練習|れんしゅう}し==ても==、マラソンを{走|はし}れない。
|
> ==どんなに=={練習|れんしゅう}し==ても==、マラソンを{走|はし}れない。
|
||||||
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ Means "as much as possible". なるべく is a bit softer than できるだけ.
|
|||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "so much... that".
|
Means "so much... that".
|
||||||
Nominalized adjectives can be used as nouns. See [[Transformation#~さ adjective as noun]] and [[Transformation#~み adjective as noun]].
|
Nominalized adjectives can be used as nouns. See [[Transformation#～さ adjective as noun]] and [[Transformation#～み adjective as noun]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> おいしさの==あまり==、このレストラン{毎日|まいにち}行きたい。
|
> おいしさの==あまり==、このレストラン{毎日|まいにち}行きたい。
|
||||||
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ Means "so much... that". A version of あまり that can also be used with adjec
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## Not at all
|
## Not at all
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### ちっとも~ない
|
### ちっとも～ない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. It is casual.
|
Means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. It is casual.
|
||||||
Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
|
Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
|
||||||
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
|
|||||||
> ==ちっとも=={学校|がっこう}を{休|やす}まない。
|
> ==ちっとも=={学校|がっこう}を{休|やす}まない。
|
||||||
> I never miss school.
|
> I never miss school.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### 少しも~ない
|
### 少しも～ない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<p class="iright">少しも + </p>
|
<p class="iright">少しも + </p>
|
||||||
@@ -242,22 +242,22 @@ Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
|
|||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{少|すこ}しも~ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. Mostly used in writing.
|
{少|すこ}しも～ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. Mostly used in writing.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> そのアパートは==少しも==大きくなかった。
|
> そのアパートは==少しも==大きくなかった。
|
||||||
> That appartment was really not big.
|
> That appartment was really not big.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### 全く~ない
|
### 全く～ない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{全|まった}く~ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening.
|
{全|まった}く～ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening.
|
||||||
Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
|
Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==全く=={信|しん}じられない。
|
> ==全く=={信|しん}じられない。
|
||||||
> That is absolutely unbelievable.
|
> That is absolutely unbelievable.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### として~ない
|
### として～ない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening.
|
Means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening.
|
||||||
Insists more on the duration: "not even".
|
Insists more on the duration: "not even".
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,99 +1,99 @@
|
|||||||
# Amounts
|
# Amounts
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## くらい・ぐらい
|
## くらい・ぐらい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ くらい・ぐらい</p>
|
<p class="right">+ くらい・ぐらい</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "about" or "approximately" when talking about numbers or counter words. Focuses on the uncertainty of the number.
|
Means "about" or "approximately" when talking about numbers or counter words. Focuses on the uncertainty of the number.
|
||||||
ぐらい is more common than くらい in conversations, but can change depending on the preceding word.
|
ぐらい is more common than くらい in conversations, but can change depending on the preceding word.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {電車|でんしゃ}はどの==くらい==で{到着|とうちゃく}しますか。
|
> {電車|でんしゃ}はどの==くらい==で{到着|とうちゃく}しますか。
|
||||||
> About how much time will the train take to arrive?
|
> About how much time will the train take to arrive?
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> {医者|いしゃ}に１時間==ぐらい==を{待|ま}ってました。
|
> {医者|いしゃ}に１時間==ぐらい==を{待|ま}ってました。
|
||||||
> I waited approximately an hour for the doctor.
|
> I waited approximately an hour for the doctor.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Also used to compare things as being similar.
|
Also used to compare things as being similar.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {友達|ともだち}と{試験|しけん}の{結果|けっか}は{同|おな}じ==ぐらい==です。
|
> {友達|ともだち}と{試験|しけん}の{結果|けっか}は{同|おな}じ==ぐらい==です。
|
||||||
> My friend and I have about the same results at the test.
|
> My friend and I have about the same results at the test.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Also means "to the extent of".
|
Also means "to the extent of".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 食べなくて{寝|ね}たい==ぐらい=={疲|つか}れています。
|
> 食べなくて{寝|ね}たい==ぐらい=={疲|つか}れています。
|
||||||
> I'm tired to the extent of not eating and going to sleep.
|
> I'm tired to the extent of not eating and going to sleep.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ばかり
|
## ばかり
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "about" or "approximately", when used with nouns indicating time or distance. Has the same meaning as ぐらい or ほど, but only in written form.
|
Means "about" or "approximately", when used with nouns indicating time or distance. Has the same meaning as ぐらい or ほど, but only in written form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {薬屋|くすりや}まで１０分==ばかり==かかる。
|
> {薬屋|くすりや}まで１０分==ばかり==かかる。
|
||||||
> It takes about 10 minutes to get to the pharmacy.
|
> It takes about 10 minutes to get to the pharmacy.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## は particle
|
## は particle
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
See [[🔰 Particles (1)#は]].
|
See [[🔰 Particles (1)#は]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ほど
|
## ほど
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (non-past)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (non-past)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 程</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 程</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{程|ほど}, like くらい, it describes an approximate amount. It focuses on a limit being reached. It translates to "about" or "to the extent".
|
{程|ほど}, like くらい, it describes an approximate amount. It focuses on a limit being reached. It translates to "about" or "to the extent".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {地下鉄|ちかてつ}を{乗|の}るために、{死|し}ぬ==程=={走|はし}った。
|
> {地下鉄|ちかてつ}を{乗|の}るために、{死|し}ぬ==程=={走|はし}った。
|
||||||
> In order to catch the subway, I ran to death.
|
> In order to catch the subway, I ran to death.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 一応
|
## 一応
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{一応|いちおう} means "more or less", "roughly".
|
{一応|いちおう} means "more or less", "roughly".
|
||||||
Can also mean "just in case". Used to tell the minimum required amount is done.
|
Can also mean "just in case". Used to tell the minimum required amount is done.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> ==一応=={終|お}わりましたけど。
|
> ==一応=={終|お}わりましたけど。
|
||||||
> I more or less finished, but...
|
> I more or less finished, but...
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 一度に
|
## 一度に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{一度|いち|ど}に means "all at once".
|
{一度|いち|ど}に means "all at once".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> バスは==一度に==１００{人|にん}を{乗|の}せることができる。
|
> バスは==一度に==１００{人|にん}を{乗|の}せることができる。
|
||||||
> A bus can carry 100 persons at a time.
|
> A bus can carry 100 persons at a time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ずつ
|
## ずつ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used with nouns that express a number or a counter, meaning "each", "at time".
|
Used with nouns that express a number or a counter, meaning "each", "at time".
|
||||||
Used with {少|すこ}し, means "little by little".
|
Used with {少|すこ}し, means "little by little".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ２{個|こ}==ずつ==ください。
|
> ２{個|こ}==ずつ==ください。
|
||||||
> I'll take two of each please.
|
> I'll take two of each please.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ろくに～ない
|
## ろくに～ない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "not enough, improperly, insufficiently". Used with a negative phrase.
|
Means "not enough, improperly, insufficiently". Used with a negative phrase.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> ５{年|ねん}{中国語|ちゅうごくご}を{勉強|べんきょう}したのに、==ろくに=={喋|しゃべ}ら==ない==。
|
> ５{年|ねん}{中国語|ちゅうごくご}を{勉強|べんきょう}したのに、==ろくに=={喋|しゃべ}ら==ない==。
|
||||||
> Even tough I studied Chinese for 5 years, I cannot speak it really well.
|
> Even tough I studied Chinese for 5 years, I cannot speak it really well.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ It can also mean that the will to do is not present, especially with する.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
### ようがない・ようもない
|
### ようがない・ようもない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
~{様|よう}がない means that there is no way, "impossible".
|
～{様|よう}がない means that there is no way, "impossible".
|
||||||
Works by removing ~ます from a verb and adding ようがない・ようもない.
|
Works by removing ～ます from a verb and adding ようがない・ようもない.
|
||||||
The nuance it that it is impossible in general. With する, it can mean the same as わけがない, i.e. "I don't know how to".
|
The nuance it that it is impossible in general. With する, it can mean the same as わけがない, i.e. "I don't know how to".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Those rules combine a verb and an adjective to make a new meaning.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## Difficulty
|
## Difficulty
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### ~やすい: easy
|
### ～やすい: easy
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means:
|
Means:
|
||||||
* easy to do
|
* easy to do
|
||||||
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Means:
|
|||||||
> {泣|な}き==やすい==。
|
> {泣|な}き==やすい==。
|
||||||
> Prone to crying.
|
> Prone to crying.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### ~にくい・~づらい: difficult
|
### ～にくい・～づらい: difficult
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that something is difficult to do.
|
Means that something is difficult to do.
|
||||||
While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective manner, for actions that are intentional.
|
While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective manner, for actions that are intentional.
|
||||||
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective mann
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
### ～がたい: very difficult
|
### ～がたい: very difficult
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
~がたい means that something is very difficult to do.
|
～がたい means that something is very difficult to do.
|
||||||
It is more extreme than ~にくい.
|
It is more extreme than ～にくい.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> それは{信|しん}じ==がたい==な。
|
> それは{信|しん}じ==がたい==な。
|
||||||
> That's hard to believe...
|
> That's hard to believe...
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~始める
|
## ～始める
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
～{始|はじ}める means that something starts or has started. Expresses intentionality.
|
～{始|はじ}める means that something starts or has started. Expresses intentionality.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ It is more extreme than ~にくい.
|
|||||||
> {飲|の}み==始める==。
|
> {飲|の}み==始める==。
|
||||||
> To start to drink.
|
> To start to drink.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~出す
|
## ～出す
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
～{出|だ}す means that something suddenly started. Has the nuance of being unintentional, or cannot be avoided.
|
～{出|だ}す means that something suddenly started. Has the nuance of being unintentional, or cannot be avoided.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ It is more extreme than ~にくい.
|
|||||||
> 雨が降り==出した==。
|
> 雨が降り==出した==。
|
||||||
> It suddenly started raining.
|
> It suddenly started raining.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~続く
|
## ～続く
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
～{続|つづ}く means that something continues.
|
～{続|つづ}く means that something continues.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ It is more extreme than ~にくい.
|
|||||||
> {飲|の}み==続ける==。
|
> {飲|の}み==続ける==。
|
||||||
> To continue to drink.
|
> To continue to drink.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~終わる
|
## ～終わる
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
～{終|お}わる means that something ends.
|
～{終|お}わる means that something ends.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ This can be used both as:
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## ～切る・～切れる・～切れない
|
## ～切る・～切れる・～切れない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
~{切|き}る means "to do completely" and ~切れる means "able to do completely".
|
～{切|き}る means "to do completely" and ～切れる means "able to do completely".
|
||||||
The negative form ~切れない means "unable to do", "too much to complete".
|
The negative form ～切れない means "unable to do", "too much to complete".
|
||||||
It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
|
It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## ～通す
|
## ～通す
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
~{通|とお}す means "to do something until the end", "continually" or "through". It focuses on the process of the action, rather than its ending.
|
～{通|とお}す means "to do something until the end", "continually" or "through". It focuses on the process of the action, rather than its ending.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> マラソンの{全部|ぜんぶ}を{走|はし}り==通した==。
|
> マラソンの{全部|ぜんぶ}を{走|はし}り==通した==。
|
||||||
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## ～直す
|
## ～直す
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
~{直|なお}す means to do something again.
|
～{直|なお}す means to do something again.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {今年|ことし}をやり==直す==てほしい。
|
> {今年|ことし}をやり==直す==てほしい。
|
||||||
@@ -124,55 +124,55 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## ～っぱなし
|
## ～っぱなし
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
~っぱなし means leaving something as it is.
|
～っぱなし means leaving something as it is.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> この１３時間{飛行|ひこう}で{座|すわ}り==っぱなし==でした。
|
> この１３時間{飛行|ひこう}で{座|すわ}り==っぱなし==でした。
|
||||||
> I sat the entire time on this 13 hours flight.
|
> I sat the entire time on this 13 hours flight.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~かねる
|
## ～かねる
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
~かねる means "unable to do", due to an external circumstance. It is polite.
|
～かねる means "unable to do", due to an external circumstance. It is polite.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ごめんなさい、それをでき==かねます==。
|
> ごめんなさい、それをでき==かねます==。
|
||||||
> I'm sorry, I cannot do that.
|
> I'm sorry, I cannot do that.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~っこない
|
## ～っこない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
~っこない means that something is not possible.
|
～っこない means that something is not possible.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {全然|ぜんぜん}{勉強|べんきょう}しなかった。。。{合格|ごうかく}し==っこない==よ。
|
> {全然|ぜんぜん}{勉強|べんきょう}しなかった。。。{合格|ごうかく}し==っこない==よ。
|
||||||
> I did not study at all... There's no way I'll pass.
|
> I did not study at all... There's no way I'll pass.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~抜く
|
## ～抜く
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
~{抜|ぬ}く means to do something to the end, or completely. The nuance is that someone tried hard and has made an effort to achieve this result.
|
～{抜|ぬ}く means to do something to the end, or completely. The nuance is that someone tried hard and has made an effort to achieve this result.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> それは{毎日|まいにち}やり==抜く=={無理|むり}ですよ。
|
> それは{毎日|まいにち}やり==抜く=={無理|むり}ですよ。
|
||||||
> You cannot do this every day.
|
> You cannot do this every day.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~給え
|
## ～給え
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
~{給|たま}え is used for a light order. It is used by someone of higher rank to someone of lower rank.
|
～{給|たま}え is used for a light order. It is used by someone of higher rank to someone of lower rank.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ここに{座|すわ}り==給え==。
|
> ここに{座|すわ}り==給え==。
|
||||||
> Seat here.
|
> Seat here.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~つつ(も)
|
## ～つつ(も)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
~つつ means that something happens at the same time as another action. Adding も adds the meaning of "even": "even while doing".
|
～つつ means that something happens at the same time as another action. Adding も adds the meaning of "even": "even while doing".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 食べ==つつ==、飲みましょう。
|
> 食べ==つつ==、飲みましょう。
|
||||||
> While eating, let's drink.
|
> While eating, let's drink.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~つつある
|
## ～つつある
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
~つつある means that something is in an ongoing process or action, in a similar manner as てくる.
|
～つつある means that something is in an ongoing process or action, in a similar manner as てくる.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}り==つつある==。
|
> {雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}り==つつある==。
|
||||||
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## ～込む
|
## ～込む
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
~{込|こ}む has multiple meanings depending on the verb. Sometimes it is idiomatic and so it cannot exactly be guessed. However, there are some broad categories.
|
～{込|こ}む has multiple meanings depending on the verb. Sometimes it is idiomatic and so it cannot exactly be guessed. However, there are some broad categories.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
⚠ Depending on the context, verbs can fall into multiple categories!
|
⚠ Depending on the context, verbs can fall into multiple categories!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
|
|||||||
## のに
|
## のに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "to do", "in order to".
|
Means "to do", "in order to".
|
||||||
See [[Connectors#のに#In order to]].
|
See [[Connectors#In order to]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ために
|
## ために
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,68 +1,68 @@
|
|||||||
# Consequence
|
# Consequence
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に関わる
|
## に関わる
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
に{関|かか}わる means "to affect", "to be involved". Used with nouns that express something influential.
|
に{関|かか}わる means "to affect", "to be involved". Used with nouns that express something influential.
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {命|いのち}==に関わる=={事故|じこ}がありました。
|
> {命|いのち}==に関わる=={事故|じこ}がありました。
|
||||||
> There was a life-threatening incident.
|
> There was a life-threatening incident.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## がきっかけで・をきっかけに
|
## がきっかけで・をきっかけに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V + の・こと</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V + の・こと</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ がきっかけで・をきっかけに</p>
|
<p class="right">+ がきっかけで・をきっかけに</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "to take advantage of", "because of", "as an opportunity to". It is a common form.
|
Means "to take advantage of", "because of", "as an opportunity to". It is a common form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {彼女|かのじょ}と{出会|であ}ったの==がきっかけで==、ポップ{音楽|おんがく}が{好|す}き{始|はじ}まった。
|
> {彼女|かのじょ}と{出会|であ}ったの==がきっかけで==、ポップ{音楽|おんがく}が{好|す}き{始|はじ}まった。
|
||||||
> After meeting her, I started liking pop music.
|
> After meeting her, I started liking pop music.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## を契機に
|
## を契機に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V + の・こと</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V + の・こと</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ を契機に</p>
|
<p class="right">+ を契機に</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
を{契機|けいき}に means "lead to", "as a result of", "as a good opportunity to". It is used for an important change, in formal situations.
|
を{契機|けいき}に means "lead to", "as a result of", "as a good opportunity to". It is used for an important change, in formal situations.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {戦争|せんそう}==を契機に==、{人々|ひとびと}は{家|いえ}を{失|うしな}った。
|
> {戦争|せんそう}==を契機に==、{人々|ひとびと}は{家|いえ}を{失|うしな}った。
|
||||||
> As a result of the war, people lost their homes.
|
> As a result of the war, people lost their homes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## そうすると
|
## そうすると
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "having done that". Used for something where there is no control, or to confirm an information.
|
Means "having done that". Used for something where there is no control, or to confirm an information.
|
||||||
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ゆっくり{食|た}べてみて。==そうすると==、おいしくなる。
|
> ゆっくり{食|た}べてみて。==そうすると==、おいしくなる。
|
||||||
> Try eating slower. Doing that, it will taste better.
|
> Try eating slower. Doing that, it will taste better.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 甲斐がある
|
## 甲斐がある
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (ます)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (ます)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ かいがある</p>
|
<p class="right">+ かいがある</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{甲斐|かい}がある means "to be worth". 甲斐がない means "to not be worth".
|
{甲斐|かい}がある means "to be worth". 甲斐がない means "to not be worth".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> １００{点|てん}{持|も}ったから{朝|あさ}まで{勉強|べんきょう}した==かいがあった==。
|
> １００{点|てん}{持|も}ったから{朝|あさ}まで{勉強|べんきょう}した==かいがあった==。
|
||||||
> I got 100 points, so it was worth it studying until morning.
|
> I got 100 points, so it was worth it studying until morning.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Used with verbs and nouns.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## としても
|
## としても
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "assuming", "even if". It has the same meaning as [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも]], but bolder.
|
Means "assuming", "even if". It has the same meaning as [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも|Even if: ても・でも]], but bolder.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 私==としても==出来ます。
|
> 私==としても==出来ます。
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Means "made from".
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## のが「好き・上手・下手」
|
## のが「好き・上手・下手」
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
のが({好|すき}き・{上手|じょうず}・{下手|へた}) means "to (like/be good/be bad)" at an action.
|
のが「{好|すき}き・{上手|じょうず}・{下手|へた}」 means "to like/be good/be bad" at an action.
|
||||||
Used with a verb in dictionary form.
|
Used with a verb in dictionary form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ Means that something is "full of" or "covered with" something undesirable.
|
|||||||
<p class="right">+ で有名</p>
|
<p class="right">+ で有名</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
は~で{有名|ゆうめい} means "famous for". Used to describe why people, places or things are famous.
|
は～で{有名|ゆうめい} means "famous for". Used to describe why people, places or things are famous.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> パリ==は==エッフェル{塔|とう}==で有名==です。
|
> パリ==は==エッフェル{塔|とう}==で有名==です。
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,43 +1,43 @@
|
|||||||
# Emphasis
|
# Emphasis
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に限って
|
## に限って
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
に{限|かぎ}って means "particularly when", "only when".
|
に{限|かぎ}って means "particularly when", "only when".
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> このレストランは{金曜日|きんようび}==に限って==、{特別|とくべつ}な{食|た}べ{物|もの}を{作|つく}る。
|
> このレストランは{金曜日|きんようび}==に限って==、{特別|とくべつ}な{食|た}べ{物|もの}を{作|つく}る。
|
||||||
> This restaurant only makes special food on Fridays.
|
> This restaurant only makes special food on Fridays.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ことに
|
## ことに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ ことに</p>
|
<p class="right">+ ことに</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "particularly", "especially". Used to describe and emphasize the speaker's feelings.
|
Means "particularly", "especially". Used to describe and emphasize the speaker's feelings.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> こんなに{長|なが}い{間|あいだ}{彼|かれ}から{連絡|れんらく}があった==ことに=={驚|おどろ}きました。
|
> こんなに{長|なが}い{間|あいだ}{彼|かれ}から{連絡|れんらく}があった==ことに=={驚|おどろ}きました。
|
||||||
> I was surprised to hear from him after such a long time.
|
> I was surprised to hear from him after such a long time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## それなら
|
## それなら
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "if that's the case". Highlights the previous statement.
|
Means "if that's the case". Highlights the previous statement.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {今週|こんしゅう}{忙|いそが}しいんでしょうか。==それなら==、{来週|らいしゅう}はどうですか。
|
> {今週|こんしゅう}{忙|いそが}しいんでしょうか。==それなら==、{来週|らいしゅう}はどうですか。
|
||||||
> You're busy this week, right? Then, what about the next one?
|
> You're busy this week, right? Then, what about the next one?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## だって
|
## だって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "even someone". It is informal.
|
Means "even someone". It is informal.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> それはこども==だって=={知|し}っている。
|
> それはこども==だって=={知|し}っている。
|
||||||
> Even kids know that.
|
> Even kids know that.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,41 +1,41 @@
|
|||||||
# Exception
|
# Exception
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## は別として
|
## は別として
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
は{別|べつ}として means "aside from", "whether or not".
|
は{別|べつ}として means "aside from", "whether or not".
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {虫|むし}==は別として==、{今日|きょう}は{楽|たの}しかった。
|
> {虫|むし}==は別として==、{今日|きょう}は{楽|たの}しかった。
|
||||||
> Aside from the insects, today was fun.
|
> Aside from the insects, today was fun.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
With verbs and adjectives, かどうか is placed before.
|
With verbs and adjectives, かどうか is placed before.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {勝|かつ}かどうか==は別として==、{試合|しあい}をやってみたい。
|
> {勝|かつ}かどうか==は別として==、{試合|しあい}をやってみたい。
|
||||||
> Whether we win or not, I want to play the game.
|
> Whether we win or not, I want to play the game.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## を除いて
|
## を除いて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ を除いて</p>
|
<p class="r">+ を除いて</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ を除く + </p>
|
<p class="r">+ を除く + </p>
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
を{除|のぞ}いて means "except".
|
を{除|のぞ}いて means "except".
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 私==を除いて==、{皆|みな}さんが{合格|ごうかく}しました。
|
> 私==を除いて==、{皆|みな}さんが{合格|ごうかく}しました。
|
||||||
> Everyone except me passed.
|
> Everyone except me passed.
|
||||||
@@ -1,104 +1,104 @@
|
|||||||
# In addition
|
# In addition
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## も～ば～も
|
## も～ば～も
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<p class="iright">N1 + も + </p>
|
<p class="iright">N1 + も + </p>
|
||||||
<div class="ileft">
|
<div class="ileft">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (ば)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (ば)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> ければ</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> ければ</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + なら</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + なら</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + なら</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + なら</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ N2 + も</p>
|
<p class="right">+ N2 + も</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "also", "as well". Means that both N1 and N2 are true (and should share a connection).
|
Means "also", "as well". Means that both N1 and N2 are true (and should share a connection).
|
||||||
⚠ Despite using conditional form, it is not conditional in meaning.
|
⚠ Despite using conditional form, it is not conditional in meaning.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {母|はは}はポルトガル{語|ご}==も==できれ==ば==スペイン{語|ご}==も=={話|はな}せる。
|
> {母|はは}はポルトガル{語|ご}==も==できれ==ば==スペイン{語|ご}==も=={話|はな}せる。
|
||||||
> My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish.
|
> My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## おまけに
|
## おまけに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "in addition". Used for emphasis for similar qualities (positive, negative). Used orally.
|
Means "in addition". Used for emphasis for similar qualities (positive, negative). Used orally.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {暑|あつ}くて==おまけに==エアコンが{壊|こわ}れてしまった。
|
> {暑|あつ}くて==おまけに==エアコンが{壊|こわ}れてしまった。
|
||||||
> It was hot, and to make matters worse, the air conditioning broke.
|
> It was hot, and to make matters worse, the air conditioning broke.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## しかも
|
## しかも
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "moreover", "what's more". Talks about a same subject, for objective information, implying that A and B exist at the same time. It is similar to おまけに, but used for writing.
|
Means "moreover", "what's more". Talks about a same subject, for objective information, implying that A and B exist at the same time. It is similar to おまけに, but used for writing.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> このレストランはとても{美味|おい}しいね。==しかも==、{安|やす}いよ！
|
> このレストランはとても{美味|おい}しいね。==しかも==、{安|やす}いよ！
|
||||||
> This restaurant is delicious. What's more, it's cheap!
|
> This restaurant is delicious. What's more, it's cheap!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 上に
|
## 上に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 上(に)</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 上(に)</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{上|うえ}に means "and also", "in addition", "as well". Used with similar qualities (positive with positive, negative with negative).
|
{上|うえ}に means "and also", "in addition", "as well". Used with similar qualities (positive with positive, negative with negative).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> この{家|いえ}は{狭|せま}い==上に=={家賃|やちん}は{高|たか}すぎる。
|
> この{家|いえ}は{狭|せま}い==上に=={家賃|やちん}は{高|たか}すぎる。
|
||||||
> This house is small, and the rent is too expensive.
|
> This house is small, and the rent is too expensive.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## その上
|
## その上
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
その{上|うえ} means "besides", "in addition". Means the same as 上に, but with two separate sentences.
|
その{上|うえ} means "besides", "in addition". Means the same as 上に, but with two separate sentences.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> この{家|いえ}は{狭|せま}い。==その上==、{家賃|やちん}は{高|たか}すぎる。
|
> この{家|いえ}は{狭|せま}い。==その上==、{家賃|やちん}は{高|たか}すぎる。
|
||||||
> This house is small. In addition, the rent is too expensive.
|
> This house is small. In addition, the rent is too expensive.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に加えて
|
## に加えて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
に{加|くわ}えて means "in addition to". It is formal, and often used in business settings.
|
に{加|くわ}えて means "in addition to". It is formal, and often used in business settings.
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {今年|ことし}はピンポン==に加えて==バドミントンを{教|おし}えます。
|
> {今年|ことし}はピンポン==に加えて==バドミントンを{教|おし}えます。
|
||||||
> This year, I'll be teaching badminton in addition to ping pong.
|
> This year, I'll be teaching badminton in addition to ping pong.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Not only, but also
|
## Not only, but also
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### はもちろん
|
### はもちろん
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ はもちろん + </p>
|
<p class="r">+ はもちろん + </p>
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">phrase</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">phrase</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ も・さえ</p>
|
<p class="r">+ も・さえ</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "not only but also", "not to mention". The most common form.
|
Means "not only but also", "not to mention". The most common form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> このゲームセンターにはゲーム==はもちろん==ボウリング==も==あります。
|
> このゲームセンターにはゲーム==はもちろん==ボウリング==も==あります。
|
||||||
> This game center not only has games but also bowling.
|
> This game center not only has games but also bowling.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### はもとより
|
### はもとより
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "not only but also". Similar meaning than はもちろん. Conveys a sense of continuity. Used mostly in writing.
|
Means "not only but also". Similar meaning than はもちろん. Conveys a sense of continuity. Used mostly in writing.
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {雪|ゆき}が{多|おお}いので、{電車|でんしゃ}==はもとより==タクシーもない。
|
> {雪|ゆき}が{多|おお}いので、{電車|でんしゃ}==はもとより==タクシーもない。
|
||||||
> There is so much snow that there are no trains, let alone taxis.
|
> There is so much snow that there are no trains, let alone taxis.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,39 +1,39 @@
|
|||||||
# Instead
|
# Instead
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## むしろ
|
## むしろ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "instead" or "rather".
|
Means "instead" or "rather".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==むしろ=={自転車|じてんしゃ}で行こうと思います。
|
> ==むしろ=={自転車|じてんしゃ}で行こうと思います。
|
||||||
> I think I'd rather go by bike.
|
> I think I'd rather go by bike.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 代わりに
|
## 代わりに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 代わりに</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 代わりに</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{代|か}わりに means "instead of", "in exchange for". Generally used to talk about things.
|
{代|か}わりに means "instead of", "in exchange for". Generally used to talk about things.
|
||||||
Does not have a notion of replacing in a temporal transition, more like a one off occurrence.
|
Does not have a notion of replacing in a temporal transition, more like a one off occurrence.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {今朝|けさ}{自転車|じてんしゃ}の==代わりに=={地下鉄|ちかてつ}で行きました。
|
> {今朝|けさ}{自転車|じてんしゃ}の==代わりに=={地下鉄|ちかてつ}で行きました。
|
||||||
> I took the train this morning instead of biking.
|
> I took the train this morning instead of biking.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## にかわって・にかわり
|
## にかわって・にかわり
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "instead of". Generally used about persons.
|
Means "instead of". Generally used about persons.
|
||||||
Also has a notion of "taking over" as in replacing in a temporal transition.
|
Also has a notion of "taking over" as in replacing in a temporal transition.
|
||||||
にかわり is more formal than にかわって.
|
にかわり is more formal than にかわって.
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {私|わたし}==に代わって=={妹|いもうと}が{行|い}った。
|
> {私|わたし}==に代わって=={妹|いもうと}が{行|い}った。
|
||||||
> My sister went in my behalf.
|
> My sister went in my behalf.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence.
|
|||||||
> 言ってない==し==！
|
> 言ってない==し==！
|
||||||
> I never said that!
|
> I never said that!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### やら~やら
|
### やら～やら
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## つい
|
## つい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "accidentally", "unintentionally". Can be combined with [[TeF (2) - manner of doing## てしまう・ちゃう・じゃう|てしまう]].
|
Means "accidentally", "unintentionally". Can be combined with [[TeF (2) - manner of doing#てしまう・ちゃう・じゃう|てしまう]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {歩|ある}きながら{携帯|けいたい}を見ていました、==つい=={誰|だれ}かとぶつきました。
|
> {歩|ある}きながら{携帯|けいたい}を見ていました、==つい=={誰|だれ}かとぶつきました。
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,77 +1,77 @@
|
|||||||
# Obligation: なければ・ないと
|
# Obligation: なければ・ないと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Must
|
## Must
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### なくちゃ・なきゃ
|
### なくちゃ・なきゃ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Only used on casual spoken conversations.
|
Only used on casual spoken conversations.
|
||||||
This form is used with the negative form of a verb (ない), and adding なくちゃ and optionally one of the following ending: だめ, いけない, いけません, ならない, なりません.
|
This form is used with the negative form of a verb (ない), and adding なくちゃ and optionally one of the following ending: だめ, いけない, いけません, ならない, なりません.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
なくちゃ is the shortened form of なくては.
|
なくちゃ is the shortened form of なくては.
|
||||||
なきゃ is the shortened form of なければ.
|
なきゃ is the shortened form of なければ.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {歯|は}を{磨|みが}か==なくちゃいけない==。
|
> {歯|は}を{磨|みが}か==なくちゃいけない==。
|
||||||
> I must brush my teeth.
|
> I must brush my teeth.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### なくては「いけない・ならない」
|
### なくては「いけない・ならない」
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
|
Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 今{遅|おそ}いね。{寝|ね}に行か==なくてはいけない==。
|
> 今{遅|おそ}いね。{寝|ね}に行か==なくてはいけない==。
|
||||||
> It's late now. I have to go to sleep.
|
> It's late now. I have to go to sleep.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### なければ「いけない・ならない」
|
### なければ「いけない・ならない」
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
|
Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {事務所|じむしょ}では{静|しず}かにし==なければならない==。
|
> {事務所|じむしょ}では{静|しず}かにし==なければならない==。
|
||||||
> You have to be quiet in the office.
|
> You have to be quiet in the office.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### ないといけない
|
### ないといけない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
|
Also formed with the negative form of a verb.
|
||||||
In casual contexts, can be shortened as ないと.
|
In casual contexts, can be shortened as ないと.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 今日は{勉強|べんきょう}し==ないといけない==。
|
> 今日は{勉強|べんきょう}し==ないといけない==。
|
||||||
> I have to study today.
|
> I have to study today.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Must not
|
## Must not
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### 「ちゃ・じゃ」「だめ・いけない・いけません」
|
#### 「ちゃ・じゃ」「だめ・いけない・いけません」
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Only used on casual spoken conversations. いけません is a bit more formal.
|
Only used on casual spoken conversations. いけません is a bit more formal.
|
||||||
This form is used with a V-て, depending on the ending:
|
This form is used with a V-て, depending on the ending:
|
||||||
* with て, ちゃ is used.
|
* with て, ちゃ is used.
|
||||||
* with で, じゃ is used.
|
* with で, じゃ is used.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> その{花|はな}を食べ==ちゃだめ==。
|
> その{花|はな}を食べ==ちゃだめ==。
|
||||||
> Don't eat those flowers.
|
> Don't eat those flowers.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> {花瓶|か|びん}の水を{飲|の}ん==じゃいけない==。
|
> {花瓶|か|びん}の水を{飲|の}ん==じゃいけない==。
|
||||||
> Don't drink the water of the flower vase.
|
> Don't drink the water of the flower vase.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### てはいけない
|
### てはいけない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used in a more formal or written manner. Used with a V-て.
|
Used in a more formal or written manner. Used with a V-て.
|
||||||
てはならない is a stronger form.
|
てはならない is a stronger form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {鉄道|てつ|どう}に{歩|ある}い==てはいけません==。
|
> {鉄道|てつ|どう}に{歩|ある}い==てはいけません==。
|
||||||
> Do not walk on the railroad.
|
> Do not walk on the railroad.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Comparing いけない and ならない
|
## Comparing いけない and ならない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* ==いけない== is the standardly used form. It implies a subjective view, that it would be better to do something, to avoid negative consequences (eg: brushing one's teeth, eating well, etc).
|
* ==いけない== is the standardly used form. It implies a subjective view, that it would be better to do something, to avoid negative consequences (eg: brushing one's teeth, eating well, etc).
|
||||||
* ==ならない== is usually more formal or in written form. It implies a is more objective view, something that has to be done because there's no other way (eg: respecting the law, paying taxes, etc).
|
* ==ならない== is usually more formal or in written form. It implies a is more objective view, something that has to be done because there's no other way (eg: respecting the law, paying taxes, etc).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Comparing なくては, なければ and ないと
|
## Comparing なくては, なければ and ないと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
なくては and なければ are generally interchangeable in speech. However:
|
なくては and なければ are generally interchangeable in speech. However:
|
||||||
* ==なくては== is generally used when there is _no penalty_ for not complying.
|
* ==なくては== is generally used when there is _no penalty_ for not complying.
|
||||||
* ==なければ== is generally used when there _is a penalty_ for not complying.
|
* ==なければ== is generally used when there _is a penalty_ for not complying.
|
||||||
* ==ないと== is lighter and does not imply that there can or cannot be penalty. Its construction is based on the [[Conditional#と]] particle, and should be based on knowledge or experience.
|
* ==ないと== is lighter and does not imply that there can or cannot be penalty. Its construction is based on the [[Conditional#と]] particle, and should be based on knowledge or experience.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Used with a verb in the dictionary form.
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
### べきだ
|
### べきだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "should do", "must do". Compared to the [[Obligation - なければ・ないと]] forms and 必ず, it has a nuance of being less universally logical. It is defined by the speaker's own logic.
|
Means "should do", "must do". Compared to the [[Obligation - must (not)]] forms and 必ず, it has a nuance of being less universally logical. It is defined by the speaker's own logic.
|
||||||
Used with verbs.
|
Used with verbs.
|
||||||
する can be used as するべき or すべき.
|
する can be used as するべき or すべき.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,107 +1,107 @@
|
|||||||
# Observation: hearsay
|
# Observation: hearsay
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## んだって
|
## んだって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + な</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ んだって・んですって</p>
|
<p class="right">+ んだって・んですって</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used to quote something that you heard in a casual conversation.
|
Used to quote something that you heard in a casual conversation.
|
||||||
Similar in the quotation sense to [[Description#って・って言う・と言う|って]], but here the nuance is that the information is new or unexpected.
|
Similar in the quotation sense to [[Description#って・って言う・と言う|って]], but here the nuance is that the information is new or unexpected.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ワールドカップでアルゼンチンが{勝|か}した==んだって==!
|
> ワールドカップでアルゼンチンが{勝|か}した==んだって==!
|
||||||
> Argentina won the world cup! (you just saw it on TV but you were doing something else and are surprised)
|
> Argentina won the world cup! (you just saw it on TV but you were doing something else and are surprised)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## と聞いた
|
## と聞いた
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
と{聞|きい}いた is used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
|
と{聞|きい}いた is used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
|
||||||
Mostly used formally.
|
Mostly used formally.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
|
> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
|
||||||
> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).
|
> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## と言われている
|
## と言われている
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
と{言|い}われている is used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
|
と{言|い}われている is used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
|
||||||
For nouns, だ is placed before.
|
For nouns, だ is placed before.
|
||||||
Mostly used formally.
|
Mostly used formally.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
|
> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
|
||||||
> They say the curry of this restaurant is good.
|
> They say the curry of this restaurant is good.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## そうだ
|
## そうだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
|
<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "I heard that".
|
Means "I heard that".
|
||||||
Do not confuse with [[Observation - looking like#そうだ]] (no stem modification).
|
Do not confuse with [[Observation - looking like#そうだ]] (no stem modification).
|
||||||
It is casual.
|
It is casual.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> テストは{難|むず}しいだ==そうだ==。
|
> テストは{難|むず}しいだ==そうだ==。
|
||||||
> The exam is said to be difficult.
|
> The exam is said to be difficult.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ということだ
|
## ということだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It is used for hearsay. Has a nuance of being sure of the validity.
|
It is used for hearsay. Has a nuance of being sure of the validity.
|
||||||
Can also be used for a meaning close to "this means".
|
Can also be used for a meaning close to "this means".
|
||||||
More formal than そうだ.
|
More formal than そうだ.
|
||||||
Can be used as ==ということだ== or ==とのことだ==. A more casual version is ==ってことだ==.
|
Can be used as ==ということだ== or ==とのことだ==. A more casual version is ==ってことだ==.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {専門家|せん|もん|か}によると、{今年|ことし}の{夏|なつ}は{最高|さいこう}{暑|あつ}くなる==ということです==。
|
> {専門家|せん|もん|か}によると、{今年|ことし}の{夏|なつ}は{最高|さいこう}{暑|あつ}くなる==ということです==。
|
||||||
> According to the experts, this summer will be the hottest ever.
|
> According to the experts, this summer will be the hottest ever.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Summing up
|
## Summing up
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* ==んだって== used for quotation, similar to って, when the information is new.
|
* ==んだって== used for quotation, similar to って, when the information is new.
|
||||||
* ==と聞いた== is used for something you heard from an identifiable speaker. Is mostly formal.
|
* ==と聞いた== is used for something you heard from an identifiable speaker. Is mostly formal.
|
||||||
* ==と言われている== is used for something for something you heard from an unspecified speaker. Is mostly formal.
|
* ==と言われている== is used for something for something you heard from an unspecified speaker. Is mostly formal.
|
||||||
* ==そうだ== is used for hearsay and is casual.
|
* ==そうだ== is used for hearsay and is casual.
|
||||||
* ==ということだ== is used for hearsay, when the validity of the information is certain. More formal than そうだ.
|
* ==ということだ== is used for hearsay, when the validity of the information is certain. More formal than そうだ.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## によると・によれば
|
## によると・によれば
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "according to".
|
Means "according to".
|
||||||
Used with nouns. With verbs, ところ is added before.
|
Used with nouns. With verbs, ところ is added before.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {天気予報|てんきよほう}==によると=={今日|きょう}は{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}るようだ。
|
> {天気予報|てんきよほう}==によると=={今日|きょう}は{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}るようだ。
|
||||||
> According to the weather forecast, it's supposed to snow today.
|
> According to the weather forecast, it's supposed to snow today.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## とか(で)
|
## とか(で)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ とか(で)</p>
|
<p class="right">+ とか(で)</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used to tell information heard via rumour. "I heard that..."
|
Used to tell information heard via rumour. "I heard that..."
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {目黒|めぐろ}に{住|す}んでいる==とか==。
|
> {目黒|めぐろ}に{住|す}んでいる==とか==。
|
||||||
> Apparently they live in Meguro.
|
> Apparently they live in Meguro.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Do not confuse with [[Listing#とか～とか]].
|
Do not confuse with [[Listing#とか～とか]].
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,249 +1,249 @@
|
|||||||
# Observation: looking like
|
# Observation: looking like
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## よう
|
## よう
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that it looks like. Used from direct knowledge or experience, with a high degree of confidence.
|
Means that it looks like. Used from direct knowledge or experience, with a high degree of confidence.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It has two meanings:
|
It has two meanings:
|
||||||
* Looks like something: visual observation. Similar to みたい, but more polite.
|
* Looks like something: visual observation. Similar to みたい, but more polite.
|
||||||
* Perhaps it is. Might be something else, but it look like it is.
|
* Perhaps it is. Might be something else, but it look like it is.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Contrary to そう, focuses on the more logical aspect of things.
|
Contrary to そう, focuses on the more logical aspect of things.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### ようだ
|
### ようだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ ようだ</p>
|
<p class="right">+ ようだ</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that it looks like, appears like, seems like.
|
Means that it looks like, appears like, seems like.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {子供|こども}が{嬉|うれ}しい==ようだ==。
|
> {子供|こども}が{嬉|うれ}しい==ようだ==。
|
||||||
> The kids look happy (= I can see them laughing and smiling).
|
> The kids look happy (= I can see them laughing and smiling).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### ように・ような
|
### ように・ような
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ [ように + V] ・ [ような + N]</p>
|
<p class="right">+ [ように + V] ・ [ような + N]</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Expresses "in the manner of".
|
Expresses "in the manner of".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {新幹線|しんかんせん}の==ような=={速度|そく|ど}。
|
> {新幹線|しんかんせん}の==ような=={速度|そく|ど}。
|
||||||
> Speed like a Shinkansen.
|
> Speed like a Shinkansen.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> アヒルの==ように==食べる。
|
> アヒルの==ように==食べる。
|
||||||
> To eat like a duck.
|
> To eat like a duck.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## そう
|
## そう
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Contrary to よう, focuses on a more subjective feeling.
|
Contrary to よう, focuses on a more subjective feeling.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### そうだ
|
### そうだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
|
<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that it looks like.
|
Means that it looks like.
|
||||||
Do not confuse with [[Observation - hearsay#そうだ]].
|
Do not confuse with [[Observation - hearsay#そうだ]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> おいし==そうだ==。
|
> おいし==そうだ==。
|
||||||
> lt looks like it is delicious.
|
> lt looks like it is delicious.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### そうに・そうな
|
### そうに・そうな
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 「そうに・そうな」 + N・V</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 「そうに・そうな」 + N・V</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Also means that it looks like, but connecting to nouns and verbs.
|
Also means that it looks like, but connecting to nouns and verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 面白==そうに==人です。
|
> 面白==そうに==人です。
|
||||||
> He seems like an interesting person.
|
> He seems like an interesting person.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## みたい
|
## みたい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
みたい means similar to, like. Used for direct observation, with a high degree of certainty in consequence. Usually used for visual observation.
|
みたい means similar to, like. Used for direct observation, with a high degree of certainty in consequence. Usually used for visual observation.
|
||||||
It is a less polite form of ようだ.
|
It is a less polite form of ようだ.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### みたいだ
|
### みたいだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The basic form, used with all forms of words.
|
The basic form, used with all forms of words.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 今日は暑いですね。夏==みたいだ==な。
|
> 今日は暑いですね。夏==みたいだ==な。
|
||||||
> It's hot today, isn't it. It looks like it's summer.
|
> It's hot today, isn't it. It looks like it's summer.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### みたいに
|
### みたいに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ みたいに + V / Adj</p>
|
<p class="right">+ みたいに + V / Adj</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The adverbial form.
|
The adverbial form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 犬==みたいに==食べた。
|
> 犬==みたいに==食べた。
|
||||||
> I ate like a dog.
|
> I ate like a dog.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### みたいな
|
### みたいな
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ みたいな + N</p>
|
<p class="right">+ みたいな + N</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Similar to the precedent form, but when using with nouns.
|
Similar to the precedent form, but when using with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {故郷|ふる|さと}==みたいな==町だ。
|
> {故郷|ふる|さと}==みたいな==町だ。
|
||||||
> A city like my hometown.
|
> A city like my hometown.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## らしい
|
## らしい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Expresses an information based on hearsay, or based on the situation, or ressemblance. This is always used based on a source that is unknown or ambiguous. It can be similar to a guess. Similar to the "perhaps" meaning of ようだ.
|
Expresses an information based on hearsay, or based on the situation, or ressemblance. This is always used based on a source that is unknown or ambiguous. It can be similar to a guess. Similar to the "perhaps" meaning of ようだ.
|
||||||
Also used for something typical, expected, characteristic.
|
Also used for something typical, expected, characteristic.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> 男==らしい==。
|
> 男==らしい==。
|
||||||
> Typical of a man (befitting of a man).
|
> Typical of a man (befitting of a man).
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> 今日は{君|きみ}==らしくない==。
|
> 今日は{君|きみ}==らしくない==。
|
||||||
> You aren't yourself today.
|
> You aren't yourself today.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## っぽい
|
## っぽい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ っぽい</p>
|
<p class="right">+ っぽい</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This has the meaning of like, easy to, _-ish_. Makes a direct comparison with certainty, from the point of view of the person saying it. Close to an even more casual meaning of みたい, with a focus on attitude or gesture.
|
This has the meaning of like, easy to, _-ish_. Makes a direct comparison with certainty, from the point of view of the person saying it. Close to an even more casual meaning of みたい, with a focus on attitude or gesture.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {子供|こ|ども}==っぽい==。
|
> {子供|こ|ども}==っぽい==。
|
||||||
> Childish.
|
> Childish.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> {忘|わす}れ==っぽい==。
|
> {忘|わす}れ==っぽい==。
|
||||||
> Easy to forget.
|
> Easy to forget.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 気味
|
## 気味
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 気味</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 気味</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{気味|ぎみ} means that it shows sign of. It talks about a condition (tiredness, sickness, lateness, etc).
|
{気味|ぎみ} means that it shows sign of. It talks about a condition (tiredness, sickness, lateness, etc).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 今日、{君|きみ}はちょっと{病気|びょうき}==気味==です。
|
> 今日、{君|きみ}はちょっと{病気|びょうき}==気味==です。
|
||||||
> You look a bit sick today.
|
> You look a bit sick today.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Summing up
|
## Summing up
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* ==ようだ== is a formal way to say that it looks like, usually from direct observation. Used for logical assumptions.
|
* ==ようだ== is a formal way to say that it looks like, usually from direct observation. Used for logical assumptions.
|
||||||
* ==そうだ== is used for things that are on the more subjective side.
|
* ==そうだ== is used for things that are on the more subjective side.
|
||||||
* ==みたい== is a less formal way, used in a casual conversation. Focused on visual information.
|
* ==みたい== is a less formal way, used in a casual conversation. Focused on visual information.
|
||||||
* ==っぽい== is even more casual. Usually used for attitude or gesture.
|
* ==っぽい== is even more casual. Usually used for attitude or gesture.
|
||||||
* ==らしい== is usually used when something is typical or expected.
|
* ==らしい== is usually used when something is typical or expected.
|
||||||
* ==気味== is used for condition (tiredness, sickness, lateness, etc).
|
* ==気味== is used for condition (tiredness, sickness, lateness, etc).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に見える
|
## に見える
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual) + ように</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual) + ように</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike>く</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike>く</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + に</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + に</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + (のよう) + に</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + (のよう) + に</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 見える</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 見える</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is used (unlike other forms that can apply to abstract similarities) exclusively for visual resemblance.
|
This is used (unlike other forms that can apply to abstract similarities) exclusively for visual resemblance.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {彼女|かのじょ}はフランス人==に見える==。
|
> {彼女|かのじょ}はフランス人==に見える==。
|
||||||
> She looks like she is French.
|
> She looks like she is French.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## かのよう「だ・に・な」
|
## かのよう「だ・に・な」
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "as if", "just like".
|
Means "as if", "just like".
|
||||||
Use かのうようだ if it is ending the sentence, かのうように before a verb, かのような before a noun.
|
Use かのうようだ if it is ending the sentence, かのうように before a verb, かのような before a noun.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> このゲームは{現実|げんじつ}==かのようだ==。
|
> このゲームは{現実|げんじつ}==かのようだ==。
|
||||||
> This game is just like reality.
|
> This game is just like reality.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## どうやら
|
## どうやら
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "it seems like", used with notions like ようだ or らしい.
|
Means "it seems like", used with notions like ようだ or らしい.
|
||||||
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> ==どうやら=={離婚|りこん}したようだ。
|
> ==どうやら=={離婚|りこん}したようだ。
|
||||||
> Apparently they got divorced.
|
> Apparently they got divorced.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## げ
|
## げ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V な<strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V な<strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V た<strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V た<strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + <strike>な</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + <strike>な</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N (limited)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N (limited)</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ げ</p>
|
<p class="right">+ げ</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that something or someone looks like, appears to. Cannot be used for yourself.
|
Means that something or someone looks like, appears to. Cannot be used for yourself.
|
||||||
It is used in a similar manner as そう, but only to describe the feelings of someone.
|
It is used in a similar manner as そう, but only to describe the feelings of someone.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
⚠ Irregular form: いい => よい => よさげ
|
⚠ Irregular form: いい => よい => よさげ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {新|あたら}しい{部長|ぶちょう}{不安|ふあん}==げ==です。
|
> {新|あたら}しい{部長|ぶちょう}{不安|ふあん}==げ==です。
|
||||||
> The new manager seems anxious.
|
> The new manager seems anxious.
|
||||||
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
|
|||||||
# Observation
|
# Observation
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ところを見ると
|
## ところを見ると
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ところを{見|み}ると means "judging from".
|
ところを{見|み}ると means "judging from".
|
||||||
Used with verbs.
|
Used with verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> ヘルメットを{被|かぶ}ている==ところを見ると==、{自転車|じてんしゃ}で{来|き}ました。
|
> ヘルメットを{被|かぶ}ている==ところを見ると==、{自転車|じてんしゃ}で{来|き}ました。
|
||||||
> Judging from the fact that he's wearing a helmet, he must have come by bicycle.
|
> Judging from the fact that he's wearing a helmet, he must have come by bicycle.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## からすると・からすれば
|
## からすると・からすれば
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "judging from", "considering".
|
Means "judging from", "considering".
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {服|ふく}を´{着|き}る==からすると==、{今日|きょう}は{面接|めんせつ}に{行|い}くでしょう。
|
> {服|ふく}を´{着|き}る==からすると==、{今日|きょう}は{面接|めんせつ}に{行|い}くでしょう。
|
||||||
> Judging from the clothes you're wearing, I guess you're going to pass an interview today.
|
> Judging from the clothes you're wearing, I guess you're going to pass an interview today.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,102 +1,102 @@
|
|||||||
# Opposition: although
|
# Opposition: although
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 割に
|
## 割に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 割に</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 割に</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{割|わり}に means "considering A, B", "although".
|
{割|わり}に means "considering A, B", "although".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> このマンションは{古|ふる}い==割に=={高|たか}いです。
|
> このマンションは{古|ふる}い==割に=={高|たか}いです。
|
||||||
> This apartment is expensive considering how old it is.
|
> This apartment is expensive considering how old it is.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ことは～が
|
## ことは～が
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
|
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ が</p>
|
<p class="r">+ が</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
|
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ が</p>
|
<p class="r">+ が</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
|
<p class="r">+ ことは + </p>
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ が</p>
|
<p class="r">+ が</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
⚠ It must be the same verb or adjective at both end!
|
⚠ It must be the same verb or adjective at both end!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "although".
|
Means "although".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {勉強|べんきょう}する==ことは==する==が==、まだ{下手|へた}です。
|
> {勉強|べんきょう}する==ことは==する==が==、まだ{下手|へた}です。
|
||||||
> Although I study everyday, I'm still bad at it.
|
> Although I study everyday, I'm still bad at it.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## といっても
|
## といっても
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "although". Puts a nuance to the first statement describing that it is not as much as imagined, and adds a complimentary information.
|
Means "although". Puts a nuance to the first statement describing that it is not as much as imagined, and adds a complimentary information.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {彼|かれ}は{医者|いしゃ}==といっても==、あまり{頭|あたま}が{良|よ}くない。
|
> {彼|かれ}は{医者|いしゃ}==といっても==、あまり{頭|あたま}が{良|よ}くない。
|
||||||
> He may be a doctor, but he is not very smart.
|
> He may be a doctor, but he is not very smart.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## にも関わらず
|
## にも関わらず
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
にも{関|かか}わらず means "regardless", "despite".
|
にも{関|かか}わらず means "regardless", "despite".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {危険|きけん}==にもかかわらず==、{彼|かれ}はまだそれをやった。
|
> {危険|きけん}==にもかかわらず==、{彼|かれ}はまだそれをやった。
|
||||||
> Despite the danger, he still did it.
|
> Despite the danger, he still did it.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ものの
|
## ものの
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + である</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + である</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ ものの</p>
|
<p class="right">+ ものの</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "although", "even though". It is formal. Similar to のに. The first part is positive, and the second one is negative.
|
Means "although", "even though". It is formal. Similar to のに. The first part is positive, and the second one is negative.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {今日|きょう}は{晴|は}れた==ものの==とても{寒|さむ}い。
|
> {今日|きょう}は{晴|は}れた==ものの==とても{寒|さむ}い。
|
||||||
> It is sunny today, but very cold.
|
> It is sunny today, but very cold.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## もっとも
|
## もっとも
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "although", "but". Connects two phrases. Used in literature.
|
Means "although", "but". Connects two phrases. Used in literature.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 帰国するつもりです。==もっとも==時間がある場合だけど。
|
> 帰国するつもりです。==もっとも==時間がある場合だけど。
|
||||||
> I plan to return to my country. But only if I had the time...
|
> I plan to return to my country. But only if I had the time...
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This is the basic way to say "but".
|
|||||||
> コンビニに行きました。==でも==、何も買わなかった。
|
> コンビニに行きました。==でも==、何も買わなかった。
|
||||||
> I went to the convenience store. But I didn't buy anything.
|
> I went to the convenience store. But I didn't buy anything.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
⚠ Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも]].
|
⚠ Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも|Even if: ても・でも]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## しかし
|
## しかし
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ See [[Considering - for - as#にしても]].
|
|||||||
<p class="right">+ って</p>
|
<p class="right">+ って</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "even if", "even though". It has the same meaning as [[#て-form even if]].
|
Means "even if", "even though". It has the same meaning as [[#て-form even if|て-form: even if]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {今|いま}で行==ったって==、{間|ま}に{合|あ}わない。
|
> {今|いま}で行==ったって==、{間|ま}に{合|あ}わない。
|
||||||
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Means "but still", "even so", "anyway".
|
|||||||
## のに
|
## のに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "although", "even tough". Cannot be an hypothesis, must be a confirmed fact. This, it works with past tense.
|
Means "although", "even tough". Cannot be an hypothesis, must be a confirmed fact. This, it works with past tense.
|
||||||
See [[Connectors#のに#Even tough]].
|
See [[Connectors#Even tough]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## くせに・くせして
|
## くせに・くせして
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,136 +1,136 @@
|
|||||||
# Opposition
|
# Opposition
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に反して
|
## に反して
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
に{反|はん}して means "contrary to". Opposes the first noun to the rest of the sentence.
|
に{反|はん}して means "contrary to". Opposes the first noun to the rest of the sentence.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {常識|じょうしき}==に反して==、彼は{勉強|べんきょう}しなかった。
|
> {常識|じょうしき}==に反して==、彼は{勉強|べんきょう}しなかった。
|
||||||
> Contrary to common sense, he did not study.
|
> Contrary to common sense, he did not study.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に対して
|
## に対して
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
に{対|たい}して.
|
に{対|たい}して.
|
||||||
See [[Towards#In contrast to]].
|
See [[Towards#In contrast to]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 逆に
|
## 逆に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{逆|ぎゃく}に means "on the contrary". Means that it is the opposite of something else.
|
{逆|ぎゃく}に means "on the contrary". Means that it is the opposite of something else.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {人|ひと}が{大体|だいたい}ウサギが{好|す}き==逆に=={彼|かれ}は{嫌|きら}い。
|
> {人|ひと}が{大体|だいたい}ウサギが{好|す}き==逆に=={彼|かれ}は{嫌|きら}い。
|
||||||
> Most people like rabbits, but on the contrary he hates them.
|
> Most people like rabbits, but on the contrary he hates them.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## かえって
|
## かえって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "on the contrary", "rather". Used for bad results, contrary to what was expected.
|
Means "on the contrary", "rather". Used for bad results, contrary to what was expected.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {薬|くすり}を{飲|の}んだら==却って=={調子|ちょうし}が{悪|わる}くなった。
|
> {薬|くすり}を{飲|の}んだら==却って=={調子|ちょうし}が{悪|わる}くなった。
|
||||||
> Despite drinking medicine, on the contrary my condition got worse.
|
> Despite drinking medicine, on the contrary my condition got worse.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 反面
|
## 反面
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な・である</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な・である</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + である</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + である</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 反面</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 反面</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{反面|はんめん} means "on the other hand", "however". Has the same meaning as かえって.
|
{反面|はんめん} means "on the other hand", "however". Has the same meaning as かえって.
|
||||||
Also used between two phrases as その反面.
|
Also used between two phrases as その反面.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> スープはおいしい==反面==、ちょっと{冷|つめ}たい。
|
> スープはおいしい==反面==、ちょっと{冷|つめ}たい。
|
||||||
> The soup is good but a bit cold.
|
> The soup is good but a bit cold.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 一方で
|
## 一方で
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + である</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + である</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + である</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + である</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 一方(で)</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 一方(で)</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{一方|いっぽう}で means "on the other hand", "on another note".
|
{一方|いっぽう}で means "on the other hand", "on another note".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> その{犬|いぬ}は{大|おお}きい==一方で==、とても{穏|おだ}やかと{親切|しんせつ}です。
|
> その{犬|いぬ}は{大|おお}きい==一方で==、とても{穏|おだ}やかと{親切|しんせつ}です。
|
||||||
> The dog is big, but on the other hand he is very calm and kind.
|
> The dog is big, but on the other hand he is very calm and kind.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に関わらず
|
## に関わらず
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
に{関|かか}わらず means "regardless", "no matter".
|
に{関|かか}わらず means "regardless", "no matter".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ここは{年齢|ねんれい}==に関わらず==、{誰|だれ}でも{歓迎|かんげい}します。
|
> ここは{年齢|ねんれい}==に関わらず==、{誰|だれ}でも{歓迎|かんげい}します。
|
||||||
> Everyone is welcome here, regardless of age.
|
> Everyone is welcome here, regardless of age.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## を問わず
|
## を問わず
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
を{問|と}わず means "regardless of".
|
を{問|と}わず means "regardless of".
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {年齢|ねんれい}==を問わず==、{誰|だれ}でも{歓迎|かんげい}する。
|
> {年齢|ねんれい}==を問わず==、{誰|だれ}でも{歓迎|かんげい}する。
|
||||||
> Everyone is welcome, regardless of age.
|
> Everyone is welcome, regardless of age.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## それなのに
|
## それなのに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "and yet".
|
Means "and yet".
|
||||||
Used to combine two sentences, appearing at the start of the second one.
|
Used to combine two sentences, appearing at the start of the second one.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {同僚|どうりょ}が{風邪|かぜ}をひいた。==それなのに==、{事務所|じむしょ}に{行|い}くつもりです。
|
> {同僚|どうりょ}が{風邪|かぜ}をひいた。==それなのに==、{事務所|じむしょ}に{行|い}くつもりです。
|
||||||
> My colleague has a cold. And yet, he plans to go to the office.
|
> My colleague has a cold. And yet, he plans to go to the office.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## それにしても
|
## それにしても
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "even so", "nevertheless".
|
Means "even so", "nevertheless".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {毎日|まいにち}{頑張|がんば}る、==それにしても==まだ{下手|へた}です。
|
> {毎日|まいにち}{頑張|がんば}る、==それにしても==まだ{下手|へた}です。
|
||||||
> I try my best every day, but I'm still not very good.
|
> I try my best every day, but I'm still not very good.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## はともかく
|
## はともかく
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "setting aside", "apart from". Can be completed by として.
|
Means "setting aside", "apart from". Can be completed by として.
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> この服は値段==はともかく==、完璧です。
|
> この服は値段==はともかく==、完璧です。
|
||||||
> These clothes are perfect, regardless of their price.
|
> These clothes are perfect, regardless of their price.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## どころか
|
## どころか
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ どころか</p>
|
<p class="right">+ どころか</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "far from", "anything but". Negates what comes before and emphases what comes after.
|
Means "far from", "anything but". Negates what comes before and emphases what comes after.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {好|す}きな==どころか==、{事実|じじつ}は{嫌|きら}いだった。
|
> {好|す}きな==どころか==、{事実|じじつ}は{嫌|きら}いだった。
|
||||||
> Far from liking it, truth is that I hated it.
|
> Far from liking it, truth is that I hated it.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## どころではない
|
## どころではない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "not the time for", "far from", "out of the question". Means that something is not ideal.
|
Means "not the time for", "far from", "out of the question". Means that something is not ideal.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {今|いま}は{電車|でんしゃ}の{中|なか}だから、{歌|うた}う==どころではない==。
|
> {今|いま}は{電車|でんしゃ}の{中|なか}だから、{歌|うた}う==どころではない==。
|
||||||
> We're on a train right now, so it's not the time to sing.
|
> We're on a train right now, so it's not the time to sing.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,71 +1,71 @@
|
|||||||
# Point of view
|
# Point of view
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## にしたら・にすれば
|
## にしたら・にすれば
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "from the point of view of", "from the perspective of".
|
Means "from the point of view of", "from the perspective of".
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {観光客|かんこうきゃく}==にしたら==、その{食|た}べ{物|もの}は{多分|たぶん}{不思議|ふしぎ}すぎる。
|
> {観光客|かんこうきゃく}==にしたら==、その{食|た}べ{物|もの}は{多分|たぶん}{不思議|ふしぎ}すぎる。
|
||||||
> For tourists, this food is probably too strange.
|
> For tourists, this food is probably too strange.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## にとって
|
## にとって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "concerning", "regarding". Focuses on the standpoint of the preceding part. It is used for general opinions that are shared with the majority.
|
Means "concerning", "regarding". Focuses on the standpoint of the preceding part. It is used for general opinions that are shared with the majority.
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 猫==にとって=={睡眠|すい|みん}は{大切|たいせつ}です。
|
> 猫==にとって=={睡眠|すい|みん}は{大切|たいせつ}です。
|
||||||
> Sleeping is important for cats.
|
> Sleeping is important for cats.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## の上で・上の
|
## の上で・上の
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
の{上|うえ}で・{上|うえ}の means "according to", "from the point of view of". Used for rules, information, data, etc.
|
の{上|うえ}で・{上|うえ}の means "according to", "from the point of view of". Used for rules, information, data, etc.
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {規則|きそく}==の上で==はタバコを{吸|す}うは{禁止|きんし}です。
|
> {規則|きそく}==の上で==はタバコを{吸|す}うは{禁止|きんし}です。
|
||||||
> According to the rules, smoking is prohibited.
|
> According to the rules, smoking is prohibited.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 上: from the standpoint of
|
## 上: from the standpoint of
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Attached to a noun, {上|じょう} means "from the standpoint of".
|
Attached to a noun, {上|じょう} means "from the standpoint of".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {法律|ほうりつ}==上==、それは{禁止|きんし}です。
|
> {法律|ほうりつ}==上==、それは{禁止|きんし}です。
|
||||||
> Legally, that is prohibited.
|
> Legally, that is prohibited.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ものがある
|
## ものがある
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ ものがある</p>
|
<p class="right">+ ものがある</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "there is something". Used to express subjective opinion.
|
Means "there is something". Used to express subjective opinion.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> この{車|くるま}には{怪|あや}しい==ものがある==。
|
> この{車|くるま}には{怪|あや}しい==ものがある==。
|
||||||
> There's something suspicious about this car.
|
> There's something suspicious about this car.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## から見ると
|
## から見ると
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
から{見|み}ると means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for objective judgment, based on a situation.
|
から{見|み}ると means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for objective judgment, based on a situation.
|
||||||
Also used as から見れば, からみて or からみたら.
|
Also used as から見れば, からみて or からみたら.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {先生|せんせい}==からみると==、{学生|がくせい}は{怠|なま}け{者|もの}すぎる。
|
> {先生|せんせい}==からみると==、{学生|がくせい}は{怠|なま}け{者|もの}すぎる。
|
||||||
> From the teacher's point of view, the students are too lazy.
|
> From the teacher's point of view, the students are too lazy.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## から言うと
|
## から言うと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
から{言|い}うと means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for more subjective judgment, so cannot be used with people.
|
から{言|い}うと means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for more subjective judgment, so cannot be used with people.
|
||||||
Also used as から言えば or から言って.
|
Also used as から言えば or から言って.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {状況|じょうきょう}==から言うと==、{経済|けいざい}はよくない。
|
> {状況|じょうきょう}==から言うと==、{経済|けいざい}はよくない。
|
||||||
> Given the situation, the economy is no good.
|
> Given the situation, the economy is no good.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
|
|||||||
# Possibility: impossibility
|
# Possibility: impossibility
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### とても～ない
|
### とても～ない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "cannot". This form implies a strong impossibility. Used with negative verbs, often in potential form.
|
Means "cannot". This form implies a strong impossibility. Used with negative verbs, often in potential form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {苦|にが}い{食|たべ}べ{物|もの}は==とても==食べられ==ない==。
|
> {苦|にが}い{食|たべ}べ{物|もの}は==とても==食べられ==ない==。
|
||||||
> I cannot eat bitter food.
|
> I cannot eat bitter food.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ものか・もんか
|
## ものか・もんか
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (る)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (る)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj </span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj </span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + な</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ ものか・もんか</p>
|
<p class="right">+ ものか・もんか</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "there's no way it will happen", "absolutely not", "as if". Expresses disagreement or disbelief.
|
Means "there's no way it will happen", "absolutely not", "as if". Expresses disagreement or disbelief.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> こんなたくさん{家事|かじ}をする==ものか==。。。{無理|むり}です。
|
> こんなたくさん{家事|かじ}をする==ものか==。。。{無理|むり}です。
|
||||||
> There's no way I could do so much housework... It's impossible.
|
> There's no way I could do so much housework... It's impossible.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
|
|||||||
# Possibility: no choice
|
# Possibility: no choice
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## しかない
|
## しかない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "have no choice but".
|
Means "have no choice but".
|
||||||
Used with verbs in dictionary form.
|
Used with verbs in dictionary form.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {説明書|せつめいしょ}を{読|よ}む==しかない==な。
|
> {説明書|せつめいしょ}を{読|よ}む==しかない==な。
|
||||||
> I guess I have no choice but to read to manual.
|
> I guess I have no choice but to read to manual.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## よりほかない・にほかならない
|
## よりほかない・にほかならない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ よりほかない</p>
|
<p class="r">+ よりほかない</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ にほかならない</p>
|
<p class="r">+ にほかならない</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "nothing but", "simply". This form puts more emphasis than しかない.
|
Means "nothing but", "simply". This form puts more emphasis than しかない.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {携帯|けいたい}は{壊|こわ}れていったので、{新|あたら}しいのを{買|か}う==よりほかない==。
|
> {携帯|けいたい}は{壊|こわ}れていったので、{新|あたら}しいのを{買|か}う==よりほかない==。
|
||||||
> My phone broke, so I have no choice but to buy a new one.
|
> My phone broke, so I have no choice but to buy a new one.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Used with nouns.
|
|||||||
> ジュース==か何か=={飲|の}もうか。
|
> ジュース==か何か=={飲|の}もうか。
|
||||||
> Shall we drink something like a juice?
|
> Shall we drink something like a juice?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ようか~まいか
|
## ようか～まいか
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ Means "unless you do something".
|
|||||||
> {運転|うんてん}{免許|めんきょ}を{持|も}った==ないことには=={運転|うんてん}できない。
|
> {運転|うんてん}{免許|めんきょ}を{持|も}った==ないことには=={運転|うんてん}できない。
|
||||||
> You can't drive unless you have a driving licence.
|
> You can't drive unless you have a driving licence.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## にしろ~にしろ
|
## にしろ～にしろ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ Means "unless you do something".
|
|||||||
<p class="r">+ にしろ</p>
|
<p class="r">+ にしろ</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "whether... or". Can be used as にせろ~にせろ or にしても~にしても, which is more formal.
|
Means "whether... or". Can be used as にせろ～にせろ or にしても～にしても, which is more formal.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {動物|どうぶつ}==にしろ=={植物|しょくぶつ}==にしろ==、その{物質|ぶっしつ}は{危険|きけん}です。
|
> {動物|どうぶつ}==にしろ=={植物|しょくぶつ}==にしろ==、その{物質|ぶっしつ}は{危険|きけん}です。
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,108 +1,108 @@
|
|||||||
# Question
|
# Question
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## か
|
## か
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
At the end of a sentence, this particle asks a question, like a question mark.
|
At the end of a sentence, this particle asks a question, like a question mark.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {猫|ねこ}が好きです==か==。
|
> {猫|ねこ}が好きです==か==。
|
||||||
> Do you like cats?
|
> Do you like cats?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It can also be used when there is uncertainty between two or more choices. It can be used once or multiple times.
|
It can also be used when there is uncertainty between two or more choices. It can be used once or multiple times.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 犬==か==猫==か==、どちら{選|えら}んでますかな。
|
> 犬==か==猫==か==、どちら{選|えら}んでますかな。
|
||||||
> Which should I chose, a dog or a cat?
|
> Which should I chose, a dog or a cat?
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> 雨==か=={分|わ}かりません。
|
> 雨==か=={分|わ}かりません。
|
||||||
> I don't know if it will rain.
|
> I don't know if it will rain.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## かな・かしら
|
## かな・かしら
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "I wonder", "should I?". かな is a neutral form, while かしら sounds feminine.
|
Means "I wonder", "should I?". かな is a neutral form, while かしら sounds feminine.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> この{帽子|ぼうし}を{被|かぶ}ろう==かな==。
|
> この{帽子|ぼうし}を{被|かぶ}ろう==かな==。
|
||||||
> Should I wear this hat?
|
> Should I wear this hat?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## かい
|
## かい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Using this particle, the sentences becomes a yes/no question. Very casual, masculine connotation.
|
Using this particle, the sentences becomes a yes/no question. Very casual, masculine connotation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 来るの==かい==。
|
> 来るの==かい==。
|
||||||
> Are you coming?
|
> Are you coming?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## どうやって
|
## どうやって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "how", "in what way".
|
Means "how", "in what way".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> これを==どうやって==作れましたか。
|
> これを==どうやって==作れましたか。
|
||||||
> How did you make this?
|
> How did you make this?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Probably - right - isn't it?
|
## Probably - right - isn't it?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### でしょう
|
### でしょう
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "probably", "right?". The polite version of だろう.
|
Means "probably", "right?". The polite version of だろう.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> この{服|}はきれい==でしょう==。
|
> この{服|}はきれい==でしょう==。
|
||||||
> These clothes are beautiful, aren't they? (It's probably what you also think?)
|
> These clothes are beautiful, aren't they? (It's probably what you also think?)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### だろう
|
### だろう
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "probably", "right?". The casual version of でしょう.
|
Means "probably", "right?". The casual version of でしょう.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 今日また雨==だろう==。
|
> 今日また雨==だろう==。
|
||||||
> It will probably rain again.
|
> It will probably rain again.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### ではないか
|
### ではないか
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "isn't it?". The polite version of じゃないか.
|
Means "isn't it?". The polite version of じゃないか.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 今の{揺|ゆ}れは{地震|じ|しん}==ではないか==。
|
> 今の{揺|ゆ}れは{地震|じ|しん}==ではないか==。
|
||||||
> That shaking is an earthquake, isn't it?
|
> That shaking is an earthquake, isn't it?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### じゃないか
|
### じゃないか
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "isn't it?". The casual version of ではないか.
|
Means "isn't it?". The casual version of ではないか.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> アイスクリームを食べよう==じゃないか==。
|
> アイスクリームを食べよう==じゃないか==。
|
||||||
> Let's have some ice cream, shall we?
|
> Let's have some ice cream, shall we?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### ね
|
### ね
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This particle when added to the end of a sentence meaning "right?".
|
This particle when added to the end of a sentence meaning "right?".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 今日は{寒|さむ}いです==ね==。
|
> 今日は{寒|さむ}いです==ね==。
|
||||||
> It's cold today, right?
|
> It's cold today, right?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Summing up
|
### Summing up
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* ==でしょう==・==だろう== expresses a probability or an assumption.
|
* ==でしょう==・==だろう== expresses a probability or an assumption.
|
||||||
* ==ではないか==・==じゃないか== invites or suggests an action.
|
* ==ではないか==・==じゃないか== invites or suggests an action.
|
||||||
* ==ね== asks an agreement or a confirmation.
|
* ==ね== asks an agreement or a confirmation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ことか
|
## ことか
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + である</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + である</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ ことか</p>
|
<p class="right">+ ことか</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "how" or "what". Used to describe an extent that is unusual or unbelievable. It is mostly used in written contexts, as it is a bit dramatic.
|
Means "how" or "what". Used to describe an extent that is unusual or unbelievable. It is mostly used in written contexts, as it is a bit dramatic.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> フランスには、パン{屋|や}の{多|おお}さにどれほど{信|しん}じられない==ことか==。
|
> フランスには、パン{屋|や}の{多|おお}さにどれほど{信|しん}じられない==ことか==。
|
||||||
> It's incredible how many bakeries there are in France.
|
> It's incredible how many bakeries there are in France.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ It is more objective than から: it expresses a situation that exists, and that
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## から
|
## から
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
See [[🔰 Particles (2)#Because]].
|
See [[🔰 Particles (2)#から#Because]].
|
||||||
It is more subjective than ので: it expresses more personal needs/actions/opinions.
|
It is more subjective than ので: it expresses more personal needs/actions/opinions.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ことから
|
## ことから
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,66 +1,66 @@
|
|||||||
# Request
|
# Request
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## てください
|
## てください
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It is a polite request that is translated as "please do".
|
It is a polite request that is translated as "please do".
|
||||||
In casual speech, can be shortened to て.
|
In casual speech, can be shortened to て.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {消|けし}しゴムを{貸|か}し==て==。
|
> {消|けし}しゴムを{貸|か}し==て==。
|
||||||
> Lend me your eraser.
|
> Lend me your eraser.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## てもいい
|
## てもいい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V-て</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V-て</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くて</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くて</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + で</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + で</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ もいい</p>
|
<p class="right">+ もいい</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "is it alright if?", "may I?".
|
Means "is it alright if?", "may I?".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ここに{座|すわ}==てもいい==ですか。
|
> ここに{座|すわ}==てもいい==ですか。
|
||||||
> May I sit here?
|
> May I sit here?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A more polite way is [[Can't help - doesn't matter#ても構わない]].
|
A more polite way is [[Can't help - doesn't matter#ても構わない]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ないでください
|
## ないでください
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "please don't". It is a polite request. Removing the ください makes it more casual.
|
Means "please don't". It is a polite request. Removing the ください makes it more casual.
|
||||||
Formed by a verb in the negative form (ない) with the で particle.
|
Formed by a verb in the negative form (ない) with the で particle.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {冷蔵庫|れいぞうこ}のデザートは食べ==ないでください==。
|
> {冷蔵庫|れいぞうこ}のデザートは食べ==ないでください==。
|
||||||
> Please do not eat the dessert from the fridge.
|
> Please do not eat the dessert from the fridge.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## なさい
|
## なさい
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This form is used when commanding an action.
|
This form is used when commanding an action.
|
||||||
It is used with verbs by removing the ます and adding なさい. In casual conversation, it can be shortened to な.
|
It is used with verbs by removing the ます and adding なさい. In casual conversation, it can be shortened to な.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {質問|しつ|もん}を{答|こた}え==なさい==。
|
> {質問|しつ|もん}を{答|こた}え==なさい==。
|
||||||
> Answer the question.
|
> Answer the question.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ように言う
|
## ように言う
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<p class="r">V +</p>
|
<p class="r">V +</p>
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">ように</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">ように</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ V 「言う・命じる・頼む・...」</p>
|
<p class="r">+ V 「言う・命じる・頼む・...」</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It means "to tell", "to request", "to order".
|
It means "to tell", "to request", "to order".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The verb {頼|たの}む can be used for requests, while {命|めい}じる can be used for order. The verb {言|い}う can tell the three meanings depending on the tone. Other similar verbs can be used ({注意|ちゅうい}する, {進|すす}む, etc).
|
The verb {頼|たの}む can be used for requests, while {命|めい}じる can be used for order. The verb {言|い}う can tell the three meanings depending on the tone. Other similar verbs can be used ({注意|ちゅうい}する, {進|すす}む, etc).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {子供|こども}にお{菓子|か|し}を食べない==ように言った==。
|
> {子供|こども}にお{菓子|か|し}を食べない==ように言った==。
|
||||||
> I told the kids to not eat candies.
|
> I told the kids to not eat candies.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,106 +1,106 @@
|
|||||||
# State
|
# State
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## まま
|
## まま
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (ない)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ まま</p>
|
<p class="right">+ まま</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that something doesn't change state, stays as it is.
|
Means that something doesn't change state, stays as it is.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {開|あ}けた==まま==。
|
> {開|あ}けた==まま==。
|
||||||
> To be left open.
|
> To be left open.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> {熱|あつ}い==まま==。
|
> {熱|あつ}い==まま==。
|
||||||
> Still hot.
|
> Still hot.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> {昔|むかし}の==まま==。
|
> {昔|むかし}の==まま==。
|
||||||
> As it always been.
|
> As it always been.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> その==まま==でいい。
|
> その==まま==でいい。
|
||||||
> It is fine as it is.
|
> It is fine as it is.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## さえ～ば
|
## さえ～ば
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ さえ + すれば</p>
|
<p class="r">+ さえ + すれば</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ さえ + いれば</p>
|
<p class="r">+ さえ + いれば</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ さえ + V(ば)</p>
|
<p class="r">+ さえ + V(ば)</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "as long as", "if only". If a certain condition is met, the result will be okay.
|
Means "as long as", "if only". If a certain condition is met, the result will be okay.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {公園|こうえん}==さえ==あれ==ば==、うれしいです。
|
> {公園|こうえん}==さえ==あれ==ば==、うれしいです。
|
||||||
> As long as there is a park, I am happy.
|
> As long as there is a park, I am happy.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## かける
|
## かける
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "half", "not yet finished", "in the middle of".
|
Means "half", "not yet finished", "in the middle of".
|
||||||
Made by removing the ます stem of a verb.
|
Made by removing the ます stem of a verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> この{本棚|ほんだな}はまだ{作|つく}り==かける==です。
|
> この{本棚|ほんだな}はまだ{作|つく}り==かける==です。
|
||||||
> This bookshelf is not yet finished building.
|
> This bookshelf is not yet finished building.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 一方だ
|
## 一方だ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{一方|いっぽう}だ means "to continue to", "more and more".
|
{一方|いっぽう}だ means "to continue to", "more and more".
|
||||||
Used with verbs that expresses change.
|
Used with verbs that expresses change.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {禁煙|きんえん}の{場所|ばしょ}は{増|ふ}えている==一方です==。
|
> {禁煙|きんえん}の{場所|ばしょ}は{増|ふ}えている==一方です==。
|
||||||
> The number of places where smoking is prohibited keeps increasing.
|
> The number of places where smoking is prohibited keeps increasing.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ばかりだ
|
## ばかりだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "to continue to", in a negative direction. Used with verbs in the dictionary form (る), that describe a form of change. Can also be used as ばっかり, ばっか, ばかし, and ばっかし instead of ばかり.
|
Means "to continue to", in a negative direction. Used with verbs in the dictionary form (る), that describe a form of change. Can also be used as ばっかり, ばっか, ばかし, and ばっかし instead of ばかり.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {病気|びょうき}は{悪|わる}くなる==ばかりです==。
|
> {病気|びょうき}は{悪|わる}くなる==ばかりです==。
|
||||||
> The illness is only getting worse.
|
> The illness is only getting worse.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 結果
|
## 結果
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 結果</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 結果</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{結果|けっか} means "as a result of", "after".
|
{結果|けっか} means "as a result of", "after".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {遅|おく}れた==結果==もう{全部|ぜんぶ}の{切符|きっぷ}は{売|う}り{切|き}れた。
|
> {遅|おく}れた==結果==もう{全部|ぜんぶ}の{切符|きっぷ}は{売|う}り{切|き}れた。
|
||||||
> As a result of being late, all the tickets were already sold out.
|
> As a result of being late, all the tickets were already sold out.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 結局
|
## 結局
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{結局|けっきょく} means "after all", "in the end". Acts as a conclusion.
|
{結局|けっきょく} means "after all", "in the end". Acts as a conclusion.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> ==結局=={卒業|そつぎょう}した。
|
> ==結局=={卒業|そつぎょう}した。
|
||||||
> In the end, I graduated.
|
> In the end, I graduated.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,197 +1,197 @@
|
|||||||
# Talking about
|
# Talking about
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## と言えば・と言うと
|
## と言えば・と言うと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
と{言|い}えば・と{言|い}うと means "speaking of".
|
と{言|い}えば・と{言|い}うと means "speaking of".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 日本==と言えば==、富士山です。
|
> 日本==と言えば==、富士山です。
|
||||||
> Speaking of Japan, Mount Fuji comes to mind.
|
> Speaking of Japan, Mount Fuji comes to mind.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## というのは
|
## というのは
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">phrase</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">phrase</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r"> + というのは + </p>
|
<p class="r"> + というのは + </p>
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">definition</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">definition</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "this means", "known as", "because".
|
Means "this means", "known as", "because".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 「モバゲー」==というのは==モバイルゲームのことです。
|
> 「モバゲー」==というのは==モバイルゲームのことです。
|
||||||
> "Mobage" stands for mobile game.
|
> "Mobage" stands for mobile game.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## において・における
|
## において・における
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "in", "at", "regarding".
|
Means "in", "at", "regarding".
|
||||||
Used with nouns. It is used in formal language.
|
Used with nouns. It is used in formal language.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {冬|ふゆ}==において=={雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}る。
|
> {冬|ふゆ}==において=={雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}る。
|
||||||
> Snow falls in winter.
|
> Snow falls in winter.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> 荒川==において=={花火|はなび}。
|
> 荒川==において=={花火|はなび}。
|
||||||
> Fireworks held on Arakawa River.
|
> Fireworks held on Arakawa River.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## について
|
## について
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "concerning", "about".
|
Means "concerning", "about".
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {面接|めんせつ}==について==はいつがよろしいでしょうか。
|
> {面接|めんせつ}==について==はいつがよろしいでしょうか。
|
||||||
> Regarding the interview, when would be a good time?
|
> Regarding the interview, when would be a good time?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## をめぐって
|
## をめぐって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ をめぐって</p>
|
<p class="r">+ をめぐって</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ をめぐる +</p>
|
<p class="r">+ をめぐる +</p>
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "concerning", "in regard to". It has the same meaning as について.
|
Means "concerning", "in regard to". It has the same meaning as について.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 田中さん==をめぐって==、いろんな{噂|うわさ}がある。
|
> 田中さん==をめぐって==、いろんな{噂|うわさ}がある。
|
||||||
> There are many rumours concerning Tanaka-san.
|
> There are many rumours concerning Tanaka-san.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## というものだ
|
## というものだ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "concerning", "something called". Used for explanations or morals.
|
Means "concerning", "something called". Used for explanations or morals.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> これはノートパソコン==というものだ==。
|
> これはノートパソコン==というものだ==。
|
||||||
> This is what we call a laptop.
|
> This is what we call a laptop.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に関する・に関して
|
## に関する・に関して
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
に{関|かん}する・に{関|かん}して means "related to", "about". More formal than について.
|
に{関|かん}する・に{関|かん}して means "related to", "about". More formal than について.
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ロボット==に関して==ゲームがあるんです。
|
> ロボット==に関して==ゲームがあるんです。
|
||||||
> Are there any games about robots?
|
> Are there any games about robots?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## つまり
|
## つまり
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "in other words". Used after a first phrase for an alternative explanation.
|
Means "in other words". Used after a first phrase for an alternative explanation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> この{映画|えいが}は１２０分、==つまり==２時です。
|
> この{映画|えいが}は１２０分、==つまり==２時です。
|
||||||
> This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours.
|
> This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ということは
|
## ということは
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "that is to say", "in other words". Used when the answer needs thinking. つまり is more direct.
|
Means "that is to say", "in other words". Used when the answer needs thinking. つまり is more direct.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> A: あの{人|ひと}はわたしの{父|ちち}の{妹|いもうと}んです。
|
> A: あの{人|ひと}はわたしの{父|ちち}の{妹|いもうと}んです。
|
||||||
> B: ==ということは==、あなたのおばさんですね。
|
> B: ==ということは==、あなたのおばさんですね。
|
||||||
> A: She's my father's sister.
|
> A: She's my father's sister.
|
||||||
> B: That means she's your aunt, right.
|
> B: That means she's your aunt, right.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## すなわち
|
## すなわち
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "in other words". More formal than つまり.
|
Means "in other words". More formal than つまり.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> この{映画|えいが}は１２０分、==すなわち==２時です。
|
> この{映画|えいが}は１２０分、==すなわち==２時です。
|
||||||
> This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours.
|
> This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 要するに
|
## 要するに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{要|よう}するに means "in summary". It is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
|
{要|よう}するに means "in summary". It is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==要するに==、新しい仕事に就きました。
|
> ==要するに==、新しい仕事に就きました。
|
||||||
> In summary, I got a new job.
|
> In summary, I got a new job.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## にかけて
|
## にかけて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "through", "concerning". It is used for something that happens over a period of time.
|
Means "through", "concerning". It is used for something that happens over a period of time.
|
||||||
Used with a noun.
|
Used with a noun.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {日本|にほん}には６月から９月==にかけて==は{暑|あつ}いです。
|
> {日本|にほん}には６月から９月==にかけて==は{暑|あつ}いです。
|
||||||
> It is hot in Japan from June through September.
|
> It is hot in Japan from June through September.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## をはじめ
|
## をはじめ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "starting with", "not only".
|
Means "starting with", "not only".
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 漫画==をはじめ=={日本|にほん}の{文化|ぶんか}は{面白|おもしろ}い。
|
> 漫画==をはじめ=={日本|にほん}の{文化|ぶんか}は{面白|おもしろ}い。
|
||||||
> Japanese culture, starting with manga, is interesting.
|
> Japanese culture, starting with manga, is interesting.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> フランスの文化はパン==をはじめ==、ワインも{人気|にんき}です。
|
> フランスの文化はパン==をはじめ==、ワインも{人気|にんき}です。
|
||||||
> French culture is popular not only for bread, but also for wine.
|
> French culture is popular not only for bread, but also for wine.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## なんか・なんて
|
## なんか・なんて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "such as", "things like". It is used to give examples or to show emphasis.
|
Means "such as", "things like". It is used to give examples or to show emphasis.
|
||||||
なんか is more informal than なんて. Both are spoken form, while [[Listing#など]] is more written.
|
なんか is more informal than なんて. Both are spoken form, while [[Listing#など]] is more written.
|
||||||
なんて is used with all words, while なんか is used with nouns.
|
なんて is used with all words, while なんか is used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> iPod==なんか=={古|ふる}いな{物|もの}です。
|
> iPod==なんか=={古|ふる}いな{物|もの}です。
|
||||||
> Things like iPod are old.
|
> Things like iPod are old.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 例えば
|
## 例えば
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{例|たと}えば means "for example".
|
{例|たと}えば means "for example".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {虫|むし}が{好|すき}きです。==例えば=={蝉|せみ}です。
|
> {虫|むし}が{好|すき}きです。==例えば=={蝉|せみ}です。
|
||||||
> I like insect. For example, cicadas.
|
> I like insect. For example, cicadas.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ものだ・ものではない
|
## ものだ・ものではない
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (る・ない)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (る・ない)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj </span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj </span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ ものだ・ものではない</p>
|
<p class="right">+ ものだ・ものではない</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ものだ is used when something is common knowledge, custom, etc. That it is something that is natural or expected.
|
ものだ is used when something is common knowledge, custom, etc. That it is something that is natural or expected.
|
||||||
ものではない is used for something that is not expected.
|
ものではない is used for something that is not expected.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {車|くるま}はいつも{高|たか}い==ものだ==。
|
> {車|くるま}はいつも{高|たか}い==ものだ==。
|
||||||
> Cars are always expensive.
|
> Cars are always expensive.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## というふうに
|
## というふうに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "as if to say", "in such a way that", "like". Used to describe the manner in which something is done, give examples.
|
Means "as if to say", "in such a way that", "like". Used to describe the manner in which something is done, give examples.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {彼|かれ}は{泥棒|どろぼう}==というふうに=={立|た}ち{去|さ}ってしました。
|
> {彼|かれ}は{泥棒|どろぼう}==というふうに=={立|た}ち{去|さ}ってしました。
|
||||||
> He departed like a thief.
|
> He departed like a thief.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ふうに
|
## ふうに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "in the way of".
|
Means "in the way of".
|
||||||
Used after words like こんな, そんな, あんな, どんな and verbs.
|
Used after words like こんな, そんな, あんな, どんな and verbs.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> こんな==ふうに==はだめ！
|
> こんな==ふうに==はだめ！
|
||||||
> Do not do it like this!
|
> Do not do it like this!
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
|
|||||||
# Thanks
|
# Thanks
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## せっかく
|
## せっかく
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "with trouble", "thank you for the trouble", etc.
|
Means "with trouble", "thank you for the trouble", etc.
|
||||||
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==せっかく==ケーキを{持|も}てきてくれてありがとう。
|
> ==せっかく==ケーキを{持|も}てきてくれてありがとう。
|
||||||
> Thank you for bringing the cake.
|
> Thank you for bringing the cake.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 幸い・幸いなことに
|
## 幸い・幸いなことに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{幸|さいわ}い・{幸|さいわ}いなことに means "luckily", "fortunately".
|
{幸|さいわ}い・{幸|さいわ}いなことに means "luckily", "fortunately".
|
||||||
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==幸い==、{一番|いちばん}{欲|ほ}しかったガシャポンが{手|て}に{入|い}れった。
|
> ==幸い==、{一番|いちばん}{欲|ほ}しかったガシャポンが{手|て}に{入|い}れった。
|
||||||
> Luckily, I got the gashapon I wanted the most.
|
> Luckily, I got the gashapon I wanted the most.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Used with a verb in the past (た) form.
|
|||||||
> スーパーに{行|い}った==かと思ったら==、{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}り{出|だ}した。
|
> スーパーに{行|い}った==かと思ったら==、{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}り{出|だ}した。
|
||||||
> Just as I went to the supermarket, it started snowing.
|
> Just as I went to the supermarket, it started snowing.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## か~ないかのうちに
|
## か～ないかのうちに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Used with a verb in the past (た) form.
|
|||||||
<p class="r">+ か + のちに</p>
|
<p class="r">+ か + のちに</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
か~ないかのうちに means "right after", "as soon as". It is formal.
|
か～ないかのうちに means "right after", "as soon as". It is formal.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {彼|かれ}は{電車|でんしゃ}が{駅|えき}に{着|つ}く==か=={着|つ}かない==かのうちに=={走|はし}り{始|はじ}めた。
|
> {彼|かれ}は{電車|でんしゃ}が{駅|えき}に{着|つ}く==か=={着|つ}かない==かのうちに=={走|はし}り{始|はじ}めた。
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,193 +1,193 @@
|
|||||||
# Time: during
|
# Time: during
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 間
|
## 間
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 間</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 間</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{間|あいだ} means "while" or "during". Used to express something that is done for the whole period of time.
|
{間|あいだ} means "while" or "during". Used to express something that is done for the whole period of time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 電車に{乗|の}っている==間==、ゲームをしてた。
|
> 電車に{乗|の}っている==間==、ゲームをしてた。
|
||||||
> While I was on the train, I was playing a game.
|
> While I was on the train, I was playing a game.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Can also be used to talk about a distance between two physical places or the time between two things.
|
Can also be used to talk about a distance between two physical places or the time between two things.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> １時から９じまでの==間==、{寝|ね}ます。
|
> １時から９じまでの==間==、{寝|ね}ます。
|
||||||
> I sleep between 1AM and 9AM.
|
> I sleep between 1AM and 9AM.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 間に
|
## 間に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual, non-past)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual, non-past)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 間に</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 間に</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A first meaning is similar to {間|あいだ} (while), but with intentionality.
|
A first meaning is similar to {間|あいだ} (while), but with intentionality.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 電車に{乗|の}っている==間に==、本を読みました。
|
> 電車に{乗|の}っている==間に==、本を読みました。
|
||||||
> While I was on the train, I read a book.
|
> While I was on the train, I read a book.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A second meaning is a statement of something that happened during a time period, independently of your actions.
|
A second meaning is a statement of something that happened during a time period, independently of your actions.
|
||||||
Contrary to 間, it doesn't include the whole time period. So 間に means that at a point during the time period, something happened.
|
Contrary to 間, it doesn't include the whole time period. So 間に means that at a point during the time period, something happened.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {夜|よる}の==間に==、{隣|となり}の木が{落|お}ちていた。
|
> {夜|よる}の==間に==、{隣|となり}の木が{落|お}ちていた。
|
||||||
> During the night, the tree next door fell.
|
> During the night, the tree next door fell.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ながら
|
## ながら
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ます</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r"> + ながら + ...</p>
|
<p class="r"> + ながら + ...</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "while", "simultaneously". The difference with ついでに is that here the main action is the second one. Happens at the same time.
|
Means "while", "simultaneously". The difference with ついでに is that here the main action is the second one. Happens at the same time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {歩|ある}き==ながら=={電話|でん|わ}を見ています。
|
> {歩|ある}き==ながら=={電話|でん|わ}を見ています。
|
||||||
> While walking, I'm looking at my phone.
|
> While walking, I'm looking at my phone.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ついでに
|
## ついでに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ ついでに</p>
|
<p class="right">+ ついでに</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "while", "at the same time". The difference with ながら is that here the main action is the first one. An opportunity of doing something during the occurrence of the first one (but not for the entire time).
|
Means "while", "at the same time". The difference with ながら is that here the main action is the first one. An opportunity of doing something during the occurrence of the first one (but not for the entire time).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> スーパーに行く==ついでに==、おにぎりを{買|か}ってくれませんか。
|
> スーパーに行く==ついでに==、おにぎりを{買|か}ってくれませんか。
|
||||||
> While you're going to the supermarket, could you bring onigiri?
|
> While you're going to the supermarket, could you bring onigiri?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## と同時に
|
## と同時に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (る)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (る)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + である</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + である</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ と同時に</p>
|
<p class="right">+ と同時に</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
と{同時|どうじ}に means "at the same time as", "while". Contrary to ながら, it is used for something that happens at a precise moment, not during the whole time.
|
と{同時|どうじ}に means "at the same time as", "while". Contrary to ながら, it is used for something that happens at a precise moment, not during the whole time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {電車|でんしゃ}に{乗|の}っている==と同時に==、おじいさんが{落|お}ちた。
|
> {電車|でんしゃ}に{乗|の}っている==と同時に==、おじいさんが{落|お}ちた。
|
||||||
> While on the train, an old man fell off.
|
> While on the train, an old man fell off.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 中
|
## 中
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{中|ちゅう}・{中|じゅう} means different things depending on its pronunciation:
|
{中|ちゅう}・{中|じゅう} means different things depending on its pronunciation:
|
||||||
* ちゅう is used when pointing a specific time: "during", "at some point".
|
* ちゅう is used when pointing a specific time: "during", "at some point".
|
||||||
* じゅう is used for the entire time or area: "through", "within", "before it ends".
|
* じゅう is used for the entire time or area: "through", "within", "before it ends".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {午後|ごご}==中==に{会議|かいぎ}がある。
|
> {午後|ごご}==中==に{会議|かいぎ}がある。
|
||||||
> There is a meeting in the afternoon (ちゅう).
|
> There is a meeting in the afternoon (ちゅう).
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> {今年|ことし}==中==にスウェーデンに行きたい。
|
> {今年|ことし}==中==にスウェーデンに行きたい。
|
||||||
> I want to go to Sweden before the end of this year (じゅう).
|
> I want to go to Sweden before the end of this year (じゅう).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## うちに
|
## うちに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ うちに</p>
|
<p class="right">+ うちに</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "while". The nuance is that the time is optimal and should be taken advantage of.
|
Means "while". The nuance is that the time is optimal and should be taken advantage of.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {晴|は}れる==うちに=={散歩|さんぽ}しましょう。
|
> {晴|は}れる==うちに=={散歩|さんぽ}しましょう。
|
||||||
> Let's take a walk while the weather is nice.
|
> Let's take a walk while the weather is nice.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 限り
|
## 限り
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (る・た・ない・ている・)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (る・た・ない・ている・)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + である</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + である</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 限り</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 限り</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{限|かぎ}り means "as long as", "while". Also means "limited to".
|
{限|かぎ}り means "as long as", "while". Also means "limited to".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> この{映画|えいが}は{来週|らいしゅう}==限り=={劇場|げきじょう}で{上映|じょうえい}されます。
|
> この{映画|えいが}は{来週|らいしゅう}==限り=={劇場|げきじょう}で{上映|じょうえい}されます。
|
||||||
> This movie will be in theaters the next week only.
|
> This movie will be in theaters the next week only.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> {仕事|しごと}を{真面目|まじめ}にする==限り==、{大丈夫|だいじょうぶ}。
|
> {仕事|しごと}を{真面目|まじめ}にする==限り==、{大丈夫|だいじょうぶ}。
|
||||||
> As long as you're serious doing your job, it will be fine.
|
> As long as you're serious doing your job, it will be fine.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 途中で・途中に
|
## 途中で・途中に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 途中で・途中に</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 途中で・途中に</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{途中|とちゅう}で・{途中|とちゅう}に means "in the middle of", "on the way".
|
{途中|とちゅう}で・{途中|とちゅう}に means "in the middle of", "on the way".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {帰|かえ}る==途中で=={自動販売機|じ|どう|はん|ばい|き}で{飲|のみ}み{物|もの}を{買|か}った。
|
> {帰|かえ}る==途中で=={自動販売機|じ|どう|はん|ばい|き}で{飲|のみ}み{物|もの}を{買|か}った。
|
||||||
> On the way home, I bought a drink from the vending machine.
|
> On the way home, I bought a drink from the vending machine.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ているところ
|
## ているところ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "in the process/middle of doing".
|
Means "in the process/middle of doing".
|
||||||
See [[TeF (2) - manner of doing#ているところ]].
|
See [[TeF (2) - manner of doing#ているところ]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 最中に
|
## 最中に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (ている)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (ている)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 最中に</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 最中に</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{最中|さいちゅう}に means "in the middle of". Happens during something else, interrupting or disturbing it.
|
{最中|さいちゅう}に means "in the middle of". Happens during something else, interrupting or disturbing it.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {運転|うんてん}していた==最中に=={鹿|しか}が{現|あらわ}れた。
|
> {運転|うんてん}していた==最中に=={鹿|しか}が{現|あらわ}れた。
|
||||||
> While I was driving, a deer appeared.
|
> While I was driving, a deer appeared.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## しばらく
|
## しばらく
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "for a while", "for now".
|
Means "for a while", "for now".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==しばらく==お{待|ま}ちください。
|
> ==しばらく==お{待|ま}ちください。
|
||||||
> Please wait for a moment.
|
> Please wait for a moment.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,60 +1,60 @@
|
|||||||
# Time: finally
|
# Time: finally
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## やっと
|
## やっと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means that something happened at last, with efforts. More rarely means "barely".
|
Means that something happened at last, with efforts. More rarely means "barely".
|
||||||
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==やっと=={論文|ろん|ぶん}を書き{終|お}わった。
|
> ==やっと=={論文|ろん|ぶん}を書き{終|お}わった。
|
||||||
> I finally finished writing my thesis.
|
> I finally finished writing my thesis.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ついに
|
## ついに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "finally", "at last". Something happened after working to accomplish the goal. Positive implications.
|
Means "finally", "at last". Something happened after working to accomplish the goal. Positive implications.
|
||||||
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==ついに== {新|あたら}しい{地下鉄|ちかてつ}が{出来上|で|き|あ}がった。
|
> ==ついに== {新|あたら}しい{地下鉄|ちかてつ}が{出来上|で|き|あ}がった。
|
||||||
> At last, the new subway was completed.
|
> At last, the new subway was completed.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## あげく
|
## あげく
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ あげく</p>
|
<p class="right">+ あげく</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "in the end", "finally". Implies a negative result, despite effort given.
|
Means "in the end", "finally". Implies a negative result, despite effort given.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> {一緒|いっしょ}に{暮|く}らした==あげく==、{別|わか}れることに{決|き}めました。
|
> {一緒|いっしょ}に{暮|く}らした==あげく==、{別|わか}れることに{決|き}めました。
|
||||||
> After living together, we decided to break up.
|
> After living together, we decided to break up.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## いよいよ
|
## いよいよ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "finally". Explains that something finally happened (after preparation, waiting, etc).
|
Means "finally". Explains that something finally happened (after preparation, waiting, etc).
|
||||||
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
Used at the beginning of a phrase.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> ==いよいよ=={作|つく}り{終|お}わりました。
|
> ==いよいよ=={作|つく}り{終|お}わりました。
|
||||||
> I finally finished it.
|
> I finally finished it.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 末に
|
## 末に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (た)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ 末に</p>
|
<p class="right">+ 末に</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{末|すえ}に means "finally". Focuses on the end of the preparation.
|
{末|すえ}に means "finally". Focuses on the end of the preparation.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> ==末に=={準備|じゅんび}を{終|お}わりました。
|
> ==末に=={準備|じゅんび}を{終|お}わりました。
|
||||||
> Finally, I finished the preparations.
|
> Finally, I finished the preparations.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,70 +1,70 @@
|
|||||||
# Time: regularity
|
# Time: regularity
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## たびに
|
## たびに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ たびに</p>
|
<p class="right">+ たびに</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "whenever", "every time".
|
Means "whenever", "every time".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {犬|いぬ}を{見|み}る==たびに=={幸|しあわ}せになる。
|
> {犬|いぬ}を{見|み}る==たびに=={幸|しあわ}せになる。
|
||||||
> Whenever I see a dog, I feel happy.
|
> Whenever I see a dog, I feel happy.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## おきに
|
## おきに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "every other". This is used for repeated intervals, after a noun indicating something measurable.
|
Means "every other". This is used for repeated intervals, after a noun indicating something measurable.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> この電車は４分==おきに=={出発|しゅ|っぱつ}します。
|
> この電車は４分==おきに=={出発|しゅ|っぱつ}します。
|
||||||
> This train leaves every four minutes.
|
> This train leaves every four minutes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ごとに
|
## ごとに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ ごとに</p>
|
<p class="right">+ ごとに</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "each", "every". Used for intervals.
|
Means "each", "every". Used for intervals.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {彼女|かのじょ}に{会|あ}う==ごとに==、{心|こころ}がドキドキする。
|
> {彼女|かのじょ}に{会|あ}う==ごとに==、{心|こころ}がドキドキする。
|
||||||
> Every time I see her, my heart pounds.
|
> Every time I see her, my heart pounds.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## おきに vs ごとに
|
## おきに vs ごとに
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The way the intervals are counted between these two grammar structure is different.
|
The way the intervals are counted between these two grammar structure is different.
|
||||||
* おきに refers to what is _inside_ the interval.
|
* おきに refers to what is _inside_ the interval.
|
||||||
* ごとに refers to the interval _per se_.
|
* ごとに refers to the interval _per se_.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> １日==おきに== =２日==ごとに== = every other day = every second day
|
> １日==おきに== =２日==ごとに== = every other day = every second day
|
||||||
> ●○●○●○●
|
> ●○●○●○●
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> ２日==おきに== =３日==ごとに== = every three days = every third day
|
> ２日==おきに== =３日==ごとに== = every three days = every third day
|
||||||
> ●○○●○○●○○●
|
> ●○○●○○●○○●
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## につけ
|
## につけ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (る)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (る)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ につけ・につけて</p>
|
<p class="right">+ につけ・につけて</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "every time", "whenever". Formal and rarely used nowadays.
|
Means "every time", "whenever". Formal and rarely used nowadays.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> 私が{掃除機|そうじき}を{使|つか}う==につけ==、うちの{犬|いぬ}が{怖|こわ}がります。
|
> 私が{掃除機|そうじき}を{使|つか}う==につけ==、うちの{犬|いぬ}が{怖|こわ}がります。
|
||||||
> Every time I use the vacuum cleaner, my dog is scared.
|
> Every time I use the vacuum cleaner, my dog is scared.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,34 +1,34 @@
|
|||||||
# Time: surprise
|
# Time: surprise
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 急に
|
## 急に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{急|きゅう}に means that something happened unexpectedly or quickly.
|
{急|きゅう}に means that something happened unexpectedly or quickly.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==急に==電車が{現|あらわ}れた。
|
> ==急に==電車が{現|あらわ}れた。
|
||||||
> A train suddenly appeared.
|
> A train suddenly appeared.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ふと
|
## ふと
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This means "suddenly", "unexpectedly", "unintentionally". Emphasis is on the lack of intention.
|
This means "suddenly", "unexpectedly", "unintentionally". Emphasis is on the lack of intention.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ==ふと=={通|とお}りに１０００円を{見|み}つけた。
|
> ==ふと=={通|とお}りに１０００円を{見|み}つけた。
|
||||||
> I found 1000 yen on the street by chance.
|
> I found 1000 yen on the street by chance.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## いきなり
|
## いきなり
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "suddenly". Used before a phrase containing an action. It implies something that is more surprising than with 急に, puts more emotion into it.
|
Means "suddenly". Used before a phrase containing an action. It implies something that is more surprising than with 急に, puts more emotion into it.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Examples
|
> [!info] Examples
|
||||||
> ==いきなり=={雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}ってきた。
|
> ==いきなり=={雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}ってきた。
|
||||||
> It suddenly started raining.
|
> It suddenly started raining.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## たとたん
|
## たとたん
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "just as". Used for an action that happens just at the moment something else occurs. Can convey a nuance of something unexpected or surprising.
|
Means "just as". Used for an action that happens just at the moment something else occurs. Can convey a nuance of something unexpected or surprising.
|
||||||
Used with verbs in the past form (た).
|
Used with verbs in the past form (た).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {部屋|へや}を{掃除|そうじ}し==たとたん==、うちの{猫|ねこ}が{吐|は}いてしまった。
|
> {部屋|へや}を{掃除|そうじ}し==たとたん==、うちの{猫|ねこ}が{吐|は}いてしまった。
|
||||||
> As soon as I cleaned my room, my cat vomited.
|
> As soon as I cleaned my room, my cat vomited.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
|
|||||||
# Time - throughout
|
# Time - throughout
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## から〜にかけて
|
## から〜にかけて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "through", "from... until". Indicates that something happens over a period of time.
|
Means "through", "from... until". Indicates that something happens over a period of time.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {朝|あさ}==から=={夜|よる}==にかかて==ゲームしたい。
|
> {朝|あさ}==から=={夜|よる}==にかかて==ゲームしたい。
|
||||||
> I want to play games from morning to night.
|
> I want to play games from morning to night.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## にわたって
|
## にわたって
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "throughout", "over (a period)". It is formal.
|
Means "throughout", "over (a period)". It is formal.
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {今日|きょう}==にわたって=={不運|ふうん}だった。
|
> {今日|きょう}==にわたって=={不運|ふうん}だった。
|
||||||
> I've had bad luck throughout the day.
|
> I've had bad luck throughout the day.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -130,13 +130,13 @@ This indicates a time limit for the action, similar to "by".
|
|||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ ぶりに~する</p>
|
<p class="r">+ ぶりに～する</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ ぶり + の</p>
|
<p class="r">+ ぶり + の + </p>
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,69 +1,69 @@
|
|||||||
# Towards
|
# Towards
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 向け
|
## 向け
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{向|む}け means "intended for", "aimed at".
|
{向|む}け means "intended for", "aimed at".
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> この本は{子供|こども}==向け==です。
|
> この本は{子供|こども}==向け==です。
|
||||||
> The book is for children.
|
> The book is for children.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 向き
|
## 向き
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{向|む}き means "suitable for". Close to 向け, but intended doesn't exactly means suitable.
|
{向|む}き means "suitable for". Close to 向け, but intended doesn't exactly means suitable.
|
||||||
Also means "facing".
|
Also means "facing".
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> この{建物|たてもの}は{南|みなみ}==向き==です。
|
> この{建物|たてもの}は{南|みなみ}==向き==です。
|
||||||
> This building is facing south.
|
> This building is facing south.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に向かって・に向けて
|
## に向かって・に向けて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
に{向|む}かって means "to face", "towards".
|
に{向|む}かって means "to face", "towards".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {今|いま}{名古屋|なごや}==に向かっています==。
|
> {今|いま}{名古屋|なごや}==に向かっています==。
|
||||||
> I'm heading towards Nagoya now.
|
> I'm heading towards Nagoya now.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## を中心に
|
## を中心に
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
を{中心|ちゅう|しん}に means "mainly", "focused on".
|
を{中心|ちゅう|しん}に means "mainly", "focused on".
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> ポケモンはポケモン==を中心にする==ゲームです。
|
> ポケモンはポケモン==を中心にする==ゲームです。
|
||||||
> Pokémon is a game centered around on Pokémon battles.
|
> Pokémon is a game centered around on Pokémon battles.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> この{授業|じゅぎょう}は{漢字|かんじ}==を中心に=={習|なら}います。
|
> この{授業|じゅぎょう}は{漢字|かんじ}==を中心に=={習|なら}います。
|
||||||
> This class focuses on learning kanjis.
|
> This class focuses on learning kanjis.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## に対して
|
## に対して
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Towards
|
### Towards
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The first meaning of に{対|たい}して is "towards", "regarding". Focuses on action, attitude, feelings, etc.
|
The first meaning of に{対|たい}して is "towards", "regarding". Focuses on action, attitude, feelings, etc.
|
||||||
Used with a noun.
|
Used with a noun.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {彼|かれ}は{子供|こども}==に対して=={優|やさ}しいです。
|
> {彼|かれ}は{子供|こども}==に対して=={優|やさ}しいです。
|
||||||
> He is kind towards children.
|
> He is kind towards children.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### In contrast to
|
### In contrast to
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V + の</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + (な + の)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + (な + の)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + な + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + な + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ に対して</p>
|
<p class="right">+ に対して</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The second meaning is "in contrast to".
|
The second meaning is "in contrast to".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {弟|おとうと}は{漢字|かんじ}を{読|よ}むこと==に対して==、{私|わたし}が{読|よ}みません。
|
> {弟|おとうと}は{漢字|かんじ}を{読|よ}むこと==に対して==、{私|わたし}が{読|よ}みません。
|
||||||
> My little brother can read kanji, whereas I can't.
|
> My little brother can read kanji, whereas I can't.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ V+こと => 食べること. The verbs are never conjugated.
|
|||||||
> {音楽|おん|がく}を聞く==こと==が好きです。
|
> {音楽|おん|がく}を聞く==こと==が好きです。
|
||||||
> I like to listen to music (listening to music is something I like).
|
> I like to listen to music (listening to music is something I like).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~さ: adjective as noun
|
## ～さ: adjective as noun
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ This allows to transform an adjective into a noun (adjective nominalizer). Used
|
|||||||
> やさし==さ==。
|
> やさし==さ==。
|
||||||
> Kindness.
|
> Kindness.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ~み: adjective as noun
|
## ～み: adjective as noun
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,86 +1,86 @@
|
|||||||
# Without
|
# Without
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ないで
|
## ないで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない).
|
Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない).
|
||||||
It is a bit more casual than ずに.
|
It is a bit more casual than ずに.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {勉強|べんきょう}し==ないで=={卒業|そつぎょう}した。
|
> {勉強|べんきょう}し==ないで=={卒業|そつぎょう}した。
|
||||||
> I graduated without studying.
|
> I graduated without studying.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ず(に)
|
## ず(に)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない) by removing the -ない stem and adding ず(に).
|
Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない) by removing the -ない stem and adding ず(に).
|
||||||
する transforms to せずに.
|
する transforms to せずに.
|
||||||
It is a bit more formal than ないで. Used more often in written form than ないで.
|
It is a bit more formal than ないで. Used more often in written form than ないで.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 毎日食べ==ずに==出かける。
|
> 毎日食べ==ずに==出かける。
|
||||||
> Everyday, I go out without eating.
|
> Everyday, I go out without eating.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ずに済む・なくて済む
|
## ずに済む・なくて済む
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ない</strike></span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ない</strike></span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ ずに済む</p>
|
<p class="r">+ ずに済む</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V-ない</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V-ない</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ なくて済む</p>
|
<p class="r">+ なくて済む</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V-ない</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V-ない</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ で済む</p>
|
<p class="r">+ で済む</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ずに{済|す}む and なくて{済|す}む mean "get by without doing". Used with a negative verb.
|
ずに{済|す}む and なくて{済|す}む mean "get by without doing". Used with a negative verb.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {天才|てんさい}ので、彼は{勉強|べんきょう}==せずに済んだ=={合格|ごうかく}できました。
|
> {天才|てんさい}ので、彼は{勉強|べんきょう}==せずに済んだ=={合格|ごうかく}できました。
|
||||||
> He passed the exam without having to study, since he's a genius.
|
> He passed the exam without having to study, since he's a genius.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## ことなく
|
## ことなく
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "without doing". Implies that it is regretful that it happened.
|
Means "without doing". Implies that it is regretful that it happened.
|
||||||
Used with a verb (dictionary form).
|
Used with a verb (dictionary form).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {私|わたし}が{作|つく}ったケーキを{食|た}べる==ことなく=={友達|ともだち}は{帰|かえ}ってしまた。
|
> {私|わたし}が{作|つく}ったケーキを{食|た}べる==ことなく=={友達|ともだち}は{帰|かえ}ってしまた。
|
||||||
> My friend went home without eating the cake I made.
|
> My friend went home without eating the cake I made.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## 抜きで・抜きにして
|
## 抜きで・抜きにして
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
{抜|ぬ}きにして・{抜|ぬ}きで means "without".
|
{抜|ぬ}きにして・{抜|ぬ}きで means "without".
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {彼女|かのじょ}==抜きで==何もできない。
|
> {彼女|かのじょ}==抜きで==何もできない。
|
||||||
> I can't do anything without her.
|
> I can't do anything without her.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## もかまわず
|
## もかまわず
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V + の</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V + の</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ も構わず</p>
|
<p class="r">+ も構わず</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="">
|
<div class="">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="r">+ も構わず</p>
|
<p class="r">+ も構わず</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
も{構|かま}わず means "without worrying about".
|
も{構|かま}わず means "without worrying about".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {未来|みらい}==も構わず==、{全然|ぜんぜん}{勉強|べんきょう}した。
|
> {未来|みらい}==も構わず==、{全然|ぜんぜん}{勉強|べんきょう}した。
|
||||||
> Without worrying about the future, I didn't studied at all.
|
> Without worrying about the future, I didn't studied at all.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,124 +1,124 @@
|
|||||||
# Particles (2)
|
# Particles (2)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## から
|
## から
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Because
|
### Because
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ から</p>
|
<p class="right">+ から</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The first meaning of から is "because".
|
The first meaning of から is "because".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {疲|つか}れる==から==今ベットに行きます。
|
> {疲|つか}れる==から==今ベットに行きます。
|
||||||
> I'm going to bed now because I am tired.
|
> I'm going to bed now because I am tired.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### From, since
|
### From, since
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The second meaning expresses that something comes from someone/something, or the start time/location. Used by only adding から.
|
The second meaning expresses that something comes from someone/something, or the start time/location. Used by only adding から.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> お{祖母|ばあ}さん==から==もらった。
|
> お{祖母|ばあ}さん==から==もらった。
|
||||||
> I got it from my grandmother.
|
> I got it from my grandmother.
|
||||||
>
|
>
|
||||||
> ここで{子供|こども}の時==から=={家族|かぞく}と{住|す}んでいます。
|
> ここで{子供|こども}の時==から=={家族|かぞく}と{住|す}んでいます。
|
||||||
> I have lived here with my family since I'm a kid.
|
> I have lived here with my family since I'm a kid.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## まで
|
## まで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "until" or "to".
|
Means "until" or "to".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {駅|えき}==まで==どのくらいですか。
|
> {駅|えき}==まで==どのくらいですか。
|
||||||
> How far is it to the station?
|
> How far is it to the station?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## から～まで
|
## から～まで
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
These two particles are frequently used together. It means "from X to Y".
|
These two particles are frequently used together. It means "from X to Y".
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {朝|あさ}に６時==から==７時==まで=={電車|でんしゃ}で{通|かよ}うっています。
|
> {朝|あさ}に６時==から==７時==まで=={電車|でんしゃ}で{通|かよ}うっています。
|
||||||
> I commute by train from 6am to 7am.
|
> I commute by train from 6am to 7am.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## っけ
|
## っけ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> かった</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> かった</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ・だった</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ・だった</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + だ・だった</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + だ・だった</span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ っけ</p>
|
<p class="right">+ っけ</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Used when the speaker tries to remember, or confirm an information, that has been forgotten.
|
Used when the speaker tries to remember, or confirm an information, that has been forgotten.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {会議|かいぎ}は今日だった==っけ==。
|
> {会議|かいぎ}は今日だった==っけ==。
|
||||||
> Was the meeting today?
|
> Was the meeting today?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## こそ
|
## こそ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "for sure". Used to emphasize words.
|
Means "for sure". Used to emphasize words.
|
||||||
Used with nouns.
|
Used with nouns.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
⚠ Replaces the を and が particle. It is, in a certain way, a stronger way than が to highlight information.
|
⚠ Replaces the を and が particle. It is, in a certain way, a stronger way than が to highlight information.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {今年|ことし}==こそ=={日本|にほん}に{住|す}む。
|
> {今年|ことし}==こそ=={日本|にほん}に{住|す}む。
|
||||||
> This year, for sure I'll live in Japan.
|
> This year, for sure I'll live in Japan.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## さえ
|
## さえ
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="usage">
|
<div class="usage">
|
||||||
<div class="left">
|
<div class="left">
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></p>
|
<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
|
||||||
<p><span class="box">N + </span></p>
|
<p><span class="box">N + </span></p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
<p class="right">+ さえ</p>
|
<p class="right">+ さえ</p>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Means "even", "not even" (with negative verbs).
|
Means "even", "not even" (with negative verbs).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {先生|せんせい}で==さえ==、この{曲|きょく}を{弾|ひ}くことは{難|むずか}しいです。
|
> {先生|せんせい}で==さえ==、この{曲|きょく}を{弾|ひ}くことは{難|むずか}しいです。
|
||||||
> Even for my teacher, this composition is difficult to play.
|
> Even for my teacher, this composition is difficult to play.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
⚠ With conditional verbs, it means "only". See [[State#さえ～ば]].
|
⚠ With conditional verbs, it means "only". See [[State#さえ～ば]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## にて
|
## にて
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This particle is a formal version of [[🔰 Particles (1)#で]], and is used the same way.
|
This particle is a formal version of [[🔰 Particles (1)#で]], and is used the same way.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> {電話|でんわ}==にて=={連絡|れんらく}ください。
|
> {電話|でんわ}==にて=={連絡|れんらく}ください。
|
||||||
> Please contact us by phone.
|
> Please contact us by phone.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## より
|
## より
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It is a more formal form of から ([[#From, since]]).
|
It is a more formal form of から ([[#From, since]]).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> [!info] Example
|
> [!info] Example
|
||||||
> 明日==より=={毎日|まいにち}{運動|うんどう}するつもりです。
|
> 明日==より=={毎日|まいにち}{運動|うんどう}するつもりです。
|
||||||
> Starting tomorrow, I'm going to exercise every day.
|
> Starting tomorrow, I'm going to exercise every day.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Do not confuse with [[Comparison#より]].
|
Do not confuse with [[Comparison#より]].
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Sentence ending
|
## Sentence ending
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
At the end of a sentence, some particles can be added to put emphasis on a meaning.
|
At the end of a sentence, some particles can be added to put emphasis on a meaning.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* ==なあ== express hope, admiration or uncertainty. Can also be used to ask for confirmation ("right?").
|
* ==なあ== express hope, admiration or uncertainty. Can also be used to ask for confirmation ("right?").
|
||||||
* ==ね== seeks confirmation.
|
* ==ね== seeks confirmation.
|
||||||
* ==よ== when informing someone about something.
|
* ==よ== when informing someone about something.
|
||||||
* ==わ== is informal women's speech.
|
* ==わ== is informal women's speech.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user