From 458749fabc7b9940fa496e54edb4a0defc8b414a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Th=C3=A9o=20Marchal?= Date: Fri, 5 Sep 2025 01:19:24 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] Normalization pass on all files --- .gitignore | 3 +- Conjugation/Misc.md | 6 +- Conjugation/TeF (3) - give & receive.md | 112 ++-- Conjugation/TeF (5) - Misc.md | 2 +- index.md | 2 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Actions.md | 270 +++++----- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Adverbs.md | 214 ++++---- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance - Proposition.md | 72 +-- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - frequency.md | 2 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - quantification.md | 16 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts.md | 198 +++---- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Certainty.md | 4 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Combination actions.md | 52 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Connectors - in order to.md | 2 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Consequence.md | 136 ++--- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Considering - for - as.md | 2 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Description.md | 4 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Emphasis.md | 86 +-- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Exception.md | 80 +-- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/In addition.md | 208 ++++---- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Instead.md | 78 +-- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Listing.md | 2 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Means.md | 2 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation - must (not).md | 154 +++--- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md | 2 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md | 214 ++++---- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - looking like.md | 496 +++++++++--------- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation.md | 38 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - although.md | 204 +++---- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - but - however.md | 2 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - even if.md | 4 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition.md | 272 +++++----- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Point of view.md | 142 ++--- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - impossibility.md | 54 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - no choice.md | 62 +-- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - options.md | 2 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility.md | 4 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Question.md | 216 ++++---- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Reason.md | 2 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Request.md | 132 ++--- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/State.md | 212 ++++---- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Talking about.md | 394 +++++++------- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Thanks.md | 38 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - close.md | 4 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - during.md | 386 +++++++------- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - finally.md | 120 ++--- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - regularity.md | 140 ++--- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - surprise.md | 68 +-- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - throughout.md | 36 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time.md | 4 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Towards.md | 138 ++--- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Transformation.md | 4 +- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Without.md | 172 +++--- ๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md | 248 ++++----- 54 files changed, 2759 insertions(+), 2758 deletions(-) diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index bb2eb80..31fc25f 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -1,2 +1,3 @@ .obsidian/workspace.json -0- Do-Not-Commit \ No newline at end of file +0- Do-Not-Commit +.DS_Store diff --git a/Conjugation/Misc.md b/Conjugation/Misc.md index 1f07ba9..ae52a66 100644 --- a/Conjugation/Misc.md +++ b/Conjugation/Misc.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # Misc. -## ~ใพใ„ +## ๏ฝžใพใ„ -~ใพใ„ is the opposition of the volitional form (ใ‚ˆใ†). It means "will not". +๏ฝžใพใ„ is the opposition of the volitional form (ใ‚ˆใ†). It means "will not". Careful of two exceptions: * ใ™ใ‚‹ => ใ™ใพใ„ @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Careful of two exceptions: > ใ“ใฎ{ๅท|ใ‹ใ‚}ใฏ{ๅฑ|ใ‚ใถ}ใชใ„ใ‚ˆใ†ใ ใ€‚ใ“ใ“ใง{ๆณณ|ใŠใ‚ˆใ}ใ==ใพใ„==ใ€‚ > This river seems dangerous. I won't swim here. -## ~ๅพ—ใ‚‹ใƒป~ๅพ—ใชใ„ +## ๏ฝžๅพ—ใ‚‹ใƒป๏ฝžๅพ—ใชใ„ {ๅพ—|ใˆ}ใ‚‹ means "able to", "possible". Can be conjugated: ใˆใชใ„, ใˆใŸ, ใˆใชใ‹ใฃใŸ. Made by: diff --git a/Conjugation/TeF (3) - give & receive.md b/Conjugation/TeF (3) - give & receive.md index 8e8ac70..99b6ee8 100644 --- a/Conjugation/TeF (3) - give & receive.md +++ b/Conjugation/TeF (3) - give & receive.md @@ -1,56 +1,56 @@ -# Te-Form (3) - give & receive - -Extends the common forms of ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹, ใใ‚Œใ‚‹, and ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†, but what is received or given is now a verb, instead of a noun. - -## ใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ - -Expresses that someone is doing or did something for someone else. -The person that received the favor is followed by the ใซ particle. -Only for **verbs**. - -> [!info] Example -> ๆฏใซใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’่ฒท==ใฃใฆใ‚ใ’ใŸ==ใ€‚ -> I bought a cake for my mother. -> - -For casual language, ใฆใ‚„ใ‚‹ can be used. - -## ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ - -Used to ask a favor from someone or to say that something was done to the speaker. -The person that received the favor (usually oneself and thus omitted) is followed by the ใซ particle. -Only for **verbs**. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚|ใ ใก}ใŒใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’{ๆ•™|ใŠใ—}ใˆ==ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹==ใ€‚ -> My friend will teach me the guitar. - -### ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ† - -This form expresses gratitude for something that benefited the speaker. It is not used for something expected. -Only for **verbs**. - -> [!info] Example -> ไปŠๆ—ฅๆฅ==ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†==๏ผ -> Thank you for coming today! - -## ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ† - -This form expresses gratitude for a favor that the recipient generally requested for, or where gratitude is the focus. -Only for **verbs**. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚|ใ ใก}ใŒๆ‰‹ไผ==ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ -> My friend helped me (and I owe him / because I asked him and I am grateful) - -## ใฆใใ‚Œใชใ„ใƒปใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใชใ„ - -Used as a mean to ask for a favor like "would you, could you?". Used in a similar form to ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹. -Only for **verbs**. - -> [!info] Example -> {้›ปๆฐ—|ใงใ‚“|ใ}ใ‚’ใคใ‘==ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใชใ„==ใ‹ใ€‚ -> Could you please turn on the lights? -> -> ้›ปๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘==ใชใ„ใงใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใชใ„==ใ‹ใ€‚ -> Could you please turn off the light? +# Te-Form (3) - give & receive + +Extends the common forms of ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹, ใใ‚Œใ‚‹, and ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†, but what is received or given is now a verb, instead of a noun. + +## ใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ + +Expresses that someone is doing or did something for someone else. +The person that received the favor is followed by the ใซ particle. +Only for **verbs**. + +> [!info] Example +> ๆฏใซใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’่ฒท==ใฃใฆใ‚ใ’ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I bought a cake for my mother. +> + +For casual language, ใฆใ‚„ใ‚‹ can be used. + +## ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ + +Used to ask a favor from someone or to say that something was done to the speaker. +The person that received the favor (usually oneself and thus omitted) is followed by the ใซ particle. +Only for **verbs**. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚|ใ ใก}ใŒใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’{ๆ•™|ใŠใ—}ใˆ==ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> My friend will teach me the guitar. + +### ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ† + +This form expresses gratitude for something that benefited the speaker. It is not used for something expected. +Only for **verbs**. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠๆ—ฅๆฅ==ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†==๏ผ +> Thank you for coming today! + +## ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ† + +This form expresses gratitude for a favor that the recipient generally requested for, or where gratitude is the focus. +Only for **verbs**. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚|ใ ใก}ใŒๆ‰‹ไผ==ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ +> My friend helped me (and I owe him / because I asked him and I am grateful) + +## ใฆใใ‚Œใชใ„ใƒปใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใชใ„ + +Used as a mean to ask for a favor like "would you, could you?". Used in a similar form to ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹. +Only for **verbs**. + +> [!info] Example +> {้›ปๆฐ—|ใงใ‚“|ใ}ใ‚’ใคใ‘==ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใชใ„==ใ‹ใ€‚ +> Could you please turn on the lights? +> +> ้›ปๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘==ใชใ„ใงใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใชใ„==ใ‹ใ€‚ +> Could you please turn off the light? diff --git a/Conjugation/TeF (5) - Misc.md b/Conjugation/TeF (5) - Misc.md index aa1be0b..a98b24a 100644 --- a/Conjugation/TeF (5) - Misc.md +++ b/Conjugation/TeF (5) - Misc.md @@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ It is used as a condition: "if", "when", "whenever". Generally expresses a negat > {ๆŽˆๆฅญ|ใ˜ใ‚…ใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใซ{ๆฅ|ใ“}ใชใ==ใฆใฏ=={ๅ’ๆฅญ|ใใคใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใงใใชใ„ใ€‚ > If you don't come to class, you will not be able to graduate. -## ใฆใฏ~ใฆใฏ +## ใฆใฏ๏ฝžใฆใฏ Same structure as [[TeF (5) - Misc#ใฆใฏใƒปใงใฏ]], this time only used with verbs. Means the repetition of an action or a phenomenon. The verbs can be in the same order or not in the two part. diff --git a/index.md b/index.md index 5ed3568..c24054f 100644 --- a/index.md +++ b/index.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Welcome to my Japanese Grammar project! ## Goal -The goal of this website is to be a synthesis of useful resources for my Japanese learning adventure. I want to have grammar points next to each other, independently of any "difficulty level", set up in a logical and consistent form. I don't want to have to open 5 pages to compare information, and I don't want a deep dive into a notion. The goal is to be a reminder of the things I learn, rather than a way to learn. I want a few examples to grasp it, but I do not want to have ten of the same kind. And nothing quite fits for me! +The goal of this website is to be a synthesis of useful resources for my Japanese learning adventure. I want to have grammar points next to each other, independently of any "difficulty level", set up in a logical and consistent form. I don't want to have to open five pages to compare information, and I don't want a deep dive into a notion. The goal is to be a reminder of the things I learn, rather than a way to learn. I want a few examples to grasp it, but I do not want to have ten of the same kind. And nothing quite fits for me! ## Sources diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Actions.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Actions.md index 8813c22..ca5006e 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Actions.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Actions.md @@ -1,135 +1,135 @@ -# Actions - -## ใซใชใ‚‹ - -
-
-

ใ„-Adj + ใ„ + ใ

-

ใช-Adj + ใซ

-

N + ใซ

-
-

+ ใชใ‚‹

-
- -Means "to become". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆ–ฐๅนน็ทš|ใ—ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚“ใ›ใ‚“}==ใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„==๏ผ -> I want to become a bullet train! - -## ใซใ™ใ‚‹ - -### To decide - -Means "to decide". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณ==ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸ==ใ€‚ -> I've decided on this restaurant. - -### Make something - -
-
-

ใ„-Adj + ใ„ + ใ

-

ใช-Adj + ใซ

-
-

+ ใชใ‚‹

-
- -Means to "make something more". - -> [!info] Example -> ใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒ–ใ‚’{็‚น|ใค}ใ‘ใฆ{้ƒจๅฑ‹|ใธใ‚„}ใ‚’{ๆš‘|ใ‚ใค}==ใใ™ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ -> Turn on the heater to make the room hotter. - -## ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ - -Means "to reach a point". Used with verbs. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎๆœฌ{ๅ…จ้ƒจ|ใœใ‚“ใถ}{ๅˆ†|ใ‚}ใ‹ใ‚‹==ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ -> I've come to understand all of this book. - -## ใซๆฐ—ใŒใคใ - -
-
-

V + ใ“ใจ

-

N

-
-

+ ใซๆฐ—ใŒใคใ

-
- -ใซ{ๆฐ—|ใ}ใŒใคใ means "to notice", "to realize". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใŒ{้–‹ๅบ—|ใ‹ใ„|ใฆใ‚“}==ใซๆฐ—ใŒใคใ„ใŸ==ใ€‚ -> I noticed a new restaurant opened. - -## ใจๆ€ใ† - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใ 

-

N + ใ 

-
-

+ ใจๆ€ใ†

-
- -ใจ{ๆ€|ใŠใ‚‚}ใ† means "to think". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅค‰|ใธใ‚“}ใ ==ใจๆ€ใ‚ใชใ„==ใ‹ใ€‚ -> Don't you think it's strange? -> -> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๅ…ฌๅœ’|ใ“ใ†|ใˆใ‚“}ใซ่กŒใ==ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™==ใ€‚ -> I think I'll go to the park today. - -## ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ - -
-
-

V ใพใ™

-

ใ„-Adj ใ„

-

ใช-Adj

-
-

+ ใ™ใŽใ‚‹

-
- -Means "too much", "exceeding". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆ˜จๆ™ฉ|ใ•ใ|ใฐใ‚“}ใซ{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใฟ==ใ™ใŽใฆ=={้ ญ|ใ‚ใŸใพ}ใŒ{็—›|ใ„ใŸ}ใ„ใ€‚ -> I drank too much last night and my head hurts. - -## Try to - -### ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ - -Means "to try to", "to make sure to". It's more of an assertion than ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹. -Used with a verb. - -> [!info] Example -> ๆฏŽๆ—ฅใซ{ๆœ|ใ‚ใ•}ใ”{้ฃฏ|ใฏใ‚“}ใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹==ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™==ใ€‚ -> I'll try to eat a breakfast everyday. - -### ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใƒปใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใชใ„ - -Means "try to", "attempt to" (or not, in the negative form). It's more of an attempt than with ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹. Can also mean "just as I was about to". -Used with the volitional form of verbs (ใ‚ˆใ†). - -> [!info] Example -> ๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘==ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใŸ==ๆ™‚ใ€้›ป่ฉฑใŒ{้ณด|ใช}ใฃใฆใŸใ€‚ -> At the time I was trying to go out, the phone rang. -> -> ใ•ใฃใๅบ—ใซ{ๅ…ฅ|ใฏใ„}==ใ‚ใ†ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰==ใŒใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒ{้–‰|ใ—}ใพใฃใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> I tried to enter the shop earlier, but the door was closed... -> -> ๅฝผใฏ{้‹ๅ‹•|ใ†ใ‚“ใฉใ†}ใ—==ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> He doesn't try to exercise. - -โš  Not used in negative form to talk about oneself. +# Actions + +## ใซใชใ‚‹ + +
+
+

ใ„-Adj + ใ„ + ใ

+

ใช-Adj + ใซ

+

N + ใซ

+
+

+ ใชใ‚‹

+
+ +Means "to become". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ–ฐๅนน็ทš|ใ—ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚“ใ›ใ‚“}==ใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„==๏ผ +> I want to become a bullet train! + +## ใซใ™ใ‚‹ + +### To decide + +Means "to decide". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณ==ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I've decided on this restaurant. + +### Make something + +
+
+

ใ„-Adj + ใ„ + ใ

+

ใช-Adj + ใซ

+
+

+ ใชใ‚‹

+
+ +Means to "make something more". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒ–ใ‚’{็‚น|ใค}ใ‘ใฆ{้ƒจๅฑ‹|ใธใ‚„}ใ‚’{ๆš‘|ใ‚ใค}==ใใ™ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> Turn on the heater to make the room hotter. + +## ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ + +Means "to reach a point". Used with verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎๆœฌ{ๅ…จ้ƒจ|ใœใ‚“ใถ}{ๅˆ†|ใ‚}ใ‹ใ‚‹==ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I've come to understand all of this book. + +## ใซๆฐ—ใŒใคใ + +
+
+

V + ใ“ใจ

+

N

+
+

+ ใซๆฐ—ใŒใคใ

+
+ +ใซ{ๆฐ—|ใ}ใŒใคใ means "to notice", "to realize". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใŒ{้–‹ๅบ—|ใ‹ใ„|ใฆใ‚“}==ใซๆฐ—ใŒใคใ„ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I noticed a new restaurant opened. + +## ใจๆ€ใ† + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใจๆ€ใ†

+
+ +ใจ{ๆ€|ใŠใ‚‚}ใ† means "to think". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅค‰|ใธใ‚“}ใ ==ใจๆ€ใ‚ใชใ„==ใ‹ใ€‚ +> Don't you think it's strange? +> +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๅ…ฌๅœ’|ใ“ใ†|ใˆใ‚“}ใซ่กŒใ==ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> I think I'll go to the park today. + +## ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ + +
+
+

V ใพใ™

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„

+

ใช-Adj

+
+

+ ใ™ใŽใ‚‹

+
+ +Means "too much", "exceeding". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ˜จๆ™ฉ|ใ•ใ|ใฐใ‚“}ใซ{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใฟ==ใ™ใŽใฆ=={้ ญ|ใ‚ใŸใพ}ใŒ{็—›|ใ„ใŸ}ใ„ใ€‚ +> I drank too much last night and my head hurts. + +## Try to + +### ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ + +Means "to try to", "to make sure to". It's more of an assertion than ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹. +Used with a verb. + +> [!info] Example +> ๆฏŽๆ—ฅใซ{ๆœ|ใ‚ใ•}ใ”{้ฃฏ|ใฏใ‚“}ใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹==ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ—ใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> I'll try to eat a breakfast everyday. + +### ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ใƒปใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใชใ„ + +Means "try to", "attempt to" (or not, in the negative form). It's more of an attempt than with ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹. Can also mean "just as I was about to". +Used with the volitional form of verbs (ใ‚ˆใ†). + +> [!info] Example +> ๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘==ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใŸ==ๆ™‚ใ€้›ป่ฉฑใŒ{้ณด|ใช}ใฃใฆใŸใ€‚ +> At the time I was trying to go out, the phone rang. +> +> ใ•ใฃใๅบ—ใซ{ๅ…ฅ|ใฏใ„}==ใ‚ใ†ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰==ใŒใ€ใƒ‰ใ‚ขใŒ{้–‰|ใ—}ใพใฃใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I tried to enter the shop earlier, but the door was closed... +> +> ๅฝผใฏ{้‹ๅ‹•|ใ†ใ‚“ใฉใ†}ใ—==ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> He doesn't try to exercise. + +โš  Not used in negative form to talk about oneself. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Adverbs.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Adverbs.md index 6f4ea82..eac9d97 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Adverbs.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Adverbs.md @@ -1,107 +1,107 @@ -# Adverbs - -## ใ•ใ™ใŒ - -
-
-

ใ•ใ™ใŒ

-
-

+ ใซ + V

-
-
-
-

ใ•ใ™ใŒ

-
-

+ ใฎ + N

-
- -Means "as expected". - -> [!info] Example -> ==ใ•ใ™ใŒ==ใฎใ‚ชใƒฉใƒณใƒ€ไบบใ€{่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ|ใ˜ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใง{้€š|ใ‹ใ‚ˆ}ใ†ใ€‚ -> As expected of a Dutch, they commute by bicycle. - -## ใใ‚“ใชใซ - -Means "so much" or "like that". -Not used with nouns. - -โš  It is applied to the following word, not the preceding one. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅƒ•|ใผใ}ใฏ{ๅต|ใŸใพใ”}ใŒ==ใใ‚“ใชใซ==ๅฅฝใใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ€‚ -> I don't like eggs that much. - -## ใชใ‹ใชใ‹๏ฝžใชใ„ - -This form means that an effort has been made, but no outcome happens. Can be translated as "not easy to", "not able to", "hardly", "not at all". -This form is used with a verb in the negative form (ใชใ„). - -> [!info] Example -> ้›จใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€==ใชใ‹ใชใ‹==ใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒผใŒๆฅใฆใ„==ใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ€‚ -> Because of the rain, it's not easy to get a taxi. -> -> ==ใชใ‹ใชใ‹==ใŠ{้…’|ใ•ใ‘}ๆญขใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ==ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> It is not easy to stop drinking. - -## ไธ€ไฝ“ - -{ไธ€ไฝ“|ใ„ใฃใŸใ„} is used to make an emphasis when something is surprising, confusing, etc. - -> [!info] Example -> ==ใ„ใฃใŸใ„=={่ชฐ|ใ ใ‚Œ}ใŒใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚ -> Who in the world would do something like this? - -## ใพใ‚‹ใง - -
-

ใพใ‚‹ใง +

-
-

V + ใ‚ˆใ†ใƒปใฟใŸใ„

-

N + ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใƒปใฟใŸใ„

-
-
- -Means "as if". - -> [!info] Example -> ใˆใ€{ไธญๅค|ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ“}ใงใ™ใญใ€‚==ใพใ‚‹ใง=={ๆ–ฐ่ฆ|ใ—ใ‚“ใ}ใฎ==ใ‚ˆใ†==ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> Eh, it's second-hand? It looks like new. - -## ใ‚‚ใ† - -Means "already". - -> [!info] Example -> ==ใ‚‚ใ†==ๅ‡บใกใ‚ƒใฃใŸใ€‚ -> They already left. - -## ใ™ใงใซ - -Means "already". More formal than ใ‚‚ใ†, implies that something is too late and cannot be changed. - -> [!info] Example -> {้…|ใŠใ}ใ{่ตท|ใŠ}ใใŸใฎใง==ใ™ใงใซ==ใƒใ‚นใฏ{ๅ‡บ็™บ|ใ—ใ‚…ใฃใฑใค}ใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ -> I woke up late, so the bus already left. - -## ใฉใ†ใ› - -Means "anyhow", "at any rate". - -> [!info] Example -> ==ใฉใ†ใ›==ใ€{ๅƒ•|ใผใ}ใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’{่ž|ใ}ใ‹ใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ -> Anyhow, you won't listen to advice, right? - -## ใชใŠ - -Means "more", "in addition". Used in writing. -Can be used: -- in a similar way as ใ‚‚ใฃใจ; -- to add information to a previous sentence. - -> [!info] Example -> ==ใชใŠ=={่€ƒ|ใ‹ใ‚“ใŒ}ใˆใ‚‹ใ›ใ‚“ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใ€‚ -> I still have to think about it. -> -> {ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏใŸใใฟใ•ใ‚“ใŒ{ไผ‘|ใ‚„ใ™}ใฟใงใ™ใ€‚==ใชใŠ==ใ€{ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ไป•ไบ‹|ใ—ใ”ใจ}ใ‚’{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚Šใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> Takumi-san is not there today. In addition, he did not finish his work. +# Adverbs + +## ใ•ใ™ใŒ + +
+
+

ใ•ใ™ใŒ

+
+

+ ใซ + V

+
+
+
+

ใ•ใ™ใŒ

+
+

+ ใฎ + N

+
+ +Means "as expected". + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใ•ใ™ใŒ==ใฎใ‚ชใƒฉใƒณใƒ€ไบบใ€{่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ|ใ˜ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใง{้€š|ใ‹ใ‚ˆ}ใ†ใ€‚ +> As expected of a Dutch, they commute by bicycle. + +## ใใ‚“ใชใซ + +Means "so much" or "like that". +Not used with nouns. + +โš  It is applied to the following word, not the preceding one. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅƒ•|ใผใ}ใฏ{ๅต|ใŸใพใ”}ใŒ==ใใ‚“ใชใซ==ๅฅฝใใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ€‚ +> I don't like eggs that much. + +## ใชใ‹ใชใ‹๏ฝžใชใ„ + +This form means that an effort has been made, but no outcome happens. Can be translated as "not easy to", "not able to", "hardly", "not at all". +This form is used with a verb in the negative form (ใชใ„). + +> [!info] Example +> ้›จใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€==ใชใ‹ใชใ‹==ใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒผใŒๆฅใฆใ„==ใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ€‚ +> Because of the rain, it's not easy to get a taxi. +> +> ==ใชใ‹ใชใ‹==ใŠ{้…’|ใ•ใ‘}ๆญขใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ==ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> It is not easy to stop drinking. + +## ไธ€ไฝ“ + +{ไธ€ไฝ“|ใ„ใฃใŸใ„} is used to make an emphasis when something is surprising, confusing, etc. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใ„ใฃใŸใ„=={่ชฐ|ใ ใ‚Œ}ใŒใใ‚“ใชใ“ใจใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚ +> Who in the world would do something like this? + +## ใพใ‚‹ใง + +
+

ใพใ‚‹ใง +

+
+

V + ใ‚ˆใ†ใƒปใฟใŸใ„

+

N + ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใƒปใฟใŸใ„

+
+
+ +Means "as if". + +> [!info] Example +> ใˆใ€{ไธญๅค|ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ“}ใงใ™ใญใ€‚==ใพใ‚‹ใง=={ๆ–ฐ่ฆ|ใ—ใ‚“ใ}ใฎ==ใ‚ˆใ†==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Eh, it's second-hand? It looks like new. + +## ใ‚‚ใ† + +Means "already". + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใ‚‚ใ†==ๅ‡บใกใ‚ƒใฃใŸใ€‚ +> They already left. + +## ใ™ใงใซ + +Means "already". More formal than ใ‚‚ใ†, implies that something is too late and cannot be changed. + +> [!info] Example +> {้…|ใŠใ}ใ{่ตท|ใŠ}ใใŸใฎใง==ใ™ใงใซ==ใƒใ‚นใฏ{ๅ‡บ็™บ|ใ—ใ‚…ใฃใฑใค}ใ—ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ +> I woke up late, so the bus already left. + +## ใฉใ†ใ› + +Means "anyhow", "at any rate". + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใฉใ†ใ›==ใ€{ๅƒ•|ใผใ}ใฎใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใ‚’{่ž|ใ}ใ‹ใชใ„ใ‚“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ +> Anyhow, you won't listen to advice, right? + +## ใชใŠ + +Means "more", "in addition". Used in writing. +Can be used: +- in a similar way as ใ‚‚ใฃใจ; +- to add information to a previous sentence. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใชใŠ=={่€ƒ|ใ‹ใ‚“ใŒ}ใˆใ‚‹ใ›ใ‚“ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใ€‚ +> I still have to think about it. +> +> {ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏใŸใใฟใ•ใ‚“ใŒ{ไผ‘|ใ‚„ใ™}ใฟใงใ™ใ€‚==ใชใŠ==ใ€{ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ไป•ไบ‹|ใ—ใ”ใจ}ใ‚’{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚Šใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Takumi-san is not there today. In addition, he did not finish his work. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance - Proposition.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance - Proposition.md index d9b2584..9551623 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance - Proposition.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Advice - Guidance - Proposition.md @@ -1,36 +1,36 @@ -# Advice, guidance, proposition - -## ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ† - -Used to ask about a situation, usually to give advice. Translates to "why don't you" or "how about". -Used with the ใŸใ‚‰ form of verbs. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—==ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†==ใ‹ใ€‚ -> How about you play a game? - -## ใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ - -Used to ask about an advice or instructions. Translates to "what should I do". -Used with the ใŸใ‚‰ form of verbs. - -> [!info] Example -> ไฝ•ใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“==ใ ใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹==ใ€‚ -> What should I drink? - -## ใ“ใจใ  - -Means "should do". It is used for suggestion or giving advice in spoken language. -Used after verbs with a ใ‚‹ or ใชใ„ ending. - -> [!info] Example -> {็ ‚็ณ–|ใ•ใจใ†}ใŒ{ๅคš|ใŠใŠ}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ใน{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใ‚’{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ในใชใ„==ใ“ใจใ ==ใ€‚ -> You shouldn't eat food that is too high in sugar. - -## ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ - -Means "why don't we", "shall we", "let's do". Used with a verb in the volitional form (ใŠใ†). ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ can be replaced by ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ไธ€็ท’|ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡}ใซ{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}==ใ‚‚ใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹==ใ€‚ -> Why don't we have drinks together? +# Advice, guidance, proposition + +## ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ† + +Used to ask about a situation, usually to give advice. Translates to "why don't you" or "how about". +Used with the ใŸใ‚‰ form of verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—==ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†==ใ‹ใ€‚ +> How about you play a game? + +## ใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ + +Used to ask about an advice or instructions. Translates to "what should I do". +Used with the ใŸใ‚‰ form of verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> ไฝ•ใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“==ใ ใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹==ใ€‚ +> What should I drink? + +## ใ“ใจใ  + +Means "should do". It is used for suggestion or giving advice in spoken language. +Used after verbs with a ใ‚‹ or ใชใ„ ending. + +> [!info] Example +> {็ ‚็ณ–|ใ•ใจใ†}ใŒ{ๅคš|ใŠใŠ}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ใน{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใ‚’{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ในใชใ„==ใ“ใจใ ==ใ€‚ +> You shouldn't eat food that is too high in sugar. + +## ใ‚ˆใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ + +Means "why don't we", "shall we", "let's do". Used with a verb in the volitional form (ใŠใ†). ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ can be replaced by ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ไธ€็ท’|ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡}ใซ{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}==ใ‚‚ใ†ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹==ใ€‚ +> Why don't we have drinks together? diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - frequency.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - frequency.md index 51d7e62..13d833e 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - frequency.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - frequency.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ -{ๆฑบ|ใ‘ใฃ}ใ—ใฆ~ใชใ„ means "never". Used with negative verbs. +{ๆฑบ|ใ‘ใฃ}ใ—ใฆ๏ฝžใชใ„ means "never". Used with negative verbs. > [!info] Examples > ็งใฏ==ๆฑบใ—ใฆ=={ๅคข|ใ‚†ใ‚}ใ‚’{่ฆš|ใŠใผ}ใˆใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - quantification.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - quantification.md index 2acd519..28f1192 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - quantification.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts - quantification.md @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Means "slightly", "only", "a little". Used at the beginning of a phrase to indic -Means "no matter how much". Also used as ใ„ใใ‚‰~ใฆใ‚‚. +Means "no matter how much". Also used as ใ„ใใ‚‰๏ฝžใฆใ‚‚. > [!info] Example > ==ใฉใ‚“ใชใซ=={็ทด็ฟ’|ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}ใ—==ใฆใ‚‚==ใ€ใƒžใƒฉใ‚ฝใƒณใ‚’{่ตฐ|ใฏใ—}ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚ @@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ Means "as much as possible". ใชใ‚‹ในใ is a bit softer than ใงใใ‚‹ใ ใ‘. Means "so much... that". -Nominalized adjectives can be used as nouns. See [[Transformation#~ใ• adjective as noun]] and [[Transformation#~ใฟ adjective as noun]]. +Nominalized adjectives can be used as nouns. See [[Transformation#๏ฝžใ• adjective as noun]] and [[Transformation#๏ฝžใฟ adjective as noun]]. > [!info] Example > ใŠใ„ใ—ใ•ใฎ==ใ‚ใพใ‚Š==ใ€ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณ{ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ|ใพใ„ใซใก}่กŒใใŸใ„ใ€‚ @@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ Means "so much... that". A version of ใ‚ใพใ‚Š that can also be used with adjec ## Not at all -### ใกใฃใจใ‚‚~ใชใ„ +### ใกใฃใจใ‚‚๏ฝžใชใ„ Means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. It is casual. Used with a verb in the negative (ใชใ„) form. @@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ Used with a verb in the negative (ใชใ„) form. > ==ใกใฃใจใ‚‚=={ๅญฆๆ ก|ใŒใฃใ“ใ†}ใ‚’{ไผ‘|ใ‚„ใ™}ใพใชใ„ใ€‚ > I never miss school. -### ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚‚~ใชใ„ +### ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚‚๏ฝžใชใ„

ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚‚ +

@@ -242,22 +242,22 @@ Used with a verb in the negative (ใชใ„) form.
-{ๅฐ‘|ใ™ใ“}ใ—ใ‚‚~ใชใ„ means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. Mostly used in writing. +{ๅฐ‘|ใ™ใ“}ใ—ใ‚‚๏ฝžใชใ„ means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. Mostly used in writing. > [!info] Example > ใใฎใ‚ขใƒ‘ใƒผใƒˆใฏ==ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚‚==ๅคงใใใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ > That appartment was really not big. -### ๅ…จใ~ใชใ„ +### ๅ…จใ๏ฝžใชใ„ -{ๅ…จ|ใพใฃใŸ}ใ~ใชใ„ means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening. +{ๅ…จ|ใพใฃใŸ}ใ๏ฝžใชใ„ means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening. Used with a verb in the negative (ใชใ„) form. > [!info] Example > ==ๅ…จใ=={ไฟก|ใ—ใ‚“}ใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ€‚ > That is absolutely unbelievable. -### ใจใ—ใฆ~ใชใ„ +### ใจใ—ใฆ๏ฝžใชใ„ Means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening. Insists more on the duration: "not even". diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts.md index 7a5e579..8972b00 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Amounts.md @@ -1,99 +1,99 @@ -# Amounts - -## ใใ‚‰ใ„ใƒปใใ‚‰ใ„ - -
-
-

V (ใชใ„)

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ใใ‚‰ใ„ใƒปใใ‚‰ใ„

-
- -Means "about" or "approximately" when talking about numbers or counter words. Focuses on the uncertainty of the number. -ใใ‚‰ใ„ is more common than ใใ‚‰ใ„ in conversations, but can change depending on the preceding word. - -> [!info] Example -> {้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใฏใฉใฎ==ใใ‚‰ใ„==ใง{ๅˆฐ็€|ใจใ†ใกใ‚ƒใ}ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ -> About how much time will the train take to arrive? -> -> {ๅŒป่€…|ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใซ๏ผ‘ๆ™‚้–“==ใใ‚‰ใ„==ใ‚’{ๅพ…|ใพ}ใฃใฆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> I waited approximately an hour for the doctor. - -Also used to compare things as being similar. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚ใ ใก}ใจ{่ฉฆ้จ“|ใ—ใ‘ใ‚“}ใฎ{็ตๆžœ|ใ‘ใฃใ‹}ใฏ{ๅŒ|ใŠใช}ใ˜==ใใ‚‰ใ„==ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> My friend and I have about the same results at the test. - -Also means "to the extent of". - -> [!info] Example -> ้ฃŸในใชใใฆ{ๅฏ|ใญ}ใŸใ„==ใใ‚‰ใ„=={็–ฒ|ใคใ‹}ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ -> I'm tired to the extent of not eating and going to sleep. - -## ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š - -Means "about" or "approximately", when used with nouns indicating time or distance. Has the same meaning as ใใ‚‰ใ„ or ใปใฉ, but only in written form. - -> [!info] Example -> {่–ฌๅฑ‹|ใใ™ใ‚Šใ‚„}ใพใง๏ผ‘๏ผๅˆ†==ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š==ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> It takes about 10 minutes to get to the pharmacy. - -## ใฏ particle - -See [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1)#ใฏ]]. - -## ใปใฉ - -
-
-

V (non-past)

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N

-
-

+ ็จ‹

-
- -{็จ‹|ใปใฉ}, like ใใ‚‰ใ„, it describes an approximate amount. It focuses on a limit being reached. It translates to "about" or "to the extent". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅœฐไธ‹้‰„|ใกใ‹ใฆใค}ใ‚’{ไน—|ใฎ}ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€{ๆญป|ใ—}ใฌ==็จ‹=={่ตฐ|ใฏใ—}ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> In order to catch the subway, I ran to death. - -## ไธ€ๅฟœ - -{ไธ€ๅฟœ|ใ„ใกใŠใ†} means "more or less", "roughly". -Can also mean "just in case". Used to tell the minimum required amount is done. - -> [!info] Examples -> ==ไธ€ๅฟœ=={็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‘ใฉใ€‚ -> I more or less finished, but... - -## ไธ€ๅบฆใซ - -{ไธ€ๅบฆ|ใ„ใก|ใฉ}ใซ means "all at once". - -> [!info] Example -> ใƒใ‚นใฏ==ไธ€ๅบฆใซ==๏ผ‘๏ผ๏ผ{ไบบ|ใซใ‚“}ใ‚’{ไน—|ใฎ}ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> A bus can carry 100 persons at a time. - -## ใšใค - -Used with nouns that express a number or a counter, meaning "each", "at time". -Used with {ๅฐ‘|ใ™ใ“}ใ—, means "little by little". - -> [!info] Example -> ๏ผ’{ๅ€‹|ใ“}==ใšใค==ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ -> I'll take two of each please. - -## ใ‚ใใซ๏ฝžใชใ„ - -Means "not enough, improperly, insufficiently". Used with a negative phrase. - -> [!info] Examples -> ๏ผ•{ๅนด|ใญใ‚“}{ไธญๅ›ฝ่ชž|ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ”ใใ”}ใ‚’{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸใฎใซใ€==ใ‚ใใซ=={ๅ–‹|ใ—ใ‚ƒใน}ใ‚‰==ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> Even tough I studied Chinese for 5 years, I cannot speak it really well. +# Amounts + +## ใใ‚‰ใ„ใƒปใใ‚‰ใ„ + +
+
+

V (ใชใ„)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใใ‚‰ใ„ใƒปใใ‚‰ใ„

+
+ +Means "about" or "approximately" when talking about numbers or counter words. Focuses on the uncertainty of the number. +ใใ‚‰ใ„ is more common than ใใ‚‰ใ„ in conversations, but can change depending on the preceding word. + +> [!info] Example +> {้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใฏใฉใฎ==ใใ‚‰ใ„==ใง{ๅˆฐ็€|ใจใ†ใกใ‚ƒใ}ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ +> About how much time will the train take to arrive? +> +> {ๅŒป่€…|ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใซ๏ผ‘ๆ™‚้–“==ใใ‚‰ใ„==ใ‚’{ๅพ…|ใพ}ใฃใฆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I waited approximately an hour for the doctor. + +Also used to compare things as being similar. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚ใ ใก}ใจ{่ฉฆ้จ“|ใ—ใ‘ใ‚“}ใฎ{็ตๆžœ|ใ‘ใฃใ‹}ใฏ{ๅŒ|ใŠใช}ใ˜==ใใ‚‰ใ„==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> My friend and I have about the same results at the test. + +Also means "to the extent of". + +> [!info] Example +> ้ฃŸในใชใใฆ{ๅฏ|ใญ}ใŸใ„==ใใ‚‰ใ„=={็–ฒ|ใคใ‹}ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I'm tired to the extent of not eating and going to sleep. + +## ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š + +Means "about" or "approximately", when used with nouns indicating time or distance. Has the same meaning as ใใ‚‰ใ„ or ใปใฉ, but only in written form. + +> [!info] Example +> {่–ฌๅฑ‹|ใใ™ใ‚Šใ‚„}ใพใง๏ผ‘๏ผๅˆ†==ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š==ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> It takes about 10 minutes to get to the pharmacy. + +## ใฏ particle + +See [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1)#ใฏ]]. + +## ใปใฉ + +
+
+

V (non-past)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N

+
+

+ ็จ‹

+
+ +{็จ‹|ใปใฉ}, like ใใ‚‰ใ„, it describes an approximate amount. It focuses on a limit being reached. It translates to "about" or "to the extent". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅœฐไธ‹้‰„|ใกใ‹ใฆใค}ใ‚’{ไน—|ใฎ}ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใ€{ๆญป|ใ—}ใฌ==็จ‹=={่ตฐ|ใฏใ—}ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> In order to catch the subway, I ran to death. + +## ไธ€ๅฟœ + +{ไธ€ๅฟœ|ใ„ใกใŠใ†} means "more or less", "roughly". +Can also mean "just in case". Used to tell the minimum required amount is done. + +> [!info] Examples +> ==ไธ€ๅฟœ=={็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ‘ใฉใ€‚ +> I more or less finished, but... + +## ไธ€ๅบฆใซ + +{ไธ€ๅบฆ|ใ„ใก|ใฉ}ใซ means "all at once". + +> [!info] Example +> ใƒใ‚นใฏ==ไธ€ๅบฆใซ==๏ผ‘๏ผ๏ผ{ไบบ|ใซใ‚“}ใ‚’{ไน—|ใฎ}ใ›ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> A bus can carry 100 persons at a time. + +## ใšใค + +Used with nouns that express a number or a counter, meaning "each", "at time". +Used with {ๅฐ‘|ใ™ใ“}ใ—, means "little by little". + +> [!info] Example +> ๏ผ’{ๅ€‹|ใ“}==ใšใค==ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> I'll take two of each please. + +## ใ‚ใใซ๏ฝžใชใ„ + +Means "not enough, improperly, insufficiently". Used with a negative phrase. + +> [!info] Examples +> ๏ผ•{ๅนด|ใญใ‚“}{ไธญๅ›ฝ่ชž|ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ”ใใ”}ใ‚’{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸใฎใซใ€==ใ‚ใใซ=={ๅ–‹|ใ—ใ‚ƒใน}ใ‚‰==ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> Even tough I studied Chinese for 5 years, I cannot speak it really well. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Certainty.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Certainty.md index ea940f2..0727ed2 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Certainty.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Certainty.md @@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ It can also mean that the will to do is not present, especially with ใ™ใ‚‹. ### ใ‚ˆใ†ใŒใชใ„ใƒปใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚‚ใชใ„ -~{ๆง˜|ใ‚ˆใ†}ใŒใชใ„ means that there is no way, "impossible". -Works by removing ~ใพใ™ from a verb and adding ใ‚ˆใ†ใŒใชใ„ใƒปใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚‚ใชใ„. +๏ฝž{ๆง˜|ใ‚ˆใ†}ใŒใชใ„ means that there is no way, "impossible". +Works by removing ๏ฝžใพใ™ from a verb and adding ใ‚ˆใ†ใŒใชใ„ใƒปใ‚ˆใ†ใ‚‚ใชใ„. The nuance it that it is impossible in general. With ใ™ใ‚‹, it can mean the same as ใ‚ใ‘ใŒใชใ„, i.e. "I don't know how to". > [!info] Example diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Combination actions.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Combination actions.md index 176926b..be9907f 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Combination actions.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Combination actions.md @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Those rules combine a verb and an adjective to make a new meaning. ## Difficulty -### ~ใ‚„ใ™ใ„: easy +### ๏ฝžใ‚„ใ™ใ„: easy Means: * easy to do @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Means: > {ๆณฃ|ใช}ใ==ใ‚„ใ™ใ„==ใ€‚ > Prone to crying. -### ~ใซใใ„ใƒป~ใฅใ‚‰ใ„: difficult +### ๏ฝžใซใใ„ใƒป๏ฝžใฅใ‚‰ใ„: difficult Means that something is difficult to do. While ใซใใ„ is the broader form, ใฅใ‚‰ใ„ is used in a more subjective manner, for actions that are intentional. @@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ While ใซใใ„ is the broader form, ใฅใ‚‰ใ„ is used in a more subjective mann ### ๏ฝžใŒใŸใ„: very difficult -~ใŒใŸใ„ means that something is very difficult to do. -It is more extreme than ~ใซใใ„. +๏ฝžใŒใŸใ„ means that something is very difficult to do. +It is more extreme than ๏ฝžใซใใ„. > [!info] Example > ใใ‚Œใฏ{ไฟก|ใ—ใ‚“}ใ˜==ใŒใŸใ„==ใชใ€‚ > That's hard to believe... -## ~ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ +## ๏ฝžๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ ๏ฝž{ๅง‹|ใฏใ˜}ใ‚ใ‚‹ means that something starts or has started. Expresses intentionality. @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ It is more extreme than ~ใซใใ„. > {้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใฟ==ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ > To start to drink. -## ~ๅ‡บใ™ +## ๏ฝžๅ‡บใ™ ๏ฝž{ๅ‡บ|ใ }ใ™ means that something suddenly started. Has the nuance of being unintentional, or cannot be avoided. @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ It is more extreme than ~ใซใใ„. > ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Š==ๅ‡บใ—ใŸ==ใ€‚ > It suddenly started raining. -## ~็ถšใ +## ๏ฝž็ถšใ ๏ฝž{็ถš|ใคใฅ}ใ means that something continues. @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ It is more extreme than ~ใซใใ„. > {้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใฟ==็ถšใ‘ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ > To continue to drink. -## ~็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ +## ๏ฝž็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ ๏ฝž{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚‹ means that something ends. @@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ This can be used both as: ## ๏ฝžๅˆ‡ใ‚‹ใƒป๏ฝžๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใƒป๏ฝžๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใชใ„ -~{ๅˆ‡|ใ}ใ‚‹ means "to do completely" and ~ๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใ‚‹ means "able to do completely". -The negative form ~ๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใชใ„ means "unable to do", "too much to complete". +๏ฝž{ๅˆ‡|ใ}ใ‚‹ means "to do completely" and ๏ฝžๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใ‚‹ means "able to do completely". +The negative form ๏ฝžๅˆ‡ใ‚Œใชใ„ means "unable to do", "too much to complete". It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process. > [!info] Example @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process. ## ๏ฝž้€šใ™ -~{้€š|ใจใŠ}ใ™ means "to do something until the end", "continually" or "through". It focuses on the process of the action, rather than its ending. +๏ฝž{้€š|ใจใŠ}ใ™ means "to do something until the end", "continually" or "through". It focuses on the process of the action, rather than its ending. > [!info] Example > ใƒžใƒฉใ‚ฝใƒณใฎ{ๅ…จ้ƒจ|ใœใ‚“ใถ}ใ‚’{่ตฐ|ใฏใ—}ใ‚Š==้€šใ—ใŸ==ใ€‚ @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process. ## ๏ฝž็›ดใ™ -~{็›ด|ใชใŠ}ใ™ means to do something again. +๏ฝž{็›ด|ใชใŠ}ใ™ means to do something again. > [!info] Example > {ไปŠๅนด|ใ“ใจใ—}ใ‚’ใ‚„ใ‚Š==็›ดใ™==ใฆใปใ—ใ„ใ€‚ @@ -124,55 +124,55 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process. ## ๏ฝžใฃใฑใชใ— -~ใฃใฑใชใ— means leaving something as it is. +๏ฝžใฃใฑใชใ— means leaving something as it is. > [!info] Example > ใ“ใฎ๏ผ‘๏ผ“ๆ™‚้–“{้ฃ›่กŒ|ใฒใ“ใ†}ใง{ๅบง|ใ™ใ‚}ใ‚Š==ใฃใฑใชใ—==ใงใ—ใŸใ€‚ > I sat the entire time on this 13 hours flight. -## ~ใ‹ใญใ‚‹ +## ๏ฝžใ‹ใญใ‚‹ -~ใ‹ใญใ‚‹ means "unable to do", due to an external circumstance. It is polite. +๏ฝžใ‹ใญใ‚‹ means "unable to do", due to an external circumstance. It is polite. > [!info] Example > ใ”ใ‚ใ‚“ใชใ•ใ„ใ€ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใงใ==ใ‹ใญใพใ™==ใ€‚ > I'm sorry, I cannot do that. -## ~ใฃใ“ใชใ„ +## ๏ฝžใฃใ“ใชใ„ -~ใฃใ“ใชใ„ means that something is not possible. +๏ฝžใฃใ“ใชใ„ means that something is not possible. > [!info] Example > {ๅ…จ็„ถ|ใœใ‚“ใœใ‚“}{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ใ€‚ใ€‚{ๅˆๆ ผ|ใ”ใ†ใ‹ใ}ใ—==ใฃใ“ใชใ„==ใ‚ˆใ€‚ > I did not study at all... There's no way I'll pass. -## ~ๆŠœใ +## ๏ฝžๆŠœใ -~{ๆŠœ|ใฌ}ใ means to do something to the end, or completely. The nuance is that someone tried hard and has made an effort to achieve this result. +๏ฝž{ๆŠœ|ใฌ}ใ means to do something to the end, or completely. The nuance is that someone tried hard and has made an effort to achieve this result. > [!info] Example > ใใ‚Œใฏ{ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ|ใพใ„ใซใก}ใ‚„ใ‚Š==ๆŠœใ=={็„ก็†|ใ‚€ใ‚Š}ใงใ™ใ‚ˆใ€‚ > You cannot do this every day. -## ~็ตฆใˆ +## ๏ฝž็ตฆใˆ -~{็ตฆ|ใŸใพ}ใˆ is used for a light order. It is used by someone of higher rank to someone of lower rank. +๏ฝž{็ตฆ|ใŸใพ}ใˆ is used for a light order. It is used by someone of higher rank to someone of lower rank. > [!info] Example > ใ“ใ“ใซ{ๅบง|ใ™ใ‚}ใ‚Š==็ตฆใˆ==ใ€‚ > Seat here. -## ~ใคใค(ใ‚‚) +## ๏ฝžใคใค(ใ‚‚) -~ใคใค means that something happens at the same time as another action. Adding ใ‚‚ adds the meaning of "even": "even while doing". +๏ฝžใคใค means that something happens at the same time as another action. Adding ใ‚‚ adds the meaning of "even": "even while doing". > [!info] Example > ้ฃŸใน==ใคใค==ใ€้ฃฒใฟใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ > While eating, let's drink. -## ~ใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹ +## ๏ฝžใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹ -~ใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹ means that something is in an ongoing process or action, in a similar manner as ใฆใใ‚‹. +๏ฝžใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹ means that something is in an ongoing process or action, in a similar manner as ใฆใใ‚‹. > [!info] Example > {้›ช|ใ‚†ใ}ใŒ{้™|ใต}ใ‚Š==ใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ @@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process. ## ๏ฝž่พผใ‚€ -~{่พผ|ใ“}ใ‚€ has multiple meanings depending on the verb. Sometimes it is idiomatic and so it cannot exactly be guessed. However, there are some broad categories. +๏ฝž{่พผ|ใ“}ใ‚€ has multiple meanings depending on the verb. Sometimes it is idiomatic and so it cannot exactly be guessed. However, there are some broad categories. โš  Depending on the context, verbs can fall into multiple categories! diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Connectors - in order to.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Connectors - in order to.md index 1acb871..cc6ae31 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Connectors - in order to.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Connectors - in order to.md @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ ## ใฎใซ Means "to do", "in order to". -See [[Connectors#ใฎใซ#In order to]]. +See [[Connectors#In order to]]. ## ใŸใ‚ใซ diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Consequence.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Consequence.md index 737b15c..0fb324d 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Consequence.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Consequence.md @@ -1,68 +1,68 @@ -# Consequence - -## ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹ - -ใซ{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‹}ใ‚ใ‚‹ means "to affect", "to be involved". Used with nouns that express something influential. -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๅ‘ฝ|ใ„ใฎใก}==ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹=={ไบ‹ๆ•…|ใ˜ใ“}ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> There was a life-threatening incident. - -## ใŒใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใงใƒปใ‚’ใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใซ - -
-
-

V + ใฎใƒปใ“ใจ

-

N

-
-

+ ใŒใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใงใƒปใ‚’ใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใซ

-
- -Means "to take advantage of", "because of", "as an opportunity to". It is a common form. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใจ{ๅ‡บไผš|ใงใ‚}ใฃใŸใฎ==ใŒใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใง==ใ€ใƒใƒƒใƒ—{้Ÿณๆฅฝ|ใŠใ‚“ใŒใ}ใŒ{ๅฅฝ|ใ™}ใ{ๅง‹|ใฏใ˜}ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ -> After meeting her, I started liking pop music. - -## ใ‚’ๅฅ‘ๆฉŸใซ - -
-
-

V + ใฎใƒปใ“ใจ

-

N

-
-

+ ใ‚’ๅฅ‘ๆฉŸใซ

-
- -ใ‚’{ๅฅ‘ๆฉŸ|ใ‘ใ„ใ}ใซ means "lead to", "as a result of", "as a good opportunity to". It is used for an important change, in formal situations. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๆˆฆไบ‰|ใ›ใ‚“ใใ†}==ใ‚’ๅฅ‘ๆฉŸใซ==ใ€{ไบบใ€…|ใฒใจใณใจ}ใฏ{ๅฎถ|ใ„ใˆ}ใ‚’{ๅคฑ|ใ†ใ—ใช}ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> As a result of the war, people lost their homes. - -## ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ - -Means "having done that". Used for something where there is no control, or to confirm an information. -Used at the beginning of a phrase. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Š{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ในใฆใฟใฆใ€‚==ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ==ใ€ใŠใ„ใ—ใใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> Try eating slower. Doing that, it will taste better. - -## ็”ฒๆ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ - -
-
-

V (ใŸ)

-

V (ใพใ™)

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ใ‹ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹

-
- -{็”ฒๆ–|ใ‹ใ„}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ means "to be worth". ็”ฒๆ–ใŒใชใ„ means "to not be worth". - -> [!info] Examples -> ๏ผ‘๏ผ๏ผ{็‚น|ใฆใ‚“}{ๆŒ|ใ‚‚}ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰{ๆœ|ใ‚ใ•}ใพใง{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸ==ใ‹ใ„ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ -> I got 100 points, so it was worth it studying until morning. +# Consequence + +## ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹ + +ใซ{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‹}ใ‚ใ‚‹ means "to affect", "to be involved". Used with nouns that express something influential. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅ‘ฝ|ใ„ใฎใก}==ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‹=={ไบ‹ๆ•…|ใ˜ใ“}ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> There was a life-threatening incident. + +## ใŒใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใงใƒปใ‚’ใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใซ + +
+
+

V + ใฎใƒปใ“ใจ

+

N

+
+

+ ใŒใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใงใƒปใ‚’ใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใซ

+
+ +Means "to take advantage of", "because of", "as an opportunity to". It is a common form. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใจ{ๅ‡บไผš|ใงใ‚}ใฃใŸใฎ==ใŒใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใง==ใ€ใƒใƒƒใƒ—{้Ÿณๆฅฝ|ใŠใ‚“ใŒใ}ใŒ{ๅฅฝ|ใ™}ใ{ๅง‹|ใฏใ˜}ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ +> After meeting her, I started liking pop music. + +## ใ‚’ๅฅ‘ๆฉŸใซ + +
+
+

V + ใฎใƒปใ“ใจ

+

N

+
+

+ ใ‚’ๅฅ‘ๆฉŸใซ

+
+ +ใ‚’{ๅฅ‘ๆฉŸ|ใ‘ใ„ใ}ใซ means "lead to", "as a result of", "as a good opportunity to". It is used for an important change, in formal situations. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆˆฆไบ‰|ใ›ใ‚“ใใ†}==ใ‚’ๅฅ‘ๆฉŸใซ==ใ€{ไบบใ€…|ใฒใจใณใจ}ใฏ{ๅฎถ|ใ„ใˆ}ใ‚’{ๅคฑ|ใ†ใ—ใช}ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> As a result of the war, people lost their homes. + +## ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ + +Means "having done that". Used for something where there is no control, or to confirm an information. +Used at the beginning of a phrase. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚†ใฃใใ‚Š{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ในใฆใฟใฆใ€‚==ใใ†ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ==ใ€ใŠใ„ใ—ใใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Try eating slower. Doing that, it will taste better. + +## ็”ฒๆ–ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ + +
+
+

V (ใŸ)

+

V (ใพใ™)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใ‹ใ„ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+ +{็”ฒๆ–|ใ‹ใ„}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ means "to be worth". ็”ฒๆ–ใŒใชใ„ means "to not be worth". + +> [!info] Examples +> ๏ผ‘๏ผ๏ผ{็‚น|ใฆใ‚“}{ๆŒ|ใ‚‚}ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‰{ๆœ|ใ‚ใ•}ใพใง{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸ==ใ‹ใ„ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I got 100 points, so it was worth it studying until morning. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Considering - for - as.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Considering - for - as.md index e65cc68..d0ac2d5 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Considering - for - as.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Considering - for - as.md @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Used with verbs and nouns. ## ใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚ -Means "assuming", "even if". It has the same meaning as [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ใฆใ‚‚ใƒปใงใ‚‚]], but bolder. +Means "assuming", "even if". It has the same meaning as [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ใฆใ‚‚ใƒปใงใ‚‚|Even if: ใฆใ‚‚ใƒปใงใ‚‚]], but bolder. > [!info] Example > ็ง==ใจใ—ใฆใ‚‚==ๅ‡บๆฅใพใ™ใ€‚ diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Description.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Description.md index ceacadd..652f415 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Description.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Description.md @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Means "made from". ## ใฎใŒใ€ŒๅฅฝใใƒปไธŠๆ‰‹ใƒปไธ‹ๆ‰‹ใ€ -ใฎใŒ({ๅฅฝ|ใ™ใ}ใใƒป{ไธŠๆ‰‹|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใš}ใƒป{ไธ‹ๆ‰‹|ใธใŸ}) means "to (like/be good/be bad)" at an action. +ใฎใŒใ€Œ{ๅฅฝ|ใ™ใ}ใใƒป{ไธŠๆ‰‹|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใš}ใƒป{ไธ‹ๆ‰‹|ใธใŸ}ใ€ means "to like/be good/be bad" at an action. Used with a verb in dictionary form. > [!info] Example @@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ Means that something is "full of" or "covered with" something undesirable.

+ ใงๆœ‰ๅ

-ใฏ~ใง{ๆœ‰ๅ|ใ‚†ใ†ใ‚ใ„} means "famous for". Used to describe why people, places or things are famous. +ใฏ๏ฝžใง{ๆœ‰ๅ|ใ‚†ใ†ใ‚ใ„} means "famous for". Used to describe why people, places or things are famous. > [!info] Example > ใƒ‘ใƒช==ใฏ==ใ‚จใƒƒใƒ•ใ‚งใƒซ{ๅก”|ใจใ†}==ใงๆœ‰ๅ==ใงใ™ใ€‚ diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Emphasis.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Emphasis.md index 3591544..d13df68 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Emphasis.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Emphasis.md @@ -1,43 +1,43 @@ -# Emphasis - -## ใซ้™ใฃใฆ - -ใซ{้™|ใ‹ใŽ}ใฃใฆ means "particularly when", "only when". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฏ{้‡‘ๆ›œๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚“ใ‚ˆใ†ใณ}==ใซ้™ใฃใฆ==ใ€{็‰นๅˆฅ|ใจใในใค}ใช{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ใน{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใ‚’{ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> This restaurant only makes special food on Fridays. - -## ใ“ใจใซ - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-
-

+ ใ“ใจใซ

-
- -Means "particularly", "especially". Used to describe and emphasize the speaker's feelings. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใ“ใ‚“ใชใซ{้•ท|ใชใŒ}ใ„{้–“|ใ‚ใ„ใ }{ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใ‹ใ‚‰{้€ฃ็ตก|ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ‚‰ใ}ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸ==ใ“ใจใซ=={้ฉš|ใŠใฉใ‚}ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> I was surprised to hear from him after such a long time. - -## ใใ‚Œใชใ‚‰ - -Means "if that's the case". Highlights the previous statement. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ไปŠ้€ฑ|ใ“ใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}{ๅฟ™|ใ„ใใŒ}ใ—ใ„ใ‚“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚==ใใ‚Œใชใ‚‰==ใ€{ๆฅ้€ฑ|ใ‚‰ใ„ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ -> You're busy this week, right? Then, what about the next one? - -## ใ ใฃใฆ - -Means "even someone". It is informal. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใใ‚Œใฏใ“ใฉใ‚‚==ใ ใฃใฆ=={็Ÿฅ|ใ—}ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> Even kids know that. +# Emphasis + +## ใซ้™ใฃใฆ + +ใซ{้™|ใ‹ใŽ}ใฃใฆ means "particularly when", "only when". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฏ{้‡‘ๆ›œๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚“ใ‚ˆใ†ใณ}==ใซ้™ใฃใฆ==ใ€{็‰นๅˆฅ|ใจใในใค}ใช{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ใน{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใ‚’{ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> This restaurant only makes special food on Fridays. + +## ใ“ใจใซ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+
+

+ ใ“ใจใซ

+
+ +Means "particularly", "especially". Used to describe and emphasize the speaker's feelings. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใ‚“ใชใซ{้•ท|ใชใŒ}ใ„{้–“|ใ‚ใ„ใ }{ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใ‹ใ‚‰{้€ฃ็ตก|ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ‚‰ใ}ใŒใ‚ใฃใŸ==ใ“ใจใซ=={้ฉš|ใŠใฉใ‚}ใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I was surprised to hear from him after such a long time. + +## ใใ‚Œใชใ‚‰ + +Means "if that's the case". Highlights the previous statement. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ไปŠ้€ฑ|ใ“ใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}{ๅฟ™|ใ„ใใŒ}ใ—ใ„ใ‚“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚==ใใ‚Œใชใ‚‰==ใ€{ๆฅ้€ฑ|ใ‚‰ใ„ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}ใฏใฉใ†ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ +> You're busy this week, right? Then, what about the next one? + +## ใ ใฃใฆ + +Means "even someone". It is informal. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใใ‚Œใฏใ“ใฉใ‚‚==ใ ใฃใฆ=={็Ÿฅ|ใ—}ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Even kids know that. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Exception.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Exception.md index 084f74b..3ef1696 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Exception.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Exception.md @@ -1,41 +1,41 @@ -# Exception - -## ใฏๅˆฅใจใ—ใฆ - -ใฏ{ๅˆฅ|ในใค}ใจใ—ใฆ means "aside from", "whether or not". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> {่™ซ|ใ‚€ใ—}==ใฏๅˆฅใจใ—ใฆ==ใ€{ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{ๆฅฝ|ใŸใฎ}ใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> Aside from the insects, today was fun. - -With verbs and adjectives, ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ is placed before. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅ‹|ใ‹ใค}ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹==ใฏๅˆฅใจใ—ใฆ==ใ€{่ฉฆๅˆ|ใ—ใ‚ใ„}ใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใŸใ„ใ€‚ -> Whether we win or not, I want to play the game. - -## ใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆ - -
-
-

N

-
-

+ ใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆ

-
-
-
-

N

-
-

+ ใ‚’้™คใ +

-
-

N

-
-
- -ใ‚’{้™ค|ใฎใž}ใ„ใฆ means "except". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> ็ง==ใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆ==ใ€{็š†|ใฟใช}ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ{ๅˆๆ ผ|ใ”ใ†ใ‹ใ}ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +# Exception + +## ใฏๅˆฅใจใ—ใฆ + +ใฏ{ๅˆฅ|ในใค}ใจใ—ใฆ means "aside from", "whether or not". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {่™ซ|ใ‚€ใ—}==ใฏๅˆฅใจใ—ใฆ==ใ€{ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{ๆฅฝ|ใŸใฎ}ใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Aside from the insects, today was fun. + +With verbs and adjectives, ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ is placed before. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹|ใ‹ใค}ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹==ใฏๅˆฅใจใ—ใฆ==ใ€{่ฉฆๅˆ|ใ—ใ‚ใ„}ใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใฆใฟใŸใ„ใ€‚ +> Whether we win or not, I want to play the game. + +## ใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆ + +
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆ

+
+
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใ‚’้™คใ +

+
+

N

+
+
+ +ใ‚’{้™ค|ใฎใž}ใ„ใฆ means "except". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ็ง==ใ‚’้™คใ„ใฆ==ใ€{็š†|ใฟใช}ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ{ๅˆๆ ผ|ใ”ใ†ใ‹ใ}ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ > Everyone except me passed. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/In addition.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/In addition.md index 11105f0..4024edc 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/In addition.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/In addition.md @@ -1,104 +1,104 @@ -# In addition - -## ใ‚‚๏ฝžใฐ๏ฝžใ‚‚ - -
-

N1 + ใ‚‚ +

-
-
-

V (ใฐ)

-

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ

-

ใช-Adj + ใชใ‚‰

-

N + ใชใ‚‰

-
-
-

+ N2 + ใ‚‚

-
- -Means "also", "as well". Means that both N1 and N2 are true (and should share a connection). -โš  Despite using conditional form, it is not conditional in meaning. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๆฏ|ใฏใฏ}ใฏใƒใƒซใƒˆใ‚ฌใƒซ{่ชž|ใ”}==ใ‚‚==ใงใใ‚Œ==ใฐ==ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ{่ชž|ใ”}==ใ‚‚=={่ฉฑ|ใฏใช}ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish. - -## ใŠใพใ‘ใซ - -Means "in addition". Used for emphasis for similar qualities (positive, negative). Used orally. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๆš‘|ใ‚ใค}ใใฆ==ใŠใพใ‘ใซ==ใ‚จใ‚ขใ‚ณใƒณใŒ{ๅฃŠ|ใ“ใ‚}ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ -> It was hot, and to make matters worse, the air conditioning broke. - -## ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ - -Means "moreover", "what's more". Talks about a same subject, for objective information, implying that A and B exist at the same time. It is similar to ใŠใพใ‘ใซ, but used for writing. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฏใจใฆใ‚‚{็พŽๅ‘ณ|ใŠใ„}ใ—ใ„ใญใ€‚==ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚==ใ€{ๅฎ‰|ใ‚„ใ™}ใ„ใ‚ˆ๏ผ -> This restaurant is delicious. What's more, it's cheap! - -## ไธŠใซ - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ไธŠ(ใซ)

-
- -{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ}ใซ means "and also", "in addition", "as well". Used with similar qualities (positive with positive, negative with negative). - -> [!info] Examples -> ใ“ใฎ{ๅฎถ|ใ„ใˆ}ใฏ{็‹ญ|ใ›ใพ}ใ„==ไธŠใซ=={ๅฎถ่ณƒ|ใ‚„ใกใ‚“}ใฏ{้ซ˜|ใŸใ‹}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> This house is small, and the rent is too expensive. - -## ใใฎไธŠ - -ใใฎ{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ} means "besides", "in addition". Means the same as ไธŠใซ, but with two separate sentences. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใ“ใฎ{ๅฎถ|ใ„ใˆ}ใฏ{็‹ญ|ใ›ใพ}ใ„ใ€‚==ใใฎไธŠ==ใ€{ๅฎถ่ณƒ|ใ‚„ใกใ‚“}ใฏ{้ซ˜|ใŸใ‹}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> This house is small. In addition, the rent is too expensive. - -## ใซๅŠ ใˆใฆ - -ใซ{ๅŠ |ใใ‚}ใˆใฆ means "in addition to". It is formal, and often used in business settings. -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ไปŠๅนด|ใ“ใจใ—}ใฏใƒ”ใƒณใƒใƒณ==ใซๅŠ ใˆใฆ==ใƒใƒ‰ใƒŸใƒณใƒˆใƒณใ‚’{ๆ•™|ใŠใ—}ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ -> This year, I'll be teaching badminton in addition to ping pong. - -## Not only, but also - -### ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ - -
-
-

N

-
-

+ ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ +

-
-

phrase

-
-

+ ใ‚‚ใƒปใ•ใˆ

-
- -Means "not only but also", "not to mention". The most common form. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใ“ใฎใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใซใฏใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ==ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“==ใƒœใ‚ฆใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐ==ใ‚‚==ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ -> This game center not only has games but also bowling. - -### ใฏใ‚‚ใจใ‚ˆใ‚Š - -Means "not only but also". Similar meaning than ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“. Conveys a sense of continuity. Used mostly in writing. -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Examples -> {้›ช|ใ‚†ใ}ใŒ{ๅคš|ใŠใŠ}ใ„ใฎใงใ€{้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}==ใฏใ‚‚ใจใ‚ˆใ‚Š==ใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒผใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ -> There is so much snow that there are no trains, let alone taxis. +# In addition + +## ใ‚‚๏ฝžใฐ๏ฝžใ‚‚ + +
+

N1 + ใ‚‚ +

+
+
+

V (ใฐ)

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ

+

ใช-Adj + ใชใ‚‰

+

N + ใชใ‚‰

+
+
+

+ N2 + ใ‚‚

+
+ +Means "also", "as well". Means that both N1 and N2 are true (and should share a connection). +โš  Despite using conditional form, it is not conditional in meaning. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆฏ|ใฏใฏ}ใฏใƒใƒซใƒˆใ‚ฌใƒซ{่ชž|ใ”}==ใ‚‚==ใงใใ‚Œ==ใฐ==ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ{่ชž|ใ”}==ใ‚‚=={่ฉฑ|ใฏใช}ใ›ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish. + +## ใŠใพใ‘ใซ + +Means "in addition". Used for emphasis for similar qualities (positive, negative). Used orally. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆš‘|ใ‚ใค}ใใฆ==ใŠใพใ‘ใซ==ใ‚จใ‚ขใ‚ณใƒณใŒ{ๅฃŠ|ใ“ใ‚}ใ‚Œใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ +> It was hot, and to make matters worse, the air conditioning broke. + +## ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚ + +Means "moreover", "what's more". Talks about a same subject, for objective information, implying that A and B exist at the same time. It is similar to ใŠใพใ‘ใซ, but used for writing. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฏใจใฆใ‚‚{็พŽๅ‘ณ|ใŠใ„}ใ—ใ„ใญใ€‚==ใ—ใ‹ใ‚‚==ใ€{ๅฎ‰|ใ‚„ใ™}ใ„ใ‚ˆ๏ผ +> This restaurant is delicious. What's more, it's cheap! + +## ไธŠใซ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ไธŠ(ใซ)

+
+ +{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ}ใซ means "and also", "in addition", "as well". Used with similar qualities (positive with positive, negative with negative). + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎ{ๅฎถ|ใ„ใˆ}ใฏ{็‹ญ|ใ›ใพ}ใ„==ไธŠใซ=={ๅฎถ่ณƒ|ใ‚„ใกใ‚“}ใฏ{้ซ˜|ใŸใ‹}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> This house is small, and the rent is too expensive. + +## ใใฎไธŠ + +ใใฎ{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ} means "besides", "in addition". Means the same as ไธŠใซ, but with two separate sentences. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎ{ๅฎถ|ใ„ใˆ}ใฏ{็‹ญ|ใ›ใพ}ใ„ใ€‚==ใใฎไธŠ==ใ€{ๅฎถ่ณƒ|ใ‚„ใกใ‚“}ใฏ{้ซ˜|ใŸใ‹}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> This house is small. In addition, the rent is too expensive. + +## ใซๅŠ ใˆใฆ + +ใซ{ๅŠ |ใใ‚}ใˆใฆ means "in addition to". It is formal, and often used in business settings. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ไปŠๅนด|ใ“ใจใ—}ใฏใƒ”ใƒณใƒใƒณ==ใซๅŠ ใˆใฆ==ใƒใƒ‰ใƒŸใƒณใƒˆใƒณใ‚’{ๆ•™|ใŠใ—}ใˆใพใ™ใ€‚ +> This year, I'll be teaching badminton in addition to ping pong. + +## Not only, but also + +### ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ + +
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ +

+
+

phrase

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใƒปใ•ใˆ

+
+ +Means "not only but also", "not to mention". The most common form. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใซใฏใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ==ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“==ใƒœใ‚ฆใƒชใƒณใ‚ฐ==ใ‚‚==ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ +> This game center not only has games but also bowling. + +### ใฏใ‚‚ใจใ‚ˆใ‚Š + +Means "not only but also". Similar meaning than ใฏใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“. Conveys a sense of continuity. Used mostly in writing. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> {้›ช|ใ‚†ใ}ใŒ{ๅคš|ใŠใŠ}ใ„ใฎใงใ€{้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}==ใฏใ‚‚ใจใ‚ˆใ‚Š==ใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒผใ‚‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ +> There is so much snow that there are no trains, let alone taxis. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Instead.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Instead.md index e369db4..02ef4c5 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Instead.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Instead.md @@ -1,39 +1,39 @@ -# Instead - -## ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚ - -Means "instead" or "rather". - -> [!info] Example -> ==ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚=={่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ|ใ˜ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใง่กŒใ“ใ†ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ -> I think I'd rather go by bike. - -## ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ

-
- -{ไปฃ|ใ‹}ใ‚ใ‚Šใซ means "instead of", "in exchange for". Generally used to talk about things. -Does not have a notion of replacing in a temporal transition, more like a one off occurrence. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ไปŠๆœ|ใ‘ใ•}{่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ|ใ˜ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใฎ==ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ=={ๅœฐไธ‹้‰„|ใกใ‹ใฆใค}ใง่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> I took the train this morning instead of biking. - -## ใซใ‹ใ‚ใฃใฆใƒปใซใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Š - -Means "instead of". Generally used about persons. -Also has a notion of "taking over" as in replacing in a temporal transition. -ใซใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Š is more formal than ใซใ‹ใ‚ใฃใฆ. -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Examples -> {็ง|ใ‚ใŸใ—}==ใซไปฃใ‚ใฃใฆ=={ๅฆน|ใ„ใ‚‚ใ†ใจ}ใŒ{่กŒ|ใ„}ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> My sister went in my behalf. +# Instead + +## ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚ + +Means "instead" or "rather". + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚=={่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ|ใ˜ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใง่กŒใ“ใ†ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I think I'd rather go by bike. + +## ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ

+
+ +{ไปฃ|ใ‹}ใ‚ใ‚Šใซ means "instead of", "in exchange for". Generally used to talk about things. +Does not have a notion of replacing in a temporal transition, more like a one off occurrence. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ไปŠๆœ|ใ‘ใ•}{่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ|ใ˜ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใฎ==ไปฃใ‚ใ‚Šใซ=={ๅœฐไธ‹้‰„|ใกใ‹ใฆใค}ใง่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I took the train this morning instead of biking. + +## ใซใ‹ใ‚ใฃใฆใƒปใซใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Š + +Means "instead of". Generally used about persons. +Also has a notion of "taking over" as in replacing in a temporal transition. +ใซใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Š is more formal than ใซใ‹ใ‚ใฃใฆ. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> {็ง|ใ‚ใŸใ—}==ใซไปฃใ‚ใฃใฆ=={ๅฆน|ใ„ใ‚‚ใ†ใจ}ใŒ{่กŒ|ใ„}ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> My sister went in my behalf. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Listing.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Listing.md index 3ac5e8b..8baa67b 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Listing.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Listing.md @@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence. > ่จ€ใฃใฆใชใ„==ใ—==๏ผ > I never said that! -### ใ‚„ใ‚‰~ใ‚„ใ‚‰ +### ใ‚„ใ‚‰๏ฝžใ‚„ใ‚‰
diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Means.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Means.md index 8aae419..63d1c38 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Means.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Means.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ## ใคใ„ -Means "accidentally", "unintentionally". Can be combined with [[TeF (2) - manner of doing## ใฆใ—ใพใ†ใƒปใกใ‚ƒใ†ใƒปใ˜ใ‚ƒใ†|ใฆใ—ใพใ†]]. +Means "accidentally", "unintentionally". Can be combined with [[TeF (2) - manner of doing#ใฆใ—ใพใ†ใƒปใกใ‚ƒใ†ใƒปใ˜ใ‚ƒใ†|ใฆใ—ใพใ†]]. > [!info] Example > {ๆญฉ|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใใชใŒใ‚‰{ๆบๅธฏ|ใ‘ใ„ใŸใ„}ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€==ใคใ„=={่ชฐ|ใ ใ‚Œ}ใ‹ใจใถใคใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation - must (not).md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation - must (not).md index 8315b21..de39fe4 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation - must (not).md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation - must (not).md @@ -1,77 +1,77 @@ -# Obligation: ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใƒปใชใ„ใจ - -## Must - -### ใชใใกใ‚ƒใƒปใชใใ‚ƒ - -Only used on casual spoken conversations. -This form is used with the negative form of a verb (ใชใ„), and adding ใชใใกใ‚ƒ and optionally one of the following ending: ใ ใ‚, ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„, ใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“, ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„, ใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. - -ใชใใกใ‚ƒ is the shortened form of ใชใใฆใฏ. -ใชใใ‚ƒ is the shortened form of ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆญฏ|ใฏ}ใ‚’{็ฃจ|ใฟใŒ}ใ‹==ใชใใกใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> I must brush my teeth. - -### ใชใใฆใฏใ€Œใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใƒปใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ - -Also formed with the negative form of a verb. - -> [!info] Example -> ไปŠ{้…|ใŠใ}ใ„ใญใ€‚{ๅฏ|ใญ}ใซ่กŒใ‹==ใชใใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> It's late now. I have to go to sleep. - -### ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€Œใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใƒปใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ - -Also formed with the negative form of a verb. - -> [!info] Example -> {ไบ‹ๅ‹™ๆ‰€|ใ˜ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚‡}ใงใฏ{้™|ใ—ใš}ใ‹ใซใ—==ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> You have to be quiet in the office. - -### ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ - -Also formed with the negative form of a verb. -In casual contexts, can be shortened as ใชใ„ใจ. - -> [!info] Example -> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—==ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> I have to study today. - -## Must not - -#### ใ€Œใกใ‚ƒใƒปใ˜ใ‚ƒใ€ใ€Œใ ใ‚ใƒปใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใƒปใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ - -Only used on casual spoken conversations. ใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ is a bit more formal. -This form is used with a V-ใฆ, depending on the ending: -* with ใฆ, ใกใ‚ƒ is used. -* with ใง, ใ˜ใ‚ƒ is used. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใใฎ{่Šฑ|ใฏใช}ใ‚’้ฃŸใน==ใกใ‚ƒใ ใ‚==ใ€‚ -> Don't eat those flowers. -> -> {่Šฑ็“ถ|ใ‹|ใณใ‚“}ใฎๆฐดใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“==ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> Don't drink the water of the flower vase. - -### ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ - -Used in a more formal or written manner. Used with a V-ใฆ. -ใฆใฏใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ is a stronger form. - -> [!info] Example -> {้‰„้“|ใฆใค|ใฉใ†}ใซ{ๆญฉ|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใ„==ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ€‚ -> Do not walk on the railroad. - -## Comparing ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ and ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ - -* ==ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„== is the standardly used form. It implies a subjective view, that it would be better to do something, to avoid negative consequences (eg: brushing one's teeth, eating well, etc). -* ==ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„== is usually more formal or in written form. It implies a is more objective view, something that has to be done because there's no other way (eg: respecting the law, paying taxes, etc). - -## Comparing ใชใใฆใฏ, ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ and ใชใ„ใจ - -ใชใใฆใฏ and ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ are generally interchangeable in speech. However: -* ==ใชใใฆใฏ== is generally used when there is _no penalty_ for not complying. -* ==ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ== is generally used when there _is a penalty_ for not complying. -* ==ใชใ„ใจ== is lighter and does not imply that there can or cannot be penalty. Its construction is based on the [[Conditional#ใจ]] particle, and should be based on knowledge or experience. +# Obligation: ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใƒปใชใ„ใจ + +## Must + +### ใชใใกใ‚ƒใƒปใชใใ‚ƒ + +Only used on casual spoken conversations. +This form is used with the negative form of a verb (ใชใ„), and adding ใชใใกใ‚ƒ and optionally one of the following ending: ใ ใ‚, ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„, ใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“, ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„, ใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. + +ใชใใกใ‚ƒ is the shortened form of ใชใใฆใฏ. +ใชใใ‚ƒ is the shortened form of ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆญฏ|ใฏ}ใ‚’{็ฃจ|ใฟใŒ}ใ‹==ใชใใกใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I must brush my teeth. + +### ใชใใฆใฏใ€Œใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใƒปใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ + +Also formed with the negative form of a verb. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠ{้…|ใŠใ}ใ„ใญใ€‚{ๅฏ|ใญ}ใซ่กŒใ‹==ใชใใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> It's late now. I have to go to sleep. + +### ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใ€Œใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใƒปใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€ + +Also formed with the negative form of a verb. + +> [!info] Example +> {ไบ‹ๅ‹™ๆ‰€|ใ˜ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚‡}ใงใฏ{้™|ใ—ใš}ใ‹ใซใ—==ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> You have to be quiet in the office. + +### ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ + +Also formed with the negative form of a verb. +In casual contexts, can be shortened as ใชใ„ใจ. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—==ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I have to study today. + +## Must not + +#### ใ€Œใกใ‚ƒใƒปใ˜ใ‚ƒใ€ใ€Œใ ใ‚ใƒปใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใƒปใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€ + +Only used on casual spoken conversations. ใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ is a bit more formal. +This form is used with a V-ใฆ, depending on the ending: +* with ใฆ, ใกใ‚ƒ is used. +* with ใง, ใ˜ใ‚ƒ is used. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใใฎ{่Šฑ|ใฏใช}ใ‚’้ฃŸใน==ใกใ‚ƒใ ใ‚==ใ€‚ +> Don't eat those flowers. +> +> {่Šฑ็“ถ|ใ‹|ใณใ‚“}ใฎๆฐดใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“==ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> Don't drink the water of the flower vase. + +### ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ + +Used in a more formal or written manner. Used with a V-ใฆ. +ใฆใฏใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ is a stronger form. + +> [!info] Example +> {้‰„้“|ใฆใค|ใฉใ†}ใซ{ๆญฉ|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใ„==ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ€‚ +> Do not walk on the railroad. + +## Comparing ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ and ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ + +* ==ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„== is the standardly used form. It implies a subjective view, that it would be better to do something, to avoid negative consequences (eg: brushing one's teeth, eating well, etc). +* ==ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„== is usually more formal or in written form. It implies a is more objective view, something that has to be done because there's no other way (eg: respecting the law, paying taxes, etc). + +## Comparing ใชใใฆใฏ, ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ and ใชใ„ใจ + +ใชใใฆใฏ and ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ are generally interchangeable in speech. However: +* ==ใชใใฆใฏ== is generally used when there is _no penalty_ for not complying. +* ==ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ== is generally used when there _is a penalty_ for not complying. +* ==ใชใ„ใจ== is lighter and does not imply that there can or cannot be penalty. Its construction is based on the [[Conditional#ใจ]] particle, and should be based on knowledge or experience. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md index 3dc20eb..589a2a3 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Obligation.md @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Used with a verb in the dictionary form. ### ในใใ  -Means "should do", "must do". Compared to the [[Obligation - ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใƒปใชใ„ใจ]] forms and ๅฟ…ใš, it has a nuance of being less universally logical. It is defined by the speaker's own logic. +Means "should do", "must do". Compared to the [[Obligation - must (not)]] forms and ๅฟ…ใš, it has a nuance of being less universally logical. It is defined by the speaker's own logic. Used with verbs. ใ™ใ‚‹ can be used as ใ™ใ‚‹ในใ or ใ™ในใ. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md index 358a8c8..67fc8be 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md @@ -1,107 +1,107 @@ -# Observation: hearsay - -## ใ‚“ใ ใฃใฆ - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใช

-
-

+ ใ‚“ใ ใฃใฆใƒปใ‚“ใงใ™ใฃใฆ

-
- -Used to quote something that you heard in a casual conversation. -Similar in the quotation sense to [[Description#ใฃใฆใƒปใฃใฆ่จ€ใ†ใƒปใจ่จ€ใ†|ใฃใฆ]], but here the nuance is that the information is new or unexpected. - -> [!info] Example -> ใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใงใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ผใƒณใƒใƒณใŒ{ๅ‹|ใ‹}ใ—ใŸ==ใ‚“ใ ใฃใฆ==! -> Argentina won the world cup! (you just saw it on TV but you were doing something else and are surprised) - -## ใจ่žใ„ใŸ - -ใจ{่ž|ใใ„}ใ„ใŸ is used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone. -Mostly used formally. - -> [!info] Example -> ๅฝผใฏใƒใ‚ซ==ใจ่žใ„ใŸ==ใ€‚ -> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot). - -## ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ - -ใจ{่จ€|ใ„}ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ is used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc. -For nouns, ใ  is placed before. -Mostly used formally. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฎใ‚ซใƒฌใƒผใฏใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใ ==ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™==ใ€‚ -> They say the curry of this restaurant is good. - -## ใใ†ใ  - -
-
-

V (casual)

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใ 

-

N + ใ 

-
-

+ ใใ†ใ 

-
- -Means "I heard that". -Do not confuse with [[Observation - looking like#ใใ†ใ ]] (no stem modification). -It is casual. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใฏ{้›ฃ|ใ‚€ใš}ใ—ใ„ใ ==ใใ†ใ ==ใ€‚ -> The exam is said to be difficult. - -## ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ  - -It is used for hearsay. Has a nuance of being sure of the validity. -Can also be used for a meaning close to "this means". -More formal than ใใ†ใ . -Can be used as ==ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ == or ==ใจใฎใ“ใจใ ==. A more casual version is ==ใฃใฆใ“ใจใ ==. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถ|ใ›ใ‚“|ใ‚‚ใ‚“|ใ‹}ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจใ€{ไปŠๅนด|ใ“ใจใ—}ใฎ{ๅค|ใชใค}ใฏ{ๆœ€้ซ˜|ใ•ใ„ใ“ใ†}{ๆš‘|ใ‚ใค}ใใชใ‚‹==ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™==ใ€‚ -> According to the experts, this summer will be the hottest ever. - -## Summing up - -* ==ใ‚“ใ ใฃใฆ== used for quotation, similar to ใฃใฆ, when the information is new. -* ==ใจ่žใ„ใŸ== is used for something you heard from an identifiable speaker. Is mostly formal. -* ==ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹== is used for something for something you heard from an unspecified speaker. Is mostly formal. -* ==ใใ†ใ == is used for hearsay and is casual. -* ==ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ == is used for hearsay, when the validity of the information is certain. More formal than ใใ†ใ . - -## ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจใƒปใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐ - -Means "according to". -Used with nouns. With verbs, ใจใ“ใ‚ is added before. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๅคฉๆฐ—ไบˆๅ ฑ|ใฆใ‚“ใใ‚ˆใปใ†}==ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจ=={ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{้›ช|ใ‚†ใ}ใŒ{้™|ใต}ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใ ใ€‚ -> According to the weather forecast, it's supposed to snow today. - -## ใจใ‹(ใง) - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใ 

-

N + ใ 

-
-

+ ใจใ‹(ใง)

-
- -Used to tell information heard via rumour. "I heard that..." - -> [!info] Examples -> {็›ฎ้ป’|ใ‚ใใ‚}ใซ{ไฝ|ใ™}ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹==ใจใ‹==ใ€‚ -> Apparently they live in Meguro. - -Do not confuse with [[Listing#ใจใ‹๏ฝžใจใ‹]]. +# Observation: hearsay + +## ใ‚“ใ ใฃใฆ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใช

+
+

+ ใ‚“ใ ใฃใฆใƒปใ‚“ใงใ™ใฃใฆ

+
+ +Used to quote something that you heard in a casual conversation. +Similar in the quotation sense to [[Description#ใฃใฆใƒปใฃใฆ่จ€ใ†ใƒปใจ่จ€ใ†|ใฃใฆ]], but here the nuance is that the information is new or unexpected. + +> [!info] Example +> ใƒฏใƒผใƒซใƒ‰ใ‚ซใƒƒใƒ—ใงใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ผใƒณใƒใƒณใŒ{ๅ‹|ใ‹}ใ—ใŸ==ใ‚“ใ ใฃใฆ==! +> Argentina won the world cup! (you just saw it on TV but you were doing something else and are surprised) + +## ใจ่žใ„ใŸ + +ใจ{่ž|ใใ„}ใ„ใŸ is used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone. +Mostly used formally. + +> [!info] Example +> ๅฝผใฏใƒใ‚ซ==ใจ่žใ„ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot). + +## ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ + +ใจ{่จ€|ใ„}ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ is used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc. +For nouns, ใ  is placed before. +Mostly used formally. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฎใ‚ซใƒฌใƒผใฏใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใ ==ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> They say the curry of this restaurant is good. + +## ใใ†ใ  + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใใ†ใ 

+
+ +Means "I heard that". +Do not confuse with [[Observation - looking like#ใใ†ใ ]] (no stem modification). +It is casual. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใฏ{้›ฃ|ใ‚€ใš}ใ—ใ„ใ ==ใใ†ใ ==ใ€‚ +> The exam is said to be difficult. + +## ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ  + +It is used for hearsay. Has a nuance of being sure of the validity. +Can also be used for a meaning close to "this means". +More formal than ใใ†ใ . +Can be used as ==ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ == or ==ใจใฎใ“ใจใ ==. A more casual version is ==ใฃใฆใ“ใจใ ==. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฐ‚้–€ๅฎถ|ใ›ใ‚“|ใ‚‚ใ‚“|ใ‹}ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจใ€{ไปŠๅนด|ใ“ใจใ—}ใฎ{ๅค|ใชใค}ใฏ{ๆœ€้ซ˜|ใ•ใ„ใ“ใ†}{ๆš‘|ใ‚ใค}ใใชใ‚‹==ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใงใ™==ใ€‚ +> According to the experts, this summer will be the hottest ever. + +## Summing up + +* ==ใ‚“ใ ใฃใฆ== used for quotation, similar to ใฃใฆ, when the information is new. +* ==ใจ่žใ„ใŸ== is used for something you heard from an identifiable speaker. Is mostly formal. +* ==ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹== is used for something for something you heard from an unspecified speaker. Is mostly formal. +* ==ใใ†ใ == is used for hearsay and is casual. +* ==ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใ == is used for hearsay, when the validity of the information is certain. More formal than ใใ†ใ . + +## ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจใƒปใซใ‚ˆใ‚Œใฐ + +Means "according to". +Used with nouns. With verbs, ใจใ“ใ‚ is added before. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅคฉๆฐ—ไบˆๅ ฑ|ใฆใ‚“ใใ‚ˆใปใ†}==ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจ=={ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{้›ช|ใ‚†ใ}ใŒ{้™|ใต}ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใ ใ€‚ +> According to the weather forecast, it's supposed to snow today. + +## ใจใ‹(ใง) + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใจใ‹(ใง)

+
+ +Used to tell information heard via rumour. "I heard that..." + +> [!info] Examples +> {็›ฎ้ป’|ใ‚ใใ‚}ใซ{ไฝ|ใ™}ใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹==ใจใ‹==ใ€‚ +> Apparently they live in Meguro. + +Do not confuse with [[Listing#ใจใ‹๏ฝžใจใ‹]]. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - looking like.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - looking like.md index d943e49..6e93303 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - looking like.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation - looking like.md @@ -1,249 +1,249 @@ -# Observation: looking like - -## ใ‚ˆใ† - -Means that it looks like. Used from direct knowledge or experience, with a high degree of confidence. - -It has two meanings: -* Looks like something: visual observation. Similar to ใฟใŸใ„, but more polite. -* Perhaps it is. Might be something else, but it look like it is. - -Contrary to ใใ†, focuses on the more logical aspect of things. - -### ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  - -
-
-

V (casual)

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ใ‚ˆใ†ใ 

-
- -Means that it looks like, appears like, seems like. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}ใŒ{ๅฌ‰|ใ†ใ‚Œ}ใ—ใ„==ใ‚ˆใ†ใ ==ใ€‚ -> The kids look happy (= I can see them laughing and smiling). - -### ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใƒปใ‚ˆใ†ใช - -
-
-

V (casual)

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ [ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ + V] ใƒป [ใ‚ˆใ†ใช + N]

-
- -Expresses "in the manner of". - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๆ–ฐๅนน็ทš|ใ—ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚“ใ›ใ‚“}ใฎ==ใ‚ˆใ†ใช=={้€Ÿๅบฆ|ใใ|ใฉ}ใ€‚ -> Speed like a Shinkansen. -> -> ใ‚ขใƒ’ใƒซใฎ==ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ==้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> To eat like a duck. - -## ใใ† - -Contrary to ใ‚ˆใ†, focuses on a more subjective feeling. - -### ใใ†ใ  - -
-
-

V ใพใ™

-

ใ„-Adj ใ„

-

ใช-Adj + ใ 

-
-

+ ใใ†ใ 

-
- -Means that it looks like. -Do not confuse with [[Observation - hearsay#ใใ†ใ ]]. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใŠใ„ใ—==ใใ†ใ ==ใ€‚ -> lt looks like it is delicious. - -### ใใ†ใซใƒปใใ†ใช - -
-
-

V ใพใ™

-

ใ„-Adj ใ„

-

ใช-Adj + ใ 

-
-

+ ใ€Œใใ†ใซใƒปใใ†ใชใ€ + NใƒปV

-
- -Also means that it looks like, but connecting to nouns and verbs. - -> [!info] Example -> ้ข็™ฝ==ใใ†ใซ==ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ -> He seems like an interesting person. - -## ใฟใŸใ„ - -ใฟใŸใ„ means similar to, like. Used for direct observation, with a high degree of certainty in consequence. Usually used for visual observation. -It is a less polite form of ใ‚ˆใ†ใ . - -### ใฟใŸใ„ใ  - -The basic form, used with all forms of words. - -> [!info] Example -> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆš‘ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ๅค==ใฟใŸใ„ใ ==ใชใ€‚ -> It's hot today, isn't it. It looks like it's summer. - -### ใฟใŸใ„ใซ - -
-
-

V (casual)

-

N

-
-

+ ใฟใŸใ„ใซ + V / Adj

-
- -The adverbial form. - -> [!info] Example -> ็Šฌ==ใฟใŸใ„ใซ==้ฃŸในใŸใ€‚ -> I ate like a dog. - -### ใฟใŸใ„ใช - -
-
-

V (casual)

-

N

-
-

+ ใฟใŸใ„ใช + N

-
- -Similar to the precedent form, but when using with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆ•…้ƒท|ใตใ‚‹|ใ•ใจ}==ใฟใŸใ„ใช==็”บใ ใ€‚ -> A city like my hometown. - -## ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ - -Expresses an information based on hearsay, or based on the situation, or ressemblance. This is always used based on a source that is unknown or ambiguous. It can be similar to a guess. Similar to the "perhaps" meaning of ใ‚ˆใ†ใ . -Also used for something typical, expected, characteristic. - -> [!info] Examples -> ็”ท==ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„==ใ€‚ -> Typical of a man (befitting of a man). -> -> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๅ›|ใใฟ}==ใ‚‰ใ—ใใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> You aren't yourself today. - -## ใฃใฝใ„ - -
-
-

V ใพใ™

-

ใ„-Adj ใ„

-

N

-
-

+ ใฃใฝใ„

-
- -This has the meaning of like, easy to, _-ish_. Makes a direct comparison with certainty, from the point of view of the person saying it. Close to an even more casual meaning of ใฟใŸใ„, with a focus on attitude or gesture. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๅญไพ›|ใ“|ใฉใ‚‚}==ใฃใฝใ„==ใ€‚ -> Childish. -> -> {ๅฟ˜|ใ‚ใ™}ใ‚Œ==ใฃใฝใ„==ใ€‚ -> Easy to forget. - -## ๆฐ—ๅ‘ณ - -
-
-

V ใพใ™

-

N

-
-

+ ๆฐ—ๅ‘ณ

-
- -{ๆฐ—ๅ‘ณ|ใŽใฟ} means that it shows sign of. It talks about a condition (tiredness, sickness, lateness, etc). - -> [!info] Example -> ไปŠๆ—ฅใ€{ๅ›|ใใฟ}ใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ{็—…ๆฐ—|ใณใ‚‡ใ†ใ}==ๆฐ—ๅ‘ณ==ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> You look a bit sick today. - -## Summing up - -* ==ใ‚ˆใ†ใ == is a formal way to say that it looks like, usually from direct observation. Used for logical assumptions. -* ==ใใ†ใ == is used for things that are on the more subjective side. -* ==ใฟใŸใ„== is a less formal way, used in a casual conversation. Focused on visual information. -* ==ใฃใฝใ„== is even more casual. Usually used for attitude or gesture. -* ==ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„== is usually used when something is typical or expected. -* ==ๆฐ—ๅ‘ณ== is used for condition (tiredness, sickness, lateness, etc). - -## ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ - -
-
-

V (ใฆ)

-

V (casual) + ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ

-

ใ„-Adj + ใ„ใ

-

ใช-Adj + ใซ

-

N + (ใฎใ‚ˆใ†) + ใซ

-
-

+ ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹

-
- -This is used (unlike other forms that can apply to abstract similarities) exclusively for visual resemblance. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใฏใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นไบบ==ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹==ใ€‚ -> She looks like she is French. - -## ใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใ€Œใ ใƒปใซใƒปใชใ€ - -Means "as if", "just like". -Use ใ‹ใฎใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  if it is ending the sentence, ใ‹ใฎใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ before a verb, ใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช before a noun. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใ“ใฎใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใฏ{็พๅฎŸ|ใ’ใ‚“ใ˜ใค}==ใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใ ==ใ€‚ -> This game is just like reality. - -## ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใ‚‰ - -Means "it seems like", used with notions like ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  or ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„. -Used at the beginning of a phrase. - -> [!info] Examples -> ==ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใ‚‰=={้›ขๅฉš|ใ‚Šใ“ใ‚“}ใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใ ใ€‚ -> Apparently they got divorced. - -## ใ’ - -
-
-

V ใพใ™

-

V ใชใ„

-

V ใŸใ„

-

ใ„-Adj + ใ„

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N (limited)

-
-

+ ใ’

-
- -Means that something or someone looks like, appears to. Cannot be used for yourself. -It is used in a similar manner as ใใ†, but only to describe the feelings of someone. - -โš  Irregular form: ใ„ใ„ => ใ‚ˆใ„ => ใ‚ˆใ•ใ’ - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„{้ƒจ้•ท|ใถใกใ‚‡ใ†}{ไธๅฎ‰|ใตใ‚ใ‚“}==ใ’==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +# Observation: looking like + +## ใ‚ˆใ† + +Means that it looks like. Used from direct knowledge or experience, with a high degree of confidence. + +It has two meanings: +* Looks like something: visual observation. Similar to ใฟใŸใ„, but more polite. +* Perhaps it is. Might be something else, but it look like it is. + +Contrary to ใใ†, focuses on the more logical aspect of things. + +### ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใ‚ˆใ†ใ 

+
+ +Means that it looks like, appears like, seems like. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}ใŒ{ๅฌ‰|ใ†ใ‚Œ}ใ—ใ„==ใ‚ˆใ†ใ ==ใ€‚ +> The kids look happy (= I can see them laughing and smiling). + +### ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใƒปใ‚ˆใ†ใช + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ [ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ + V] ใƒป [ใ‚ˆใ†ใช + N]

+
+ +Expresses "in the manner of". + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆ–ฐๅนน็ทš|ใ—ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚“ใ›ใ‚“}ใฎ==ใ‚ˆใ†ใช=={้€Ÿๅบฆ|ใใ|ใฉ}ใ€‚ +> Speed like a Shinkansen. +> +> ใ‚ขใƒ’ใƒซใฎ==ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ==้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> To eat like a duck. + +## ใใ† + +Contrary to ใ‚ˆใ†, focuses on a more subjective feeling. + +### ใใ†ใ  + +
+
+

V ใพใ™

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+
+

+ ใใ†ใ 

+
+ +Means that it looks like. +Do not confuse with [[Observation - hearsay#ใใ†ใ ]]. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใŠใ„ใ—==ใใ†ใ ==ใ€‚ +> lt looks like it is delicious. + +### ใใ†ใซใƒปใใ†ใช + +
+
+

V ใพใ™

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+
+

+ ใ€Œใใ†ใซใƒปใใ†ใชใ€ + NใƒปV

+
+ +Also means that it looks like, but connecting to nouns and verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> ้ข็™ฝ==ใใ†ใซ==ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ +> He seems like an interesting person. + +## ใฟใŸใ„ + +ใฟใŸใ„ means similar to, like. Used for direct observation, with a high degree of certainty in consequence. Usually used for visual observation. +It is a less polite form of ใ‚ˆใ†ใ . + +### ใฟใŸใ„ใ  + +The basic form, used with all forms of words. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆš‘ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ๅค==ใฟใŸใ„ใ ==ใชใ€‚ +> It's hot today, isn't it. It looks like it's summer. + +### ใฟใŸใ„ใซ + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

N

+
+

+ ใฟใŸใ„ใซ + V / Adj

+
+ +The adverbial form. + +> [!info] Example +> ็Šฌ==ใฟใŸใ„ใซ==้ฃŸในใŸใ€‚ +> I ate like a dog. + +### ใฟใŸใ„ใช + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

N

+
+

+ ใฟใŸใ„ใช + N

+
+ +Similar to the precedent form, but when using with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ•…้ƒท|ใตใ‚‹|ใ•ใจ}==ใฟใŸใ„ใช==็”บใ ใ€‚ +> A city like my hometown. + +## ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ + +Expresses an information based on hearsay, or based on the situation, or ressemblance. This is always used based on a source that is unknown or ambiguous. It can be similar to a guess. Similar to the "perhaps" meaning of ใ‚ˆใ†ใ . +Also used for something typical, expected, characteristic. + +> [!info] Examples +> ็”ท==ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„==ใ€‚ +> Typical of a man (befitting of a man). +> +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๅ›|ใใฟ}==ใ‚‰ใ—ใใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> You aren't yourself today. + +## ใฃใฝใ„ + +
+
+

V ใพใ™

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„

+

N

+
+

+ ใฃใฝใ„

+
+ +This has the meaning of like, easy to, _-ish_. Makes a direct comparison with certainty, from the point of view of the person saying it. Close to an even more casual meaning of ใฟใŸใ„, with a focus on attitude or gesture. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅญไพ›|ใ“|ใฉใ‚‚}==ใฃใฝใ„==ใ€‚ +> Childish. +> +> {ๅฟ˜|ใ‚ใ™}ใ‚Œ==ใฃใฝใ„==ใ€‚ +> Easy to forget. + +## ๆฐ—ๅ‘ณ + +
+
+

V ใพใ™

+

N

+
+

+ ๆฐ—ๅ‘ณ

+
+ +{ๆฐ—ๅ‘ณ|ใŽใฟ} means that it shows sign of. It talks about a condition (tiredness, sickness, lateness, etc). + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใ€{ๅ›|ใใฟ}ใฏใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ{็—…ๆฐ—|ใณใ‚‡ใ†ใ}==ๆฐ—ๅ‘ณ==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> You look a bit sick today. + +## Summing up + +* ==ใ‚ˆใ†ใ == is a formal way to say that it looks like, usually from direct observation. Used for logical assumptions. +* ==ใใ†ใ == is used for things that are on the more subjective side. +* ==ใฟใŸใ„== is a less formal way, used in a casual conversation. Focused on visual information. +* ==ใฃใฝใ„== is even more casual. Usually used for attitude or gesture. +* ==ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„== is usually used when something is typical or expected. +* ==ๆฐ—ๅ‘ณ== is used for condition (tiredness, sickness, lateness, etc). + +## ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ + +
+
+

V (ใฆ)

+

V (casual) + ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ

+

ใ„-Adj + ใ„ใ

+

ใช-Adj + ใซ

+

N + (ใฎใ‚ˆใ†) + ใซ

+
+

+ ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹

+
+ +This is used (unlike other forms that can apply to abstract similarities) exclusively for visual resemblance. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใฏใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นไบบ==ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> She looks like she is French. + +## ใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใ€Œใ ใƒปใซใƒปใชใ€ + +Means "as if", "just like". +Use ใ‹ใฎใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  if it is ending the sentence, ใ‹ใฎใ†ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ before a verb, ใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใช before a noun. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใฏ{็พๅฎŸ|ใ’ใ‚“ใ˜ใค}==ใ‹ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใ ==ใ€‚ +> This game is just like reality. + +## ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใ‚‰ + +Means "it seems like", used with notions like ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  or ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„. +Used at the beginning of a phrase. + +> [!info] Examples +> ==ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใ‚‰=={้›ขๅฉš|ใ‚Šใ“ใ‚“}ใ—ใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใ ใ€‚ +> Apparently they got divorced. + +## ใ’ + +
+
+

V ใพใ™

+

V ใชใ„

+

V ใŸใ„

+

ใ„-Adj + ใ„

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N (limited)

+
+

+ ใ’

+
+ +Means that something or someone looks like, appears to. Cannot be used for yourself. +It is used in a similar manner as ใใ†, but only to describe the feelings of someone. + +โš  Irregular form: ใ„ใ„ => ใ‚ˆใ„ => ใ‚ˆใ•ใ’ + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„{้ƒจ้•ท|ใถใกใ‚‡ใ†}{ไธๅฎ‰|ใตใ‚ใ‚“}==ใ’==ใงใ™ใ€‚ > The new manager seems anxious. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation.md index 2b9c159..4e5f9c2 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Observation.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Observation - -## ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจ - -ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’{่ฆ‹|ใฟ}ใ‚‹ใจ means "judging from". -Used with verbs. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใƒ˜ใƒซใƒกใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’{่ขซ|ใ‹ใถ}ใฆใ„ใ‚‹==ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจ==ใ€{่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ|ใ˜ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใง{ๆฅ|ใ}ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> Judging from the fact that he's wearing a helmet, he must have come by bicycle. - -## ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใƒปใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ - -Means "judging from", "considering". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๆœ|ใตใ}ใ‚’ยด{็€|ใ}ใ‚‹==ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ==ใ€{ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{้ขๆŽฅ|ใ‚ใ‚“ใ›ใค}ใซ{่กŒ|ใ„}ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ -> Judging from the clothes you're wearing, I guess you're going to pass an interview today. +# Observation + +## ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจ + +ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’{่ฆ‹|ใฟ}ใ‚‹ใจ means "judging from". +Used with verbs. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใƒ˜ใƒซใƒกใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’{่ขซ|ใ‹ใถ}ใฆใ„ใ‚‹==ใจใ“ใ‚ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจ==ใ€{่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ|ใ˜ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใง{ๆฅ|ใ}ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> Judging from the fact that he's wearing a helmet, he must have come by bicycle. + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใƒปใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ + +Means "judging from", "considering". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆœ|ใตใ}ใ‚’ยด{็€|ใ}ใ‚‹==ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ==ใ€{ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{้ขๆŽฅ|ใ‚ใ‚“ใ›ใค}ใซ{่กŒ|ใ„}ใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ +> Judging from the clothes you're wearing, I guess you're going to pass an interview today. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - although.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - although.md index 2694bc1..0cbec05 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - although.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - although.md @@ -1,102 +1,102 @@ -# Opposition: although - -## ๅ‰ฒใซ - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ๅ‰ฒใซ

-
- -{ๅ‰ฒ|ใ‚ใ‚Š}ใซ means "considering A, B", "although". - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎใƒžใƒณใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏ{ๅค|ใตใ‚‹}ใ„==ๅ‰ฒใซ=={้ซ˜|ใŸใ‹}ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> This apartment is expensive considering how old it is. - -## ใ“ใจใฏ๏ฝžใŒ - -
-
-

V

-
-

+ ใ“ใจใฏ +

-
-

V

-
-

+ ใŒ

-
-
-
-

ใ„-Adj

-
-

+ ใ“ใจใฏ +

-
-

ใ„-Adj

-
-

+ ใŒ

-
-
-
-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-
-

+ ใ“ใจใฏ +

-
-

ใช-Adj

-
-

+ ใŒ

-
- -โš  It must be the same verb or adjective at both end! - -Means "although". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ™ใ‚‹==ใ“ใจใฏ==ใ™ใ‚‹==ใŒ==ใ€ใพใ {ไธ‹ๆ‰‹|ใธใŸ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> Although I study everyday, I'm still bad at it. - -## ใจใ„ใฃใฆใ‚‚ - -Means "although". Puts a nuance to the first statement describing that it is not as much as imagined, and adds a complimentary information. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ๅŒป่€…|ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒ}==ใจใ„ใฃใฆใ‚‚==ใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Š{้ ญ|ใ‚ใŸใพ}ใŒ{่‰ฏ|ใ‚ˆ}ใใชใ„ใ€‚ -> He may be a doctor, but he is not very smart. - -## ใซใ‚‚้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใš - -ใซใ‚‚{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‹}ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš means "regardless", "despite". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅฑ้™บ|ใใ‘ใ‚“}==ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš==ใ€{ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏใพใ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> Despite the danger, he still did it. - -## ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

-
-

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ

-
- -Means "although", "even though". It is formal. Similar to ใฎใซ. The first part is positive, and the second one is negative. - -> [!info] Example -> {ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{ๆ™ด|ใฏ}ใ‚ŒใŸ==ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ==ใจใฆใ‚‚{ๅฏ’|ใ•ใ‚€}ใ„ใ€‚ -> It is sunny today, but very cold. - -## ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚‚ - -Means "although", "but". Connects two phrases. Used in literature. - -> [!info] Example -> ๅธฐๅ›ฝใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚==ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚‚==ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ ใ‘ใฉใ€‚ -> I plan to return to my country. But only if I had the time... +# Opposition: although + +## ๅ‰ฒใซ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ๅ‰ฒใซ

+
+ +{ๅ‰ฒ|ใ‚ใ‚Š}ใซ means "considering A, B", "although". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎใƒžใƒณใ‚ทใƒงใƒณใฏ{ๅค|ใตใ‚‹}ใ„==ๅ‰ฒใซ=={้ซ˜|ใŸใ‹}ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> This apartment is expensive considering how old it is. + +## ใ“ใจใฏ๏ฝžใŒ + +
+
+

V

+
+

+ ใ“ใจใฏ +

+
+

V

+
+

+ ใŒ

+
+
+
+

ใ„-Adj

+
+

+ ใ“ใจใฏ +

+
+

ใ„-Adj

+
+

+ ใŒ

+
+
+
+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+
+

+ ใ“ใจใฏ +

+
+

ใช-Adj

+
+

+ ใŒ

+
+ +โš  It must be the same verb or adjective at both end! + +Means "although". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ™ใ‚‹==ใ“ใจใฏ==ใ™ใ‚‹==ใŒ==ใ€ใพใ {ไธ‹ๆ‰‹|ใธใŸ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Although I study everyday, I'm still bad at it. + +## ใจใ„ใฃใฆใ‚‚ + +Means "although". Puts a nuance to the first statement describing that it is not as much as imagined, and adds a complimentary information. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ๅŒป่€…|ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒ}==ใจใ„ใฃใฆใ‚‚==ใ€ใ‚ใพใ‚Š{้ ญ|ใ‚ใŸใพ}ใŒ{่‰ฏ|ใ‚ˆ}ใใชใ„ใ€‚ +> He may be a doctor, but he is not very smart. + +## ใซใ‚‚้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใš + +ใซใ‚‚{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‹}ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš means "regardless", "despite". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฑ้™บ|ใใ‘ใ‚“}==ใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš==ใ€{ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏใพใ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ใ‚„ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Despite the danger, he still did it. + +## ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ

+
+ +Means "although", "even though". It is formal. Similar to ใฎใซ. The first part is positive, and the second one is negative. + +> [!info] Example +> {ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{ๆ™ด|ใฏ}ใ‚ŒใŸ==ใ‚‚ใฎใฎ==ใจใฆใ‚‚{ๅฏ’|ใ•ใ‚€}ใ„ใ€‚ +> It is sunny today, but very cold. + +## ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚‚ + +Means "although", "but". Connects two phrases. Used in literature. + +> [!info] Example +> ๅธฐๅ›ฝใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚==ใ‚‚ใฃใจใ‚‚==ๆ™‚้–“ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅ ดๅˆใ ใ‘ใฉใ€‚ +> I plan to return to my country. But only if I had the time... diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - but - however.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - but - however.md index f806b5d..4f7d5d7 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - but - however.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - but - however.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This is the basic way to say "but". > ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ“ใƒ‹ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚==ใงใ‚‚==ใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚่ฒทใ‚ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ > I went to the convenience store. But I didn't buy anything. -โš  Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ใฆใ‚‚ใƒปใงใ‚‚]]. +โš  Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ใฆใ‚‚ใƒปใงใ‚‚|Even if: ใฆใ‚‚ใƒปใงใ‚‚]]. ## ใ—ใ‹ใ— diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - even if.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - even if.md index d08c16f..68454a6 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - even if.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition - even if.md @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ See [[Considering - for - as#ใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚]].

+ ใฃใฆ

-Means "even if", "even though". It has the same meaning as [[#ใฆ-form even if]]. +Means "even if", "even though". It has the same meaning as [[#ใฆ-form even if|ใฆ-form: even if]]. > [!info] Example > {ไปŠ|ใ„ใพ}ใง่กŒ==ใฃใŸใฃใฆ==ใ€{้–“|ใพ}ใซ{ๅˆ|ใ‚}ใ‚ใชใ„ใ€‚ @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Means "but still", "even so", "anyway". ## ใฎใซ Means "although", "even tough". Cannot be an hypothesis, must be a confirmed fact. This, it works with past tense. -See [[Connectors#ใฎใซ#Even tough]]. +See [[Connectors#Even tough]]. ## ใใ›ใซใƒปใใ›ใ—ใฆ diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition.md index cc83515..0689048 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Opposition.md @@ -1,136 +1,136 @@ -# Opposition - -## ใซๅใ—ใฆ - -ใซ{ๅ|ใฏใ‚“}ใ—ใฆ means "contrary to". Opposes the first noun to the rest of the sentence. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅธธ่ญ˜|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใ}==ใซๅใ—ใฆ==ใ€ๅฝผใฏ{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> Contrary to common sense, he did not study. - -## ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ - -ใซ{ๅฏพ|ใŸใ„}ใ—ใฆ. -See [[Towards#In contrast to]]. - -## ้€†ใซ - -{้€†|ใŽใ‚ƒใ}ใซ means "on the contrary". Means that it is the opposite of something else. - -> [!info] Example -> {ไบบ|ใฒใจ}ใŒ{ๅคงไฝ“|ใ ใ„ใŸใ„}ใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใŒ{ๅฅฝ|ใ™}ใ==้€†ใซ=={ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ๅซŒ|ใใ‚‰}ใ„ใ€‚ -> Most people like rabbits, but on the contrary he hates them. - -## ใ‹ใˆใฃใฆ - -Means "on the contrary", "rather". Used for bad results, contrary to what was expected. - -> [!info] Example -> {่–ฌ|ใใ™ใ‚Š}ใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“ใ ใ‚‰==ๅดใฃใฆ=={่ชฟๅญ|ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใ—}ใŒ{ๆ‚ช|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใใชใฃใŸใ€‚ -> Despite drinking medicine, on the contrary my condition got worse. - -## ๅ้ข - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใชใƒปใงใ‚ใ‚‹

-

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

-
-

+ ๅ้ข

-
- -{ๅ้ข|ใฏใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚“} means "on the other hand", "however". Has the same meaning as ใ‹ใˆใฃใฆ. -Also used between two phrases as ใใฎๅ้ข. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใฏใŠใ„ใ—ใ„==ๅ้ข==ใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ{ๅ†ท|ใคใ‚}ใŸใ„ใ€‚ -> The soup is good but a bit cold. - -## ไธ€ๆ–นใง - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

-

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

-
-

+ ไธ€ๆ–น(ใง)

-
- -{ไธ€ๆ–น|ใ„ใฃใฝใ†}ใง means "on the other hand", "on another note". - -> [!info] Example -> ใใฎ{็Šฌ|ใ„ใฌ}ใฏ{ๅคง|ใŠใŠ}ใใ„==ไธ€ๆ–นใง==ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚{็ฉ|ใŠใ }ใ‚„ใ‹ใจ{่ฆชๅˆ‡|ใ—ใ‚“ใ›ใค}ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> The dog is big, but on the other hand he is very calm and kind. - -## ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใš - -ใซ{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‹}ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš means "regardless", "no matter". - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใ“ใฏ{ๅนด้ฝข|ใญใ‚“ใ‚Œใ„}==ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใš==ใ€{่ชฐ|ใ ใ‚Œ}ใงใ‚‚{ๆญ“่ฟŽ|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ’ใ„}ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ -> Everyone is welcome here, regardless of age. - -## ใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใš - -ใ‚’{ๅ•|ใจ}ใ‚ใš means "regardless of". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๅนด้ฝข|ใญใ‚“ใ‚Œใ„}==ใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใš==ใ€{่ชฐ|ใ ใ‚Œ}ใงใ‚‚{ๆญ“่ฟŽ|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ’ใ„}ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> Everyone is welcome, regardless of age. - -## ใใ‚Œใชใฎใซ - -Means "and yet". -Used to combine two sentences, appearing at the start of the second one. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅŒๅƒš|ใฉใ†ใ‚Šใ‚‡}ใŒ{้ขจ้‚ช|ใ‹ใœ}ใ‚’ใฒใ„ใŸใ€‚==ใใ‚Œใชใฎใซ==ใ€{ไบ‹ๅ‹™ๆ‰€|ใ˜ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚‡}ใซ{่กŒ|ใ„}ใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ -> My colleague has a cold. And yet, he plans to go to the office. - -## ใใ‚Œใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚ - -Means "even so", "nevertheless". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ|ใพใ„ใซใก}{้ ‘ๅผต|ใŒใ‚“ใฐ}ใ‚‹ใ€==ใใ‚Œใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚==ใพใ {ไธ‹ๆ‰‹|ใธใŸ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> I try my best every day, but I'm still not very good. - -## ใฏใจใ‚‚ใ‹ใ - -Means "setting aside", "apart from". Can be completed by ใจใ—ใฆ. -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎๆœใฏๅ€คๆฎต==ใฏใจใ‚‚ใ‹ใ==ใ€ๅฎŒ็’งใงใ™ใ€‚ -> These clothes are perfect, regardless of their price. - -## ใฉใ“ใ‚ใ‹ - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N

-
-

+ ใฉใ“ใ‚ใ‹

-
- -Means "far from", "anything but". Negates what comes before and emphases what comes after. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๅฅฝ|ใ™}ใใช==ใฉใ“ใ‚ใ‹==ใ€{ไบ‹ๅฎŸ|ใ˜ใ˜ใค}ใฏ{ๅซŒ|ใใ‚‰}ใ„ใ ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> Far from liking it, truth is that I hated it. - -## ใฉใ“ใ‚ใงใฏใชใ„ - -Means "not the time for", "far from", "out of the question". Means that something is not ideal. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ไปŠ|ใ„ใพ}ใฏ{้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใฎ{ไธญ|ใชใ‹}ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€{ๆญŒ|ใ†ใŸ}ใ†==ใฉใ“ใ‚ใงใฏใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> We're on a train right now, so it's not the time to sing. +# Opposition + +## ใซๅใ—ใฆ + +ใซ{ๅ|ใฏใ‚“}ใ—ใฆ means "contrary to". Opposes the first noun to the rest of the sentence. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅธธ่ญ˜|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใ—ใ}==ใซๅใ—ใฆ==ใ€ๅฝผใฏ{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Contrary to common sense, he did not study. + +## ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ + +ใซ{ๅฏพ|ใŸใ„}ใ—ใฆ. +See [[Towards#In contrast to]]. + +## ้€†ใซ + +{้€†|ใŽใ‚ƒใ}ใซ means "on the contrary". Means that it is the opposite of something else. + +> [!info] Example +> {ไบบ|ใฒใจ}ใŒ{ๅคงไฝ“|ใ ใ„ใŸใ„}ใ‚ฆใ‚ตใ‚ฎใŒ{ๅฅฝ|ใ™}ใ==้€†ใซ=={ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ๅซŒ|ใใ‚‰}ใ„ใ€‚ +> Most people like rabbits, but on the contrary he hates them. + +## ใ‹ใˆใฃใฆ + +Means "on the contrary", "rather". Used for bad results, contrary to what was expected. + +> [!info] Example +> {่–ฌ|ใใ™ใ‚Š}ใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“ใ ใ‚‰==ๅดใฃใฆ=={่ชฟๅญ|ใกใ‚‡ใ†ใ—}ใŒ{ๆ‚ช|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใใชใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Despite drinking medicine, on the contrary my condition got worse. + +## ๅ้ข + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใชใƒปใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+

+ ๅ้ข

+
+ +{ๅ้ข|ใฏใ‚“ใ‚ใ‚“} means "on the other hand", "however". Has the same meaning as ใ‹ใˆใฃใฆ. +Also used between two phrases as ใใฎๅ้ข. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚นใƒผใƒ—ใฏใŠใ„ใ—ใ„==ๅ้ข==ใ€ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจ{ๅ†ท|ใคใ‚}ใŸใ„ใ€‚ +> The soup is good but a bit cold. + +## ไธ€ๆ–นใง + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+

+ ไธ€ๆ–น(ใง)

+
+ +{ไธ€ๆ–น|ใ„ใฃใฝใ†}ใง means "on the other hand", "on another note". + +> [!info] Example +> ใใฎ{็Šฌ|ใ„ใฌ}ใฏ{ๅคง|ใŠใŠ}ใใ„==ไธ€ๆ–นใง==ใ€ใจใฆใ‚‚{็ฉ|ใŠใ }ใ‚„ใ‹ใจ{่ฆชๅˆ‡|ใ—ใ‚“ใ›ใค}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> The dog is big, but on the other hand he is very calm and kind. + +## ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใš + +ใซ{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‹}ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš means "regardless", "no matter". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใ“ใฏ{ๅนด้ฝข|ใญใ‚“ใ‚Œใ„}==ใซ้–ขใ‚ใ‚‰ใš==ใ€{่ชฐ|ใ ใ‚Œ}ใงใ‚‚{ๆญ“่ฟŽ|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ’ใ„}ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> Everyone is welcome here, regardless of age. + +## ใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใš + +ใ‚’{ๅ•|ใจ}ใ‚ใš means "regardless of". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅนด้ฝข|ใญใ‚“ใ‚Œใ„}==ใ‚’ๅ•ใ‚ใš==ใ€{่ชฐ|ใ ใ‚Œ}ใงใ‚‚{ๆญ“่ฟŽ|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ’ใ„}ใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Everyone is welcome, regardless of age. + +## ใใ‚Œใชใฎใซ + +Means "and yet". +Used to combine two sentences, appearing at the start of the second one. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅŒๅƒš|ใฉใ†ใ‚Šใ‚‡}ใŒ{้ขจ้‚ช|ใ‹ใœ}ใ‚’ใฒใ„ใŸใ€‚==ใใ‚Œใชใฎใซ==ใ€{ไบ‹ๅ‹™ๆ‰€|ใ˜ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚‡}ใซ{่กŒ|ใ„}ใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ +> My colleague has a cold. And yet, he plans to go to the office. + +## ใใ‚Œใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚ + +Means "even so", "nevertheless". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ|ใพใ„ใซใก}{้ ‘ๅผต|ใŒใ‚“ใฐ}ใ‚‹ใ€==ใใ‚Œใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚==ใพใ {ไธ‹ๆ‰‹|ใธใŸ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I try my best every day, but I'm still not very good. + +## ใฏใจใ‚‚ใ‹ใ + +Means "setting aside", "apart from". Can be completed by ใจใ—ใฆ. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎๆœใฏๅ€คๆฎต==ใฏใจใ‚‚ใ‹ใ==ใ€ๅฎŒ็’งใงใ™ใ€‚ +> These clothes are perfect, regardless of their price. + +## ใฉใ“ใ‚ใ‹ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N

+
+

+ ใฉใ“ใ‚ใ‹

+
+ +Means "far from", "anything but". Negates what comes before and emphases what comes after. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฅฝ|ใ™}ใใช==ใฉใ“ใ‚ใ‹==ใ€{ไบ‹ๅฎŸ|ใ˜ใ˜ใค}ใฏ{ๅซŒ|ใใ‚‰}ใ„ใ ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Far from liking it, truth is that I hated it. + +## ใฉใ“ใ‚ใงใฏใชใ„ + +Means "not the time for", "far from", "out of the question". Means that something is not ideal. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ไปŠ|ใ„ใพ}ใฏ{้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใฎ{ไธญ|ใชใ‹}ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€{ๆญŒ|ใ†ใŸ}ใ†==ใฉใ“ใ‚ใงใฏใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> We're on a train right now, so it's not the time to sing. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Point of view.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Point of view.md index c77e109..6554211 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Point of view.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Point of view.md @@ -1,71 +1,71 @@ -# Point of view - -## ใซใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใƒปใซใ™ใ‚Œใฐ - -Means "from the point of view of", "from the perspective of". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> {่ฆณๅ…‰ๅฎข|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ“ใ†ใใ‚ƒใ}==ใซใ—ใŸใ‚‰==ใ€ใใฎ{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ใน{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใฏ{ๅคšๅˆ†|ใŸใถใ‚“}{ไธๆ€่ญฐ|ใตใ—ใŽ}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> For tourists, this food is probably too strange. - -## ใซใจใฃใฆ - -Means "concerning", "regarding". Focuses on the standpoint of the preceding part. It is used for general opinions that are shared with the majority. -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> ็Œซ==ใซใจใฃใฆ=={็ก็œ |ใ™ใ„|ใฟใ‚“}ใฏ{ๅคงๅˆ‡|ใŸใ„ใ›ใค}ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> Sleeping is important for cats. - -## ใฎไธŠใงใƒปไธŠใฎ - -ใฎ{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ}ใงใƒป{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ}ใฎ means "according to", "from the point of view of". Used for rules, information, data, etc. -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> {่ฆๅ‰‡|ใใใ}==ใฎไธŠใง==ใฏใ‚ฟใƒใ‚ณใ‚’{ๅธ|ใ™}ใ†ใฏ{็ฆๆญข|ใใ‚“ใ—}ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> According to the rules, smoking is prohibited. - -## ไธŠ: from the standpoint of - -Attached to a noun, {ไธŠ|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†} means "from the standpoint of". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆณ•ๅพ‹|ใปใ†ใ‚Šใค}==ไธŠ==ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ{็ฆๆญข|ใใ‚“ใ—}ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> Legally, that is prohibited. - -## ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-
-

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹

-
- -Means "there is something". Used to express subjective opinion. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใ“ใฎ{่ปŠ|ใใ‚‹ใพ}ใซใฏ{ๆ€ช|ใ‚ใ‚„}ใ—ใ„==ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ -> There's something suspicious about this car. - -## ใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจ - -ใ‹ใ‚‰{่ฆ‹|ใฟ}ใ‚‹ใจ means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for objective judgment, based on a situation. -Also used as ใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใ‚Œใฐ, ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฟใฆ or ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฟใŸใ‚‰. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ|ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„}==ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฟใ‚‹ใจ==ใ€{ๅญฆ็”Ÿ|ใŒใใ›ใ„}ใฏ{ๆ€ |ใชใพ}ใ‘{่€…|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> From the teacher's point of view, the students are too lazy. - -## ใ‹ใ‚‰่จ€ใ†ใจ - -ใ‹ใ‚‰{่จ€|ใ„}ใ†ใจ means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for more subjective judgment, so cannot be used with people. -Also used as ใ‹ใ‚‰่จ€ใˆใฐ or ใ‹ใ‚‰่จ€ใฃใฆ. - -> [!info] Examples -> {็Šถๆณ|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใใ‚‡ใ†}==ใ‹ใ‚‰่จ€ใ†ใจ==ใ€{็ตŒๆธˆ|ใ‘ใ„ใ–ใ„}ใฏใ‚ˆใใชใ„ใ€‚ -> Given the situation, the economy is no good. +# Point of view + +## ใซใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใƒปใซใ™ใ‚Œใฐ + +Means "from the point of view of", "from the perspective of". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {่ฆณๅ…‰ๅฎข|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ“ใ†ใใ‚ƒใ}==ใซใ—ใŸใ‚‰==ใ€ใใฎ{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ใน{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใฏ{ๅคšๅˆ†|ใŸใถใ‚“}{ไธๆ€่ญฐ|ใตใ—ใŽ}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> For tourists, this food is probably too strange. + +## ใซใจใฃใฆ + +Means "concerning", "regarding". Focuses on the standpoint of the preceding part. It is used for general opinions that are shared with the majority. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ็Œซ==ใซใจใฃใฆ=={็ก็œ |ใ™ใ„|ใฟใ‚“}ใฏ{ๅคงๅˆ‡|ใŸใ„ใ›ใค}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Sleeping is important for cats. + +## ใฎไธŠใงใƒปไธŠใฎ + +ใฎ{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ}ใงใƒป{ไธŠ|ใ†ใˆ}ใฎ means "according to", "from the point of view of". Used for rules, information, data, etc. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {่ฆๅ‰‡|ใใใ}==ใฎไธŠใง==ใฏใ‚ฟใƒใ‚ณใ‚’{ๅธ|ใ™}ใ†ใฏ{็ฆๆญข|ใใ‚“ใ—}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> According to the rules, smoking is prohibited. + +## ไธŠ: from the standpoint of + +Attached to a noun, {ไธŠ|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†} means "from the standpoint of". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆณ•ๅพ‹|ใปใ†ใ‚Šใค}==ไธŠ==ใ€ใใ‚Œใฏ{็ฆๆญข|ใใ‚“ใ—}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Legally, that is prohibited. + +## ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+ +Means "there is something". Used to express subjective opinion. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎ{่ปŠ|ใใ‚‹ใพ}ใซใฏ{ๆ€ช|ใ‚ใ‚„}ใ—ใ„==ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> There's something suspicious about this car. + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจ + +ใ‹ใ‚‰{่ฆ‹|ใฟ}ใ‚‹ใจ means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for objective judgment, based on a situation. +Also used as ใ‹ใ‚‰่ฆ‹ใ‚Œใฐ, ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฟใฆ or ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฟใŸใ‚‰. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ|ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„}==ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฟใ‚‹ใจ==ใ€{ๅญฆ็”Ÿ|ใŒใใ›ใ„}ใฏ{ๆ€ |ใชใพ}ใ‘{่€…|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> From the teacher's point of view, the students are too lazy. + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰่จ€ใ†ใจ + +ใ‹ใ‚‰{่จ€|ใ„}ใ†ใจ means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for more subjective judgment, so cannot be used with people. +Also used as ใ‹ใ‚‰่จ€ใˆใฐ or ใ‹ใ‚‰่จ€ใฃใฆ. + +> [!info] Examples +> {็Šถๆณ|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใใ‚‡ใ†}==ใ‹ใ‚‰่จ€ใ†ใจ==ใ€{็ตŒๆธˆ|ใ‘ใ„ใ–ใ„}ใฏใ‚ˆใใชใ„ใ€‚ +> Given the situation, the economy is no good. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - impossibility.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - impossibility.md index ce602c0..d7a1ff6 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - impossibility.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - impossibility.md @@ -1,27 +1,27 @@ -# Possibility: impossibility - -### ใจใฆใ‚‚๏ฝžใชใ„ - -Means "cannot". This form implies a strong impossibility. Used with negative verbs, often in potential form. - -> [!info] Examples -> {่‹ฆ|ใซใŒ}ใ„{้ฃŸ|ใŸใน}ใน{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใฏ==ใจใฆใ‚‚==้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œ==ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> I cannot eat bitter food. - -## ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใƒปใ‚‚ใ‚“ใ‹ - -
-
-

V (ใ‚‹)

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใช

-
-

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใƒปใ‚‚ใ‚“ใ‹

-
- -Means "there's no way it will happen", "absolutely not", "as if". Expresses disagreement or disbelief. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใ‚“ใชใŸใใ•ใ‚“{ๅฎถไบ‹|ใ‹ใ˜}ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹==ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹==ใ€‚ใ€‚ใ€‚{็„ก็†|ใ‚€ใ‚Š}ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> There's no way I could do so much housework... It's impossible. +# Possibility: impossibility + +### ใจใฆใ‚‚๏ฝžใชใ„ + +Means "cannot". This form implies a strong impossibility. Used with negative verbs, often in potential form. + +> [!info] Examples +> {่‹ฆ|ใซใŒ}ใ„{้ฃŸ|ใŸใน}ใน{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใฏ==ใจใฆใ‚‚==้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œ==ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I cannot eat bitter food. + +## ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใƒปใ‚‚ใ‚“ใ‹ + +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใช

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใƒปใ‚‚ใ‚“ใ‹

+
+ +Means "there's no way it will happen", "absolutely not", "as if". Expresses disagreement or disbelief. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใ‚“ใชใŸใใ•ใ‚“{ๅฎถไบ‹|ใ‹ใ˜}ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹==ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹==ใ€‚ใ€‚ใ€‚{็„ก็†|ใ‚€ใ‚Š}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> There's no way I could do so much housework... It's impossible. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - no choice.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - no choice.md index f08800c..4a6676d 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - no choice.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - no choice.md @@ -1,31 +1,31 @@ -# Possibility: no choice - -## ใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ - -Means "have no choice but". -Used with verbs in dictionary form. - -> [!info] Example -> {่ชฌๆ˜Žๆ›ธ|ใ›ใคใ‚ใ„ใ—ใ‚‡}ใ‚’{่ชญ|ใ‚ˆ}ใ‚€==ใ—ใ‹ใชใ„==ใชใ€‚ -> I guess I have no choice but to read to manual. - -## ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใปใ‹ใชใ„ใƒปใซใปใ‹ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ - -
-
-

V

-
-

+ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใปใ‹ใชใ„

-
-
-
-

N

-
-

+ ใซใปใ‹ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„

-
- -Means "nothing but", "simply". This form puts more emphasis than ใ—ใ‹ใชใ„. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆบๅธฏ|ใ‘ใ„ใŸใ„}ใฏ{ๅฃŠ|ใ“ใ‚}ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€{ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„ใฎใ‚’{่ฒท|ใ‹}ใ†==ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใปใ‹ใชใ„==ใ€‚ -> My phone broke, so I have no choice but to buy a new one. +# Possibility: no choice + +## ใ—ใ‹ใชใ„ + +Means "have no choice but". +Used with verbs in dictionary form. + +> [!info] Example +> {่ชฌๆ˜Žๆ›ธ|ใ›ใคใ‚ใ„ใ—ใ‚‡}ใ‚’{่ชญ|ใ‚ˆ}ใ‚€==ใ—ใ‹ใชใ„==ใชใ€‚ +> I guess I have no choice but to read to manual. + +## ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใปใ‹ใชใ„ใƒปใซใปใ‹ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ + +
+
+

V

+
+

+ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใปใ‹ใชใ„

+
+
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใซใปใ‹ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„

+
+ +Means "nothing but", "simply". This form puts more emphasis than ใ—ใ‹ใชใ„. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆบๅธฏ|ใ‘ใ„ใŸใ„}ใฏ{ๅฃŠ|ใ“ใ‚}ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฃใŸใฎใงใ€{ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„ใฎใ‚’{่ฒท|ใ‹}ใ†==ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใปใ‹ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> My phone broke, so I have no choice but to buy a new one. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - options.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - options.md index 21575ae..18fdf1f 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - options.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility - options.md @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Used with nouns. > ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใ‚น==ใ‹ไฝ•ใ‹=={้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚‚ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ > Shall we drink something like a juice? -## ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹~ใพใ„ใ‹ +## ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹๏ฝžใพใ„ใ‹
diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility.md index e4735fe..532eb4e 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Possibility.md @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ Means "unless you do something". > {้‹่ปข|ใ†ใ‚“ใฆใ‚“}{ๅ…่จฑ|ใ‚ใ‚“ใใ‚‡}ใ‚’{ๆŒ|ใ‚‚}ใฃใŸ==ใชใ„ใ“ใจใซใฏ=={้‹่ปข|ใ†ใ‚“ใฆใ‚“}ใงใใชใ„ใ€‚ > You can't drive unless you have a driving licence. -## ใซใ—ใ‚~ใซใ—ใ‚ +## ใซใ—ใ‚๏ฝžใซใ—ใ‚
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ Means "unless you do something".

+ ใซใ—ใ‚

-Means "whether... or". Can be used as ใซใ›ใ‚~ใซใ›ใ‚ or ใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚~ใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚, which is more formal. +Means "whether... or". Can be used as ใซใ›ใ‚๏ฝžใซใ›ใ‚ or ใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚๏ฝžใซใ—ใฆใ‚‚, which is more formal. > [!info] Example > {ๅ‹•็‰ฉ|ใฉใ†ใถใค}==ใซใ—ใ‚=={ๆค็‰ฉ|ใ—ใ‚‡ใใถใค}==ใซใ—ใ‚==ใ€ใใฎ{็‰ฉ่ณช|ใถใฃใ—ใค}ใฏ{ๅฑ้™บ|ใใ‘ใ‚“}ใงใ™ใ€‚ diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Question.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Question.md index dd9c985..b013abe 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Question.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Question.md @@ -1,108 +1,108 @@ -# Question - -## ใ‹ - -At the end of a sentence, this particle asks a question, like a question mark. - -> [!info] Example -> {็Œซ|ใญใ“}ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™==ใ‹==ใ€‚ -> Do you like cats? - -It can also be used when there is uncertainty between two or more choices. It can be used once or multiple times. - -> [!info] Example -> ็Šฌ==ใ‹==็Œซ==ใ‹==ใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰{้ธ|ใˆใ‚‰}ใ‚“ใงใพใ™ใ‹ใชใ€‚ -> Which should I chose, a dog or a cat? -> -> ้›จ==ใ‹=={ๅˆ†|ใ‚}ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ -> I don't know if it will rain. - -## ใ‹ใชใƒปใ‹ใ—ใ‚‰ - -Means "I wonder", "should I?". ใ‹ใช is a neutral form, while ใ‹ใ—ใ‚‰ sounds feminine. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎ{ๅธฝๅญ|ใผใ†ใ—}ใ‚’{่ขซ|ใ‹ใถ}ใ‚ใ†==ใ‹ใช==ใ€‚ -> Should I wear this hat? - -## ใ‹ใ„ - -Using this particle, the sentences becomes a yes/no question. Very casual, masculine connotation. - -> [!info] Example -> ๆฅใ‚‹ใฎ==ใ‹ใ„==ใ€‚ -> Are you coming? - -## ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ - -Means "how", "in what way". - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’==ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ==ไฝœใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚ -> How did you make this? - -## Probably - right - isn't it? - -### ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† - -Means "probably", "right?". The polite version of ใ ใ‚ใ†. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎ{ๆœ|}ใฏใใ‚Œใ„==ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†==ใ€‚ -> These clothes are beautiful, aren't they? (It's probably what you also think?) - -### ใ ใ‚ใ† - -Means "probably", "right?". The casual version of ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†. - -> [!info] Example -> ไปŠๆ—ฅใพใŸ้›จ==ใ ใ‚ใ†==ใ€‚ -> It will probably rain again. - -### ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ - -Means "isn't it?". The polite version of ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹. - -> [!info] Example -> ไปŠใฎ{ๆบ|ใ‚†}ใ‚Œใฏ{ๅœฐ้œ‡|ใ˜|ใ—ใ‚“}==ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹==ใ€‚ -> That shaking is an earthquake, isn't it? - -### ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹ - -Means "isn't it?". The casual version of ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒ ใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ†==ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹==ใ€‚ -> Let's have some ice cream, shall we? - -### ใญ - -This particle when added to the end of a sentence meaning "right?". - -> [!info] Example -> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๅฏ’|ใ•ใ‚€}ใ„ใงใ™==ใญ==ใ€‚ -> It's cold today, right? - -### Summing up - -* ==ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†==ใƒป==ใ ใ‚ใ†== expresses a probability or an assumption. -* ==ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹==ใƒป==ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹== invites or suggests an action. -* ==ใญ== asks an agreement or a confirmation. - -## ใ“ใจใ‹ - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

-
-

+ ใ“ใจใ‹

-
- -Means "how" or "what". Used to describe an extent that is unusual or unbelievable. It is mostly used in written contexts, as it is a bit dramatic. - -> [!info] Example -> ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใซใฏใ€ใƒ‘ใƒณ{ๅฑ‹|ใ‚„}ใฎ{ๅคš|ใŠใŠ}ใ•ใซใฉใ‚Œใปใฉ{ไฟก|ใ—ใ‚“}ใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„==ใ“ใจใ‹==ใ€‚ -> It's incredible how many bakeries there are in France. +# Question + +## ใ‹ + +At the end of a sentence, this particle asks a question, like a question mark. + +> [!info] Example +> {็Œซ|ใญใ“}ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™==ใ‹==ใ€‚ +> Do you like cats? + +It can also be used when there is uncertainty between two or more choices. It can be used once or multiple times. + +> [!info] Example +> ็Šฌ==ใ‹==็Œซ==ใ‹==ใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰{้ธ|ใˆใ‚‰}ใ‚“ใงใพใ™ใ‹ใชใ€‚ +> Which should I chose, a dog or a cat? +> +> ้›จ==ใ‹=={ๅˆ†|ใ‚}ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ +> I don't know if it will rain. + +## ใ‹ใชใƒปใ‹ใ—ใ‚‰ + +Means "I wonder", "should I?". ใ‹ใช is a neutral form, while ใ‹ใ—ใ‚‰ sounds feminine. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๅธฝๅญ|ใผใ†ใ—}ใ‚’{่ขซ|ใ‹ใถ}ใ‚ใ†==ใ‹ใช==ใ€‚ +> Should I wear this hat? + +## ใ‹ใ„ + +Using this particle, the sentences becomes a yes/no question. Very casual, masculine connotation. + +> [!info] Example +> ๆฅใ‚‹ใฎ==ใ‹ใ„==ใ€‚ +> Are you coming? + +## ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ + +Means "how", "in what way". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’==ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ==ไฝœใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚ +> How did you make this? + +## Probably - right - isn't it? + +### ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† + +Means "probably", "right?". The polite version of ใ ใ‚ใ†. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๆœ|}ใฏใใ‚Œใ„==ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†==ใ€‚ +> These clothes are beautiful, aren't they? (It's probably what you also think?) + +### ใ ใ‚ใ† + +Means "probably", "right?". The casual version of ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใพใŸ้›จ==ใ ใ‚ใ†==ใ€‚ +> It will probably rain again. + +### ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ + +Means "isn't it?". The polite version of ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠใฎ{ๆบ|ใ‚†}ใ‚Œใฏ{ๅœฐ้œ‡|ใ˜|ใ—ใ‚“}==ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹==ใ€‚ +> That shaking is an earthquake, isn't it? + +### ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹ + +Means "isn't it?". The casual version of ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒ ใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ†==ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹==ใ€‚ +> Let's have some ice cream, shall we? + +### ใญ + +This particle when added to the end of a sentence meaning "right?". + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๅฏ’|ใ•ใ‚€}ใ„ใงใ™==ใญ==ใ€‚ +> It's cold today, right? + +### Summing up + +* ==ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†==ใƒป==ใ ใ‚ใ†== expresses a probability or an assumption. +* ==ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹==ใƒป==ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹== invites or suggests an action. +* ==ใญ== asks an agreement or a confirmation. + +## ใ“ใจใ‹ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+

+ ใ“ใจใ‹

+
+ +Means "how" or "what". Used to describe an extent that is unusual or unbelievable. It is mostly used in written contexts, as it is a bit dramatic. + +> [!info] Example +> ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใซใฏใ€ใƒ‘ใƒณ{ๅฑ‹|ใ‚„}ใฎ{ๅคš|ใŠใŠ}ใ•ใซใฉใ‚Œใปใฉ{ไฟก|ใ—ใ‚“}ใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„==ใ“ใจใ‹==ใ€‚ +> It's incredible how many bakeries there are in France. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Reason.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Reason.md index 1d4454a..66b750f 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Reason.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Reason.md @@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ It is more objective than ใ‹ใ‚‰: it expresses a situation that exists, and that ## ใ‹ใ‚‰ -See [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2)#Because]]. +See [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2)#ใ‹ใ‚‰#Because]]. It is more subjective than ใฎใง: it expresses more personal needs/actions/opinions. ## ใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Request.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Request.md index b019e97..f597490 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Request.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Request.md @@ -1,66 +1,66 @@ -# Request - -## ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ - -It is a polite request that is translated as "please do". -In casual speech, can be shortened to ใฆ. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆถˆ|ใ‘ใ—}ใ—ใ‚ดใƒ ใ‚’{่ฒธ|ใ‹}ใ—==ใฆ==ใ€‚ -> Lend me your eraser. - -## ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ - -
-
-

V-ใฆ

-

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใใฆ

-

ใช-Adj + ใง

-

N + ใง

-
-

+ ใ‚‚ใ„ใ„

-
- -Means "is it alright if?", "may I?". - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใ“ใซ{ๅบง|ใ™ใ‚}==ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„==ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ -> May I sit here? - -A more polite way is [[Can't help - doesn't matter#ใฆใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใชใ„]]. - -## ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ - -Means "please don't". It is a polite request. Removing the ใใ ใ•ใ„ makes it more casual. -Formed by a verb in the negative form (ใชใ„) with the ใง particle. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅ†ท่”ตๅบซ|ใ‚Œใ„ใžใ†ใ“}ใฎใƒ‡ใ‚ถใƒผใƒˆใฏ้ฃŸใน==ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„==ใ€‚ -> Please do not eat the dessert from the fridge. - -## ใชใ•ใ„ - -This form is used when commanding an action. -It is used with verbs by removing the ใพใ™ and adding ใชใ•ใ„. In casual conversation, it can be shortened to ใช. - -> [!info] Example -> {่ณชๅ•|ใ—ใค|ใ‚‚ใ‚“}ใ‚’{็ญ”|ใ“ใŸ}ใˆ==ใชใ•ใ„==ใ€‚ -> Answer the question. - -## ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ† - -
-

V +

-
-

ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ

-
-

+ V ใ€Œ่จ€ใ†ใƒปๅ‘ฝใ˜ใ‚‹ใƒป้ ผใ‚€ใƒป...ใ€

-
- -It means "to tell", "to request", "to order". - -The verb {้ ผ|ใŸใฎ}ใ‚€ can be used for requests, while {ๅ‘ฝ|ใ‚ใ„}ใ˜ใ‚‹ can be used for order. The verb {่จ€|ใ„}ใ† can tell the three meanings depending on the tone. Other similar verbs can be used ({ๆณจๆ„|ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ„}ใ™ใ‚‹, {้€ฒ|ใ™ใ™}ใ‚€, etc). - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}ใซใŠ{่“ๅญ|ใ‹|ใ—}ใ‚’้ฃŸในใชใ„==ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ -> I told the kids to not eat candies. +# Request + +## ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ + +It is a polite request that is translated as "please do". +In casual speech, can be shortened to ใฆ. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆถˆ|ใ‘ใ—}ใ—ใ‚ดใƒ ใ‚’{่ฒธ|ใ‹}ใ—==ใฆ==ใ€‚ +> Lend me your eraser. + +## ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ + +
+
+

V-ใฆ

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใใฆ

+

ใช-Adj + ใง

+

N + ใง

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใ„ใ„

+
+ +Means "is it alright if?", "may I?". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใ“ใซ{ๅบง|ใ™ใ‚}==ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„==ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ +> May I sit here? + +A more polite way is [[Can't help - doesn't matter#ใฆใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใชใ„]]. + +## ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ + +Means "please don't". It is a polite request. Removing the ใใ ใ•ใ„ makes it more casual. +Formed by a verb in the negative form (ใชใ„) with the ใง particle. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ†ท่”ตๅบซ|ใ‚Œใ„ใžใ†ใ“}ใฎใƒ‡ใ‚ถใƒผใƒˆใฏ้ฃŸใน==ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„==ใ€‚ +> Please do not eat the dessert from the fridge. + +## ใชใ•ใ„ + +This form is used when commanding an action. +It is used with verbs by removing the ใพใ™ and adding ใชใ•ใ„. In casual conversation, it can be shortened to ใช. + +> [!info] Example +> {่ณชๅ•|ใ—ใค|ใ‚‚ใ‚“}ใ‚’{็ญ”|ใ“ใŸ}ใˆ==ใชใ•ใ„==ใ€‚ +> Answer the question. + +## ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ† + +
+

V +

+
+

ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ

+
+

+ V ใ€Œ่จ€ใ†ใƒปๅ‘ฝใ˜ใ‚‹ใƒป้ ผใ‚€ใƒป...ใ€

+
+ +It means "to tell", "to request", "to order". + +The verb {้ ผ|ใŸใฎ}ใ‚€ can be used for requests, while {ๅ‘ฝ|ใ‚ใ„}ใ˜ใ‚‹ can be used for order. The verb {่จ€|ใ„}ใ† can tell the three meanings depending on the tone. Other similar verbs can be used ({ๆณจๆ„|ใกใ‚…ใ†ใ„}ใ™ใ‚‹, {้€ฒ|ใ™ใ™}ใ‚€, etc). + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}ใซใŠ{่“ๅญ|ใ‹|ใ—}ใ‚’้ฃŸในใชใ„==ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I told the kids to not eat candies. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/State.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/State.md index ae1e977..89c48da 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/State.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/State.md @@ -1,106 +1,106 @@ -# State - -## ใพใพ - -
-
-

V (ใชใ„)

-

V (ใŸ)

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ใพใพ

-
- -Means that something doesn't change state, stays as it is. - -> [!info] Examples -> {้–‹|ใ‚}ใ‘ใŸ==ใพใพ==ใ€‚ -> To be left open. -> -> {็†ฑ|ใ‚ใค}ใ„==ใพใพ==ใ€‚ -> Still hot. -> -> {ๆ˜”|ใ‚€ใ‹ใ—}ใฎ==ใพใพ==ใ€‚ -> As it always been. -> -> ใใฎ==ใพใพ==ใงใ„ใ„ใ€‚ -> It is fine as it is. - -## ใ•ใˆ๏ฝžใฐ - -
-
-

V ใพใ™

-
-

+ ใ•ใˆ + ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ

-
-
-
-

V (ใฆ)

-
-

+ ใ•ใˆ + ใ„ใ‚Œใฐ

-
-
-
-

N

-
-

+ ใ•ใˆ + V(ใฐ)

-
- -Means "as long as", "if only". If a certain condition is met, the result will be okay. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๅ…ฌๅœ’|ใ“ใ†ใˆใ‚“}==ใ•ใˆ==ใ‚ใ‚Œ==ใฐ==ใ€ใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> As long as there is a park, I am happy. - -## ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ - -Means "half", "not yet finished", "in the middle of". -Made by removing the ใพใ™ stem of a verb. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใ“ใฎ{ๆœฌๆฃš|ใปใ‚“ใ ใช}ใฏใพใ {ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใ‚Š==ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹==ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> This bookshelf is not yet finished building. - -## ไธ€ๆ–นใ  - -{ไธ€ๆ–น|ใ„ใฃใฝใ†}ใ  means "to continue to", "more and more". -Used with verbs that expresses change. - -> [!info] Examples -> {็ฆ็…™|ใใ‚“ใˆใ‚“}ใฎ{ๅ ดๆ‰€|ใฐใ—ใ‚‡}ใฏ{ๅข—|ใต}ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹==ไธ€ๆ–นใงใ™==ใ€‚ -> The number of places where smoking is prohibited keeps increasing. - -## ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ  - -Means "to continue to", in a negative direction. Used with verbs in the dictionary form (ใ‚‹), that describe a form of change. Can also be used as ใฐใฃใ‹ใ‚Š, ใฐใฃใ‹, ใฐใ‹ใ—, and ใฐใฃใ‹ใ— instead of ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š. - -> [!info] Examples -> {็—…ๆฐ—|ใณใ‚‡ใ†ใ}ใฏ{ๆ‚ช|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใใชใ‚‹==ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใงใ™==ใ€‚ -> The illness is only getting worse. - -## ็ตๆžœ - -
-
-

V (ใŸ)

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ็ตๆžœ

-
- -{็ตๆžœ|ใ‘ใฃใ‹} means "as a result of", "after". - -> [!info] Examples -> {้…|ใŠใ}ใ‚ŒใŸ==็ตๆžœ==ใ‚‚ใ†{ๅ…จ้ƒจ|ใœใ‚“ใถ}ใฎ{ๅˆ‡็ฌฆ|ใใฃใท}ใฏ{ๅฃฒ|ใ†}ใ‚Š{ๅˆ‡|ใ}ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ -> As a result of being late, all the tickets were already sold out. - -## ็ตๅฑ€ - -{็ตๅฑ€|ใ‘ใฃใใ‚‡ใ} means "after all", "in the end". Acts as a conclusion. - -> [!info] Examples -> ==็ตๅฑ€=={ๅ’ๆฅญ|ใใคใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> In the end, I graduated. +# State + +## ใพใพ + +
+
+

V (ใชใ„)

+

V (ใŸ)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใพใพ

+
+ +Means that something doesn't change state, stays as it is. + +> [!info] Examples +> {้–‹|ใ‚}ใ‘ใŸ==ใพใพ==ใ€‚ +> To be left open. +> +> {็†ฑ|ใ‚ใค}ใ„==ใพใพ==ใ€‚ +> Still hot. +> +> {ๆ˜”|ใ‚€ใ‹ใ—}ใฎ==ใพใพ==ใ€‚ +> As it always been. +> +> ใใฎ==ใพใพ==ใงใ„ใ„ใ€‚ +> It is fine as it is. + +## ใ•ใˆ๏ฝžใฐ + +
+
+

V ใพใ™

+
+

+ ใ•ใˆ + ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ

+
+
+
+

V (ใฆ)

+
+

+ ใ•ใˆ + ใ„ใ‚Œใฐ

+
+
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใ•ใˆ + V(ใฐ)

+
+ +Means "as long as", "if only". If a certain condition is met, the result will be okay. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅ…ฌๅœ’|ใ“ใ†ใˆใ‚“}==ใ•ใˆ==ใ‚ใ‚Œ==ใฐ==ใ€ใ†ใ‚Œใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> As long as there is a park, I am happy. + +## ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ + +Means "half", "not yet finished", "in the middle of". +Made by removing the ใพใ™ stem of a verb. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎ{ๆœฌๆฃš|ใปใ‚“ใ ใช}ใฏใพใ {ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใ‚Š==ใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> This bookshelf is not yet finished building. + +## ไธ€ๆ–นใ  + +{ไธ€ๆ–น|ใ„ใฃใฝใ†}ใ  means "to continue to", "more and more". +Used with verbs that expresses change. + +> [!info] Examples +> {็ฆ็…™|ใใ‚“ใˆใ‚“}ใฎ{ๅ ดๆ‰€|ใฐใ—ใ‚‡}ใฏ{ๅข—|ใต}ใˆใฆใ„ใ‚‹==ไธ€ๆ–นใงใ™==ใ€‚ +> The number of places where smoking is prohibited keeps increasing. + +## ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใ  + +Means "to continue to", in a negative direction. Used with verbs in the dictionary form (ใ‚‹), that describe a form of change. Can also be used as ใฐใฃใ‹ใ‚Š, ใฐใฃใ‹, ใฐใ‹ใ—, and ใฐใฃใ‹ใ— instead of ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š. + +> [!info] Examples +> {็—…ๆฐ—|ใณใ‚‡ใ†ใ}ใฏ{ๆ‚ช|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใใชใ‚‹==ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใงใ™==ใ€‚ +> The illness is only getting worse. + +## ็ตๆžœ + +
+
+

V (ใŸ)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ็ตๆžœ

+
+ +{็ตๆžœ|ใ‘ใฃใ‹} means "as a result of", "after". + +> [!info] Examples +> {้…|ใŠใ}ใ‚ŒใŸ==็ตๆžœ==ใ‚‚ใ†{ๅ…จ้ƒจ|ใœใ‚“ใถ}ใฎ{ๅˆ‡็ฌฆ|ใใฃใท}ใฏ{ๅฃฒ|ใ†}ใ‚Š{ๅˆ‡|ใ}ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ +> As a result of being late, all the tickets were already sold out. + +## ็ตๅฑ€ + +{็ตๅฑ€|ใ‘ใฃใใ‚‡ใ} means "after all", "in the end". Acts as a conclusion. + +> [!info] Examples +> ==็ตๅฑ€=={ๅ’ๆฅญ|ใใคใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> In the end, I graduated. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Talking about.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Talking about.md index cd1f40f..f47a2fa 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Talking about.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Talking about.md @@ -1,197 +1,197 @@ -# Talking about - -## ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐใƒปใจ่จ€ใ†ใจ - -ใจ{่จ€|ใ„}ใˆใฐใƒปใจ{่จ€|ใ„}ใ†ใจ means "speaking of". - -> [!info] Example -> ๆ—ฅๆœฌ==ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐ==ใ€ๅฏŒๅฃซๅฑฑใงใ™ใ€‚ -> Speaking of Japan, Mount Fuji comes to mind. - -## ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ - -
-
-

phrase

-
-

+ ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ +

-
-

definition

-
-
- -Means "this means", "known as", "because". - -> [!info] Example -> ใ€Œใƒขใƒใ‚ฒใƒผใ€==ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ==ใƒขใƒใ‚คใƒซใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ -> "Mobage" stands for mobile game. - -## ใซใŠใ„ใฆใƒปใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ - -Means "in", "at", "regarding". -Used with nouns. It is used in formal language. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅ†ฌ|ใตใ‚†}==ใซใŠใ„ใฆ=={้›ช|ใ‚†ใ}ใŒ{้™|ใต}ใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> Snow falls in winter. -> -> ่’ๅท==ใซใŠใ„ใฆ=={่Šฑ็ซ|ใฏใชใณ}ใ€‚ -> Fireworks held on Arakawa River. - -## ใซใคใ„ใฆ - -Means "concerning", "about". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> {้ขๆŽฅ|ใ‚ใ‚“ใ›ใค}==ใซใคใ„ใฆ==ใฏใ„ใคใŒใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ -> Regarding the interview, when would be a good time? - -## ใ‚’ใ‚ใใฃใฆ - -
-
-

N

-
-

+ ใ‚’ใ‚ใใฃใฆ

-
-
-
-

N

-
-

+ ใ‚’ใ‚ใใ‚‹ +

-
-

N

-
-
- -Means "concerning", "in regard to". It has the same meaning as ใซใคใ„ใฆ. - -> [!info] Example -> ็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“==ใ‚’ใ‚ใใฃใฆ==ใ€ใ„ใ‚ใ‚“ใช{ๅ™‚|ใ†ใ‚ใ•}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> There are many rumours concerning Tanaka-san. - -## ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ  - -Means "concerning", "something called". Used for explanations or morals. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏใƒŽใƒผใƒˆใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณ==ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ ==ใ€‚ -> This is what we call a laptop. - -## ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒปใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ - -ใซ{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‚“}ใ™ใ‚‹ใƒปใซ{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‚“}ใ—ใฆ means "related to", "about". More formal than ใซใคใ„ใฆ. -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> ใƒญใƒœใƒƒใƒˆ==ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ==ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> Are there any games about robots? - -## ใคใพใ‚Š - -Means "in other words". Used after a first phrase for an alternative explanation. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎ{ๆ˜ ็”ป|ใˆใ„ใŒ}ใฏ๏ผ‘๏ผ’๏ผๅˆ†ใ€==ใคใพใ‚Š==๏ผ’ๆ™‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours. - -## ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ - -Means "that is to say", "in other words". Used when the answer needs thinking. ใคใพใ‚Š is more direct. - -> [!info] Example -> A: ใ‚ใฎ{ไบบ|ใฒใจ}ใฏใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎ{็ˆถ|ใกใก}ใฎ{ๅฆน|ใ„ใ‚‚ใ†ใจ}ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> B: ==ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ==ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŠใฐใ•ใ‚“ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ -> A: She's my father's sister. -> B: That means she's your aunt, right. - -## ใ™ใชใ‚ใก - -Means "in other words". More formal than ใคใพใ‚Š. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎ{ๆ˜ ็”ป|ใˆใ„ใŒ}ใฏ๏ผ‘๏ผ’๏ผๅˆ†ใ€==ใ™ใชใ‚ใก==๏ผ’ๆ™‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours. - -## ่ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใซ - -{่ฆ|ใ‚ˆใ†}ใ™ใ‚‹ใซ means "in summary". It is placed at the beginning of the sentence. - -> [!info] Example -> ==่ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใซ==ใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใซๅฐฑใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> In summary, I got a new job. - -## ใซใ‹ใ‘ใฆ - -Means "through", "concerning". It is used for something that happens over a period of time. -Used with a noun. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆ—ฅๆœฌ|ใซใปใ‚“}ใซใฏ๏ผ–ๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผ™ๆœˆ==ใซใ‹ใ‘ใฆ==ใฏ{ๆš‘|ใ‚ใค}ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> It is hot in Japan from June through September. - -## ใ‚’ใฏใ˜ใ‚ - -Means "starting with", "not only". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> ๆผซ็”ป==ใ‚’ใฏใ˜ใ‚=={ๆ—ฅๆœฌ|ใซใปใ‚“}ใฎ{ๆ–‡ๅŒ–|ใถใ‚“ใ‹}ใฏ{้ข็™ฝ|ใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚}ใ„ใ€‚ -> Japanese culture, starting with manga, is interesting. -> -> ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใฎๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใฏใƒ‘ใƒณ==ใ‚’ใฏใ˜ใ‚==ใ€ใƒฏใ‚คใƒณใ‚‚{ไบบๆฐ—|ใซใ‚“ใ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> French culture is popular not only for bread, but also for wine. - -## ใชใ‚“ใ‹ใƒปใชใ‚“ใฆ - -Means "such as", "things like". It is used to give examples or to show emphasis. -ใชใ‚“ใ‹ is more informal than ใชใ‚“ใฆ. Both are spoken form, while [[Listing#ใชใฉ]] is more written. -ใชใ‚“ใฆ is used with all words, while ใชใ‚“ใ‹ is used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> iPod==ใชใ‚“ใ‹=={ๅค|ใตใ‚‹}ใ„ใช{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> Things like iPod are old. - -## ไพ‹ใˆใฐ - -{ไพ‹|ใŸใจ}ใˆใฐ means "for example". - -> [!info] Example -> {่™ซ|ใ‚€ใ—}ใŒ{ๅฅฝ|ใ™ใ}ใใงใ™ใ€‚==ไพ‹ใˆใฐ=={่‰|ใ›ใฟ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> I like insect. For example, cicadas. - -## ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใƒปใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ - -
-
-

V (ใ‚‹ใƒปใชใ„)

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj

-
-

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใƒปใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„

-
- -ใ‚‚ใฎใ  is used when something is common knowledge, custom, etc. That it is something that is natural or expected. -ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ is used for something that is not expected. - -> [!info] Example -> {่ปŠ|ใใ‚‹ใพ}ใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚{้ซ˜|ใŸใ‹}ใ„==ใ‚‚ใฎใ ==ใ€‚ -> Cars are always expensive. - -## ใจใ„ใ†ใตใ†ใซ - -Means "as if to say", "in such a way that", "like". Used to describe the manner in which something is done, give examples. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ๆณฅๆฃ’|ใฉใ‚ใผใ†}==ใจใ„ใ†ใตใ†ใซ=={็ซ‹|ใŸ}ใก{ๅŽป|ใ•}ใฃใฆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> He departed like a thief. - -## ใตใ†ใซ - -Means "in the way of". -Used after words like ใ“ใ‚“ใช, ใใ‚“ใช, ใ‚ใ‚“ใช, ใฉใ‚“ใช and verbs. - -> [!info] Examples -> ใ“ใ‚“ใช==ใตใ†ใซ==ใฏใ ใ‚๏ผ -> Do not do it like this! +# Talking about + +## ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐใƒปใจ่จ€ใ†ใจ + +ใจ{่จ€|ใ„}ใˆใฐใƒปใจ{่จ€|ใ„}ใ†ใจ means "speaking of". + +> [!info] Example +> ๆ—ฅๆœฌ==ใจ่จ€ใˆใฐ==ใ€ๅฏŒๅฃซๅฑฑใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Speaking of Japan, Mount Fuji comes to mind. + +## ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ + +
+
+

phrase

+
+

+ ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ +

+
+

definition

+
+
+ +Means "this means", "known as", "because". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ€Œใƒขใƒใ‚ฒใƒผใ€==ใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ==ใƒขใƒใ‚คใƒซใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใฎใ“ใจใงใ™ใ€‚ +> "Mobage" stands for mobile game. + +## ใซใŠใ„ใฆใƒปใซใŠใ‘ใ‚‹ + +Means "in", "at", "regarding". +Used with nouns. It is used in formal language. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ†ฌ|ใตใ‚†}==ใซใŠใ„ใฆ=={้›ช|ใ‚†ใ}ใŒ{้™|ใต}ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Snow falls in winter. +> +> ่’ๅท==ใซใŠใ„ใฆ=={่Šฑ็ซ|ใฏใชใณ}ใ€‚ +> Fireworks held on Arakawa River. + +## ใซใคใ„ใฆ + +Means "concerning", "about". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {้ขๆŽฅ|ใ‚ใ‚“ใ›ใค}==ใซใคใ„ใฆ==ใฏใ„ใคใŒใ‚ˆใ‚ใ—ใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ +> Regarding the interview, when would be a good time? + +## ใ‚’ใ‚ใใฃใฆ + +
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใ‚’ใ‚ใใฃใฆ

+
+
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใ‚’ใ‚ใใ‚‹ +

+
+

N

+
+
+ +Means "concerning", "in regard to". It has the same meaning as ใซใคใ„ใฆ. + +> [!info] Example +> ็”ฐไธญใ•ใ‚“==ใ‚’ใ‚ใใฃใฆ==ใ€ใ„ใ‚ใ‚“ใช{ๅ™‚|ใ†ใ‚ใ•}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> There are many rumours concerning Tanaka-san. + +## ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ  + +Means "concerning", "something called". Used for explanations or morals. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใ‚ŒใฏใƒŽใƒผใƒˆใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณ==ใจใ„ใ†ใ‚‚ใฎใ ==ใ€‚ +> This is what we call a laptop. + +## ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ใƒปใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ + +ใซ{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‚“}ใ™ใ‚‹ใƒปใซ{้–ข|ใ‹ใ‚“}ใ—ใฆ means "related to", "about". More formal than ใซใคใ„ใฆ. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใƒญใƒœใƒƒใƒˆ==ใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ==ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Are there any games about robots? + +## ใคใพใ‚Š + +Means "in other words". Used after a first phrase for an alternative explanation. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๆ˜ ็”ป|ใˆใ„ใŒ}ใฏ๏ผ‘๏ผ’๏ผๅˆ†ใ€==ใคใพใ‚Š==๏ผ’ๆ™‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours. + +## ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ + +Means "that is to say", "in other words". Used when the answer needs thinking. ใคใพใ‚Š is more direct. + +> [!info] Example +> A: ใ‚ใฎ{ไบบ|ใฒใจ}ใฏใ‚ใŸใ—ใฎ{็ˆถ|ใกใก}ใฎ{ๅฆน|ใ„ใ‚‚ใ†ใจ}ใ‚“ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> B: ==ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจใฏ==ใ€ใ‚ใชใŸใฎใŠใฐใ•ใ‚“ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ +> A: She's my father's sister. +> B: That means she's your aunt, right. + +## ใ™ใชใ‚ใก + +Means "in other words". More formal than ใคใพใ‚Š. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๆ˜ ็”ป|ใˆใ„ใŒ}ใฏ๏ผ‘๏ผ’๏ผๅˆ†ใ€==ใ™ใชใ‚ใก==๏ผ’ๆ™‚ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours. + +## ่ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใซ + +{่ฆ|ใ‚ˆใ†}ใ™ใ‚‹ใซ means "in summary". It is placed at the beginning of the sentence. + +> [!info] Example +> ==่ฆใ™ใ‚‹ใซ==ใ€ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ไป•ไบ‹ใซๅฐฑใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> In summary, I got a new job. + +## ใซใ‹ใ‘ใฆ + +Means "through", "concerning". It is used for something that happens over a period of time. +Used with a noun. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ—ฅๆœฌ|ใซใปใ‚“}ใซใฏ๏ผ–ๆœˆใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผ™ๆœˆ==ใซใ‹ใ‘ใฆ==ใฏ{ๆš‘|ใ‚ใค}ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> It is hot in Japan from June through September. + +## ใ‚’ใฏใ˜ใ‚ + +Means "starting with", "not only". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ๆผซ็”ป==ใ‚’ใฏใ˜ใ‚=={ๆ—ฅๆœฌ|ใซใปใ‚“}ใฎ{ๆ–‡ๅŒ–|ใถใ‚“ใ‹}ใฏ{้ข็™ฝ|ใŠใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚}ใ„ใ€‚ +> Japanese culture, starting with manga, is interesting. +> +> ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใฎๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใฏใƒ‘ใƒณ==ใ‚’ใฏใ˜ใ‚==ใ€ใƒฏใ‚คใƒณใ‚‚{ไบบๆฐ—|ใซใ‚“ใ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> French culture is popular not only for bread, but also for wine. + +## ใชใ‚“ใ‹ใƒปใชใ‚“ใฆ + +Means "such as", "things like". It is used to give examples or to show emphasis. +ใชใ‚“ใ‹ is more informal than ใชใ‚“ใฆ. Both are spoken form, while [[Listing#ใชใฉ]] is more written. +ใชใ‚“ใฆ is used with all words, while ใชใ‚“ใ‹ is used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> iPod==ใชใ‚“ใ‹=={ๅค|ใตใ‚‹}ใ„ใช{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Things like iPod are old. + +## ไพ‹ใˆใฐ + +{ไพ‹|ใŸใจ}ใˆใฐ means "for example". + +> [!info] Example +> {่™ซ|ใ‚€ใ—}ใŒ{ๅฅฝ|ใ™ใ}ใใงใ™ใ€‚==ไพ‹ใˆใฐ=={่‰|ใ›ใฟ}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I like insect. For example, cicadas. + +## ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใƒปใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ + +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹ใƒปใชใ„)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใƒปใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„

+
+ +ใ‚‚ใฎใ  is used when something is common knowledge, custom, etc. That it is something that is natural or expected. +ใ‚‚ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ is used for something that is not expected. + +> [!info] Example +> {่ปŠ|ใใ‚‹ใพ}ใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚{้ซ˜|ใŸใ‹}ใ„==ใ‚‚ใฎใ ==ใ€‚ +> Cars are always expensive. + +## ใจใ„ใ†ใตใ†ใซ + +Means "as if to say", "in such a way that", "like". Used to describe the manner in which something is done, give examples. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ๆณฅๆฃ’|ใฉใ‚ใผใ†}==ใจใ„ใ†ใตใ†ใซ=={็ซ‹|ใŸ}ใก{ๅŽป|ใ•}ใฃใฆใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> He departed like a thief. + +## ใตใ†ใซ + +Means "in the way of". +Used after words like ใ“ใ‚“ใช, ใใ‚“ใช, ใ‚ใ‚“ใช, ใฉใ‚“ใช and verbs. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใ‚“ใช==ใตใ†ใซ==ใฏใ ใ‚๏ผ +> Do not do it like this! diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Thanks.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Thanks.md index 5568912..5deaab8 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Thanks.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Thanks.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -# Thanks - -## ใ›ใฃใ‹ใ - -Means "with trouble", "thank you for the trouble", etc. -Used at the beginning of a phrase. - -> [!info] Example -> ==ใ›ใฃใ‹ใ==ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’{ๆŒ|ใ‚‚}ใฆใใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ -> Thank you for bringing the cake. - -## ๅนธใ„ใƒปๅนธใ„ใชใ“ใจใซ - -{ๅนธ|ใ•ใ„ใ‚}ใ„ใƒป{ๅนธ|ใ•ใ„ใ‚}ใ„ใชใ“ใจใซ means "luckily", "fortunately". -Used at the beginning of a phrase. - -> [!info] Example -> ==ๅนธใ„==ใ€{ไธ€็•ช|ใ„ใกใฐใ‚“}{ๆฌฒ|ใป}ใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚ฌใ‚ทใƒฃใƒใƒณใŒ{ๆ‰‹|ใฆ}ใซ{ๅ…ฅ|ใ„}ใ‚ŒใฃใŸใ€‚ -> Luckily, I got the gashapon I wanted the most. +# Thanks + +## ใ›ใฃใ‹ใ + +Means "with trouble", "thank you for the trouble", etc. +Used at the beginning of a phrase. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใ›ใฃใ‹ใ==ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’{ๆŒ|ใ‚‚}ใฆใใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ€‚ +> Thank you for bringing the cake. + +## ๅนธใ„ใƒปๅนธใ„ใชใ“ใจใซ + +{ๅนธ|ใ•ใ„ใ‚}ใ„ใƒป{ๅนธ|ใ•ใ„ใ‚}ใ„ใชใ“ใจใซ means "luckily", "fortunately". +Used at the beginning of a phrase. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ๅนธใ„==ใ€{ไธ€็•ช|ใ„ใกใฐใ‚“}{ๆฌฒ|ใป}ใ—ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚ฌใ‚ทใƒฃใƒใƒณใŒ{ๆ‰‹|ใฆ}ใซ{ๅ…ฅ|ใ„}ใ‚ŒใฃใŸใ€‚ +> Luckily, I got the gashapon I wanted the most. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - close.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - close.md index 136012d..8d9259d 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - close.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - close.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Used with a verb in the past (ใŸ) form. > ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใซ{่กŒ|ใ„}ใฃใŸ==ใ‹ใจๆ€ใฃใŸใ‚‰==ใ€{้›ช|ใ‚†ใ}ใŒ{้™|ใต}ใ‚Š{ๅ‡บ|ใ }ใ—ใŸใ€‚ > Just as I went to the supermarket, it started snowing. -## ใ‹~ใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใ†ใกใซ +## ใ‹๏ฝžใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใ†ใกใซ
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Used with a verb in the past (ใŸ) form.

+ ใ‹ + ใฎใกใซ

-ใ‹~ใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใ†ใกใซ means "right after", "as soon as". It is formal. +ใ‹๏ฝžใชใ„ใ‹ใฎใ†ใกใซ means "right after", "as soon as". It is formal. > [!info] Examples > {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใŒ{้ง…|ใˆใ}ใซ{็€|ใค}ใ==ใ‹=={็€|ใค}ใ‹ใชใ„==ใ‹ใฎใ†ใกใซ=={่ตฐ|ใฏใ—}ใ‚Š{ๅง‹|ใฏใ˜}ใ‚ใŸใ€‚ diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - during.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - during.md index d376ec7..a71a34b 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - during.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - during.md @@ -1,193 +1,193 @@ -# Time: during - -## ้–“ - -
-
-

V (dictionary)

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ้–“

-
- -{้–“|ใ‚ใ„ใ } means "while" or "during". Used to express something that is done for the whole period of time. - -> [!info] Example -> ้›ป่ปŠใซ{ไน—|ใฎ}ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹==้–“==ใ€ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใŸใ€‚ -> While I was on the train, I was playing a game. - -Can also be used to talk about a distance between two physical places or the time between two things. - -> [!info] Example -> ๏ผ‘ๆ™‚ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผ™ใ˜ใพใงใฎ==้–“==ใ€{ๅฏ|ใญ}ใพใ™ใ€‚ -> I sleep between 1AM and 9AM. - -## ้–“ใซ - -
-
-

V (casual, non-past)

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ้–“ใซ

-
- -A first meaning is similar to {้–“|ใ‚ใ„ใ } (while), but with intentionality. - -> [!info] Example -> ้›ป่ปŠใซ{ไน—|ใฎ}ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹==้–“ใซ==ใ€ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> While I was on the train, I read a book. - -A second meaning is a statement of something that happened during a time period, independently of your actions. -Contrary to ้–“, it doesn't include the whole time period. So ้–“ใซ means that at a point during the time period, something happened. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅคœ|ใ‚ˆใ‚‹}ใฎ==้–“ใซ==ใ€{้šฃ|ใจใชใ‚Š}ใฎๆœจใŒ{่ฝ|ใŠ}ใกใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚ -> During the night, the tree next door fell. - -## ใชใŒใ‚‰ - -
-
-

V-ใพใ™

-
-

+ ใชใŒใ‚‰ + ...

-
- -Means "while", "simultaneously". The difference with ใคใ„ใงใซ is that here the main action is the second one. Happens at the same time. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆญฉ|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใ==ใชใŒใ‚‰=={้›ป่ฉฑ|ใงใ‚“|ใ‚}ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ -> While walking, I'm looking at my phone. - -## ใคใ„ใงใซ - -
-
-

V (dictionary)

-

V (ใŸ)

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ใคใ„ใงใซ

-
- -Means "while", "at the same time". The difference with ใชใŒใ‚‰ is that here the main action is the first one. An opportunity of doing something during the occurrence of the first one (but not for the entire time). - -> [!info] Example -> ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใซ่กŒใ==ใคใ„ใงใซ==ใ€ใŠใซใŽใ‚Šใ‚’{่ฒท|ใ‹}ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚ -> While you're going to the supermarket, could you bring onigiri? - -## ใจๅŒๆ™‚ใซ - -
-
-

V (ใ‚‹)

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

-

N

-
-

+ ใจๅŒๆ™‚ใซ

-
- -ใจ{ๅŒๆ™‚|ใฉใ†ใ˜}ใซ means "at the same time as", "while". Contrary to ใชใŒใ‚‰, it is used for something that happens at a precise moment, not during the whole time. - -> [!info] Example -> {้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใซ{ไน—|ใฎ}ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹==ใจๅŒๆ™‚ใซ==ใ€ใŠใ˜ใ„ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ{่ฝ|ใŠ}ใกใŸใ€‚ -> While on the train, an old man fell off. - -## ไธญ - -{ไธญ|ใกใ‚…ใ†}ใƒป{ไธญ|ใ˜ใ‚…ใ†} means different things depending on its pronunciation: -* ใกใ‚…ใ† is used when pointing a specific time: "during", "at some point". -* ใ˜ใ‚…ใ† is used for the entire time or area: "through", "within", "before it ends". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅˆๅพŒ|ใ”ใ”}==ไธญ==ใซ{ไผš่ญฐ|ใ‹ใ„ใŽ}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> There is a meeting in the afternoon (ใกใ‚…ใ†). -> -> {ไปŠๅนด|ใ“ใจใ—}==ไธญ==ใซใ‚นใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒผใƒ‡ใƒณใซ่กŒใใŸใ„ใ€‚ -> I want to go to Sweden before the end of this year (ใ˜ใ‚…ใ†). - -## ใ†ใกใซ - -
-
-

V (casual)

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใช

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ใ†ใกใซ

-
- -Means "while". The nuance is that the time is optimal and should be taken advantage of. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆ™ด|ใฏ}ใ‚Œใ‚‹==ใ†ใกใซ=={ๆ•ฃๆญฉ|ใ•ใ‚“ใฝ}ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ -> Let's take a walk while the weather is nice. - -## ้™ใ‚Š - -
-
-

V (ใ‚‹ใƒปใŸใƒปใชใ„ใƒปใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒป)

-

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

-
-

+ ้™ใ‚Š

-
- -{้™|ใ‹ใŽ}ใ‚Š means "as long as", "while". Also means "limited to". - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎ{ๆ˜ ็”ป|ใˆใ„ใŒ}ใฏ{ๆฅ้€ฑ|ใ‚‰ใ„ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}==้™ใ‚Š=={ๅЇๅ ด|ใ’ใใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†}ใง{ไธŠๆ˜ |ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใˆใ„}ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ -> This movie will be in theaters the next week only. -> -> {ไป•ไบ‹|ใ—ใ”ใจ}ใ‚’{็œŸ้ข็›ฎ|ใพใ˜ใ‚}ใซใ™ใ‚‹==้™ใ‚Š==ใ€{ๅคงไธˆๅคซ|ใ ใ„ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใถ}ใ€‚ -> As long as you're serious doing your job, it will be fine. - -## ้€”ไธญใงใƒป้€”ไธญใซ - -
-
-

V (dictionary)

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ้€”ไธญใงใƒป้€”ไธญใซ

-
- -{้€”ไธญ|ใจใกใ‚…ใ†}ใงใƒป{้€”ไธญ|ใจใกใ‚…ใ†}ใซ means "in the middle of", "on the way". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅธฐ|ใ‹ใˆ}ใ‚‹==้€”ไธญใง=={่‡ชๅ‹•่ฒฉๅฃฒๆฉŸ|ใ˜|ใฉใ†|ใฏใ‚“|ใฐใ„|ใ}ใง{้ฃฒ|ใฎใฟ}ใฟ{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใ‚’{่ฒท|ใ‹}ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> On the way home, I bought a drink from the vending machine. - -## ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ - -Means "in the process/middle of doing". -See [[TeF (2) - manner of doing#ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚]]. - -## ๆœ€ไธญใซ - -
-
-

V (ใฆใ„ใ‚‹)

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ๆœ€ไธญใซ

-
- -{ๆœ€ไธญ|ใ•ใ„ใกใ‚…ใ†}ใซ means "in the middle of". Happens during something else, interrupting or disturbing it. - -> [!info] Example -> {้‹่ปข|ใ†ใ‚“ใฆใ‚“}ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸ==ๆœ€ไธญใซ=={้นฟ|ใ—ใ‹}ใŒ{็พ|ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚}ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ -> While I was driving, a deer appeared. - -## ใ—ใฐใ‚‰ใ - -Means "for a while", "for now". - -> [!info] Example -> ==ใ—ใฐใ‚‰ใ==ใŠ{ๅพ…|ใพ}ใกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ -> Please wait for a moment. +# Time: during + +## ้–“ + +
+
+

V (dictionary)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ้–“

+
+ +{้–“|ใ‚ใ„ใ } means "while" or "during". Used to express something that is done for the whole period of time. + +> [!info] Example +> ้›ป่ปŠใซ{ไน—|ใฎ}ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹==้–“==ใ€ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใŸใ€‚ +> While I was on the train, I was playing a game. + +Can also be used to talk about a distance between two physical places or the time between two things. + +> [!info] Example +> ๏ผ‘ๆ™‚ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผ™ใ˜ใพใงใฎ==้–“==ใ€{ๅฏ|ใญ}ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I sleep between 1AM and 9AM. + +## ้–“ใซ + +
+
+

V (casual, non-past)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ้–“ใซ

+
+ +A first meaning is similar to {้–“|ใ‚ใ„ใ } (while), but with intentionality. + +> [!info] Example +> ้›ป่ปŠใซ{ไน—|ใฎ}ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹==้–“ใซ==ใ€ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> While I was on the train, I read a book. + +A second meaning is a statement of something that happened during a time period, independently of your actions. +Contrary to ้–“, it doesn't include the whole time period. So ้–“ใซ means that at a point during the time period, something happened. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅคœ|ใ‚ˆใ‚‹}ใฎ==้–“ใซ==ใ€{้šฃ|ใจใชใ‚Š}ใฎๆœจใŒ{่ฝ|ใŠ}ใกใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚ +> During the night, the tree next door fell. + +## ใชใŒใ‚‰ + +
+
+

V-ใพใ™

+
+

+ ใชใŒใ‚‰ + ...

+
+ +Means "while", "simultaneously". The difference with ใคใ„ใงใซ is that here the main action is the second one. Happens at the same time. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆญฉ|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใ==ใชใŒใ‚‰=={้›ป่ฉฑ|ใงใ‚“|ใ‚}ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> While walking, I'm looking at my phone. + +## ใคใ„ใงใซ + +
+
+

V (dictionary)

+

V (ใŸ)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใคใ„ใงใซ

+
+ +Means "while", "at the same time". The difference with ใชใŒใ‚‰ is that here the main action is the first one. An opportunity of doing something during the occurrence of the first one (but not for the entire time). + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใซ่กŒใ==ใคใ„ใงใซ==ใ€ใŠใซใŽใ‚Šใ‚’{่ฒท|ใ‹}ใฃใฆใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹ใ€‚ +> While you're going to the supermarket, could you bring onigiri? + +## ใจๅŒๆ™‚ใซ + +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+

N

+
+

+ ใจๅŒๆ™‚ใซ

+
+ +ใจ{ๅŒๆ™‚|ใฉใ†ใ˜}ใซ means "at the same time as", "while". Contrary to ใชใŒใ‚‰, it is used for something that happens at a precise moment, not during the whole time. + +> [!info] Example +> {้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใซ{ไน—|ใฎ}ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹==ใจๅŒๆ™‚ใซ==ใ€ใŠใ˜ใ„ใ•ใ‚“ใŒ{่ฝ|ใŠ}ใกใŸใ€‚ +> While on the train, an old man fell off. + +## ไธญ + +{ไธญ|ใกใ‚…ใ†}ใƒป{ไธญ|ใ˜ใ‚…ใ†} means different things depending on its pronunciation: +* ใกใ‚…ใ† is used when pointing a specific time: "during", "at some point". +* ใ˜ใ‚…ใ† is used for the entire time or area: "through", "within", "before it ends". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅˆๅพŒ|ใ”ใ”}==ไธญ==ใซ{ไผš่ญฐ|ใ‹ใ„ใŽ}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> There is a meeting in the afternoon (ใกใ‚…ใ†). +> +> {ไปŠๅนด|ใ“ใจใ—}==ไธญ==ใซใ‚นใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒผใƒ‡ใƒณใซ่กŒใใŸใ„ใ€‚ +> I want to go to Sweden before the end of this year (ใ˜ใ‚…ใ†). + +## ใ†ใกใซ + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใ†ใกใซ

+
+ +Means "while". The nuance is that the time is optimal and should be taken advantage of. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ™ด|ใฏ}ใ‚Œใ‚‹==ใ†ใกใซ=={ๆ•ฃๆญฉ|ใ•ใ‚“ใฝ}ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ +> Let's take a walk while the weather is nice. + +## ้™ใ‚Š + +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹ใƒปใŸใƒปใชใ„ใƒปใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใƒป)

+

N + ใงใ‚ใ‚‹

+
+

+ ้™ใ‚Š

+
+ +{้™|ใ‹ใŽ}ใ‚Š means "as long as", "while". Also means "limited to". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๆ˜ ็”ป|ใˆใ„ใŒ}ใฏ{ๆฅ้€ฑ|ใ‚‰ใ„ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}==้™ใ‚Š=={ๅЇๅ ด|ใ’ใใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†}ใง{ไธŠๆ˜ |ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใˆใ„}ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ +> This movie will be in theaters the next week only. +> +> {ไป•ไบ‹|ใ—ใ”ใจ}ใ‚’{็œŸ้ข็›ฎ|ใพใ˜ใ‚}ใซใ™ใ‚‹==้™ใ‚Š==ใ€{ๅคงไธˆๅคซ|ใ ใ„ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใถ}ใ€‚ +> As long as you're serious doing your job, it will be fine. + +## ้€”ไธญใงใƒป้€”ไธญใซ + +
+
+

V (dictionary)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ้€”ไธญใงใƒป้€”ไธญใซ

+
+ +{้€”ไธญ|ใจใกใ‚…ใ†}ใงใƒป{้€”ไธญ|ใจใกใ‚…ใ†}ใซ means "in the middle of", "on the way". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅธฐ|ใ‹ใˆ}ใ‚‹==้€”ไธญใง=={่‡ชๅ‹•่ฒฉๅฃฒๆฉŸ|ใ˜|ใฉใ†|ใฏใ‚“|ใฐใ„|ใ}ใง{้ฃฒ|ใฎใฟ}ใฟ{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใ‚’{่ฒท|ใ‹}ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> On the way home, I bought a drink from the vending machine. + +## ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ + +Means "in the process/middle of doing". +See [[TeF (2) - manner of doing#ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚]]. + +## ๆœ€ไธญใซ + +
+
+

V (ใฆใ„ใ‚‹)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ๆœ€ไธญใซ

+
+ +{ๆœ€ไธญ|ใ•ใ„ใกใ‚…ใ†}ใซ means "in the middle of". Happens during something else, interrupting or disturbing it. + +> [!info] Example +> {้‹่ปข|ใ†ใ‚“ใฆใ‚“}ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸ==ๆœ€ไธญใซ=={้นฟ|ใ—ใ‹}ใŒ{็พ|ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚}ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ +> While I was driving, a deer appeared. + +## ใ—ใฐใ‚‰ใ + +Means "for a while", "for now". + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใ—ใฐใ‚‰ใ==ใŠ{ๅพ…|ใพ}ใกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Please wait for a moment. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - finally.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - finally.md index 2813ca2..043a9ff 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - finally.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - finally.md @@ -1,60 +1,60 @@ -# Time: finally - -## ใ‚„ใฃใจ - -Means that something happened at last, with efforts. More rarely means "barely". -Used at the beginning of a phrase. - -> [!info] Example -> ==ใ‚„ใฃใจ=={่ซ–ๆ–‡|ใ‚ใ‚“|ใถใ‚“}ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> I finally finished writing my thesis. - -## ใคใ„ใซ - -Means "finally", "at last". Something happened after working to accomplish the goal. Positive implications. -Used at the beginning of a phrase. - -> [!info] Example -> ==ใคใ„ใซ== {ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„{ๅœฐไธ‹้‰„|ใกใ‹ใฆใค}ใŒ{ๅ‡บๆฅไธŠ|ใง|ใ|ใ‚}ใŒใฃใŸใ€‚ -> At last, the new subway was completed. - -## ใ‚ใ’ใ - -
-
-

V (ใŸ)

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ใ‚ใ’ใ

-
- -Means "in the end", "finally". Implies a negative result, despite effort given. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ไธ€็ท’|ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡}ใซ{ๆšฎ|ใ}ใ‚‰ใ—ใŸ==ใ‚ใ’ใ==ใ€{ๅˆฅ|ใ‚ใ‹}ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ{ๆฑบ|ใ}ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> After living together, we decided to break up. - -## ใ„ใ‚ˆใ„ใ‚ˆ - -Means "finally". Explains that something finally happened (after preparation, waiting, etc). -Used at the beginning of a phrase. - -> [!info] Examples -> ==ใ„ใ‚ˆใ„ใ‚ˆ=={ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใ‚Š{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> I finally finished it. - -## ๆœซใซ - -
-
-

V (ใŸ)

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ๆœซใซ

-
- -{ๆœซ|ใ™ใˆ}ใซ means "finally". Focuses on the end of the preparation. - -> [!info] Examples -> ==ๆœซใซ=={ๆบ–ๅ‚™|ใ˜ใ‚…ใ‚“ใณ}ใ‚’{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> Finally, I finished the preparations. +# Time: finally + +## ใ‚„ใฃใจ + +Means that something happened at last, with efforts. More rarely means "barely". +Used at the beginning of a phrase. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใ‚„ใฃใจ=={่ซ–ๆ–‡|ใ‚ใ‚“|ใถใ‚“}ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> I finally finished writing my thesis. + +## ใคใ„ใซ + +Means "finally", "at last". Something happened after working to accomplish the goal. Positive implications. +Used at the beginning of a phrase. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใคใ„ใซ== {ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„{ๅœฐไธ‹้‰„|ใกใ‹ใฆใค}ใŒ{ๅ‡บๆฅไธŠ|ใง|ใ|ใ‚}ใŒใฃใŸใ€‚ +> At last, the new subway was completed. + +## ใ‚ใ’ใ + +
+
+

V (ใŸ)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใ‚ใ’ใ

+
+ +Means "in the end", "finally". Implies a negative result, despite effort given. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ไธ€็ท’|ใ„ใฃใ—ใ‚‡}ใซ{ๆšฎ|ใ}ใ‚‰ใ—ใŸ==ใ‚ใ’ใ==ใ€{ๅˆฅ|ใ‚ใ‹}ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ“ใจใซ{ๆฑบ|ใ}ใ‚ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> After living together, we decided to break up. + +## ใ„ใ‚ˆใ„ใ‚ˆ + +Means "finally". Explains that something finally happened (after preparation, waiting, etc). +Used at the beginning of a phrase. + +> [!info] Examples +> ==ใ„ใ‚ˆใ„ใ‚ˆ=={ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใ‚Š{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I finally finished it. + +## ๆœซใซ + +
+
+

V (ใŸ)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ๆœซใซ

+
+ +{ๆœซ|ใ™ใˆ}ใซ means "finally". Focuses on the end of the preparation. + +> [!info] Examples +> ==ๆœซใซ=={ๆบ–ๅ‚™|ใ˜ใ‚…ใ‚“ใณ}ใ‚’{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> Finally, I finished the preparations. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - regularity.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - regularity.md index c9d875e..a335172 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - regularity.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - regularity.md @@ -1,70 +1,70 @@ -# Time: regularity - -## ใŸใณใซ - -
-
-

V (dictionary)

-

N + ใฎ

-
-

+ ใŸใณใซ

-
- -Means "whenever", "every time". - -> [!info] Example -> {็Šฌ|ใ„ใฌ}ใ‚’{่ฆ‹|ใฟ}ใ‚‹==ใŸใณใซ=={ๅนธ|ใ—ใ‚ใ‚}ใ›ใซใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> Whenever I see a dog, I feel happy. - -## ใŠใใซ - -Means "every other". This is used for repeated intervals, after a noun indicating something measurable. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎ้›ป่ปŠใฏ๏ผ”ๅˆ†==ใŠใใซ=={ๅ‡บ็™บ|ใ—ใ‚…|ใฃใฑใค}ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ -> This train leaves every four minutes. - -## ใ”ใจใซ - -
-
-

V (dictionary)

-

N

-
-

+ ใ”ใจใซ

-
- -Means "each", "every". Used for intervals. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใซ{ไผš|ใ‚}ใ†==ใ”ใจใซ==ใ€{ๅฟƒ|ใ“ใ“ใ‚}ใŒใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒ‰ใ‚ญใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> Every time I see her, my heart pounds. - -## ใŠใใซ vs ใ”ใจใซ - -The way the intervals are counted between these two grammar structure is different. -* ใŠใใซ refers to what is _inside_ the interval. -* ใ”ใจใซ refers to the interval _per se_. - -> [!info] Example -> ๏ผ‘ๆ—ฅ==ใŠใใซ== =๏ผ’ๆ—ฅ==ใ”ใจใซ== = every other day = every second day -> โ—โ—‹โ—โ—‹โ—โ—‹โ— -> -> ๏ผ’ๆ—ฅ==ใŠใใซ== =๏ผ“ๆ—ฅ==ใ”ใจใซ== = every three days = every third day -> โ—โ—‹โ—‹โ—โ—‹โ—‹โ—โ—‹โ—‹โ— - -## ใซใคใ‘ - -
-
-

V (ใ‚‹)

-

N

-
-

+ ใซใคใ‘ใƒปใซใคใ‘ใฆ

-
- -Means "every time", "whenever". Formal and rarely used nowadays. - -> [!info] Examples -> ็งใŒ{ๆŽƒ้™คๆฉŸ|ใใ†ใ˜ใ}ใ‚’{ไฝฟ|ใคใ‹}ใ†==ใซใคใ‘==ใ€ใ†ใกใฎ{็Šฌ|ใ„ใฌ}ใŒ{ๆ€–|ใ“ใ‚}ใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ -> Every time I use the vacuum cleaner, my dog is scared. +# Time: regularity + +## ใŸใณใซ + +
+
+

V (dictionary)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใŸใณใซ

+
+ +Means "whenever", "every time". + +> [!info] Example +> {็Šฌ|ใ„ใฌ}ใ‚’{่ฆ‹|ใฟ}ใ‚‹==ใŸใณใซ=={ๅนธ|ใ—ใ‚ใ‚}ใ›ใซใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Whenever I see a dog, I feel happy. + +## ใŠใใซ + +Means "every other". This is used for repeated intervals, after a noun indicating something measurable. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ้›ป่ปŠใฏ๏ผ”ๅˆ†==ใŠใใซ=={ๅ‡บ็™บ|ใ—ใ‚…|ใฃใฑใค}ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> This train leaves every four minutes. + +## ใ”ใจใซ + +
+
+

V (dictionary)

+

N

+
+

+ ใ”ใจใซ

+
+ +Means "each", "every". Used for intervals. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใซ{ไผš|ใ‚}ใ†==ใ”ใจใซ==ใ€{ๅฟƒ|ใ“ใ“ใ‚}ใŒใƒ‰ใ‚ญใƒ‰ใ‚ญใ™ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Every time I see her, my heart pounds. + +## ใŠใใซ vs ใ”ใจใซ + +The way the intervals are counted between these two grammar structure is different. +* ใŠใใซ refers to what is _inside_ the interval. +* ใ”ใจใซ refers to the interval _per se_. + +> [!info] Example +> ๏ผ‘ๆ—ฅ==ใŠใใซ== =๏ผ’ๆ—ฅ==ใ”ใจใซ== = every other day = every second day +> โ—โ—‹โ—โ—‹โ—โ—‹โ— +> +> ๏ผ’ๆ—ฅ==ใŠใใซ== =๏ผ“ๆ—ฅ==ใ”ใจใซ== = every three days = every third day +> โ—โ—‹โ—‹โ—โ—‹โ—‹โ—โ—‹โ—‹โ— + +## ใซใคใ‘ + +
+
+

V (ใ‚‹)

+

N

+
+

+ ใซใคใ‘ใƒปใซใคใ‘ใฆ

+
+ +Means "every time", "whenever". Formal and rarely used nowadays. + +> [!info] Examples +> ็งใŒ{ๆŽƒ้™คๆฉŸ|ใใ†ใ˜ใ}ใ‚’{ไฝฟ|ใคใ‹}ใ†==ใซใคใ‘==ใ€ใ†ใกใฎ{็Šฌ|ใ„ใฌ}ใŒ{ๆ€–|ใ“ใ‚}ใŒใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ +> Every time I use the vacuum cleaner, my dog is scared. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - surprise.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - surprise.md index 29e3ab4..94e90d4 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - surprise.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - surprise.md @@ -1,34 +1,34 @@ -# Time: surprise - -## ๆ€ฅใซ - -{ๆ€ฅ|ใใ‚…ใ†}ใซ means that something happened unexpectedly or quickly. - -> [!info] Example -> ==ๆ€ฅใซ==้›ป่ปŠใŒ{็พ|ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚}ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ -> A train suddenly appeared. - -## ใตใจ - -This means "suddenly", "unexpectedly", "unintentionally". Emphasis is on the lack of intention. - -> [!info] Example -> ==ใตใจ=={้€š|ใจใŠ}ใ‚Šใซ๏ผ‘๏ผ๏ผ๏ผๅ††ใ‚’{่ฆ‹|ใฟ}ใคใ‘ใŸใ€‚ -> I found 1000 yen on the street by chance. - -## ใ„ใใชใ‚Š - -Means "suddenly". Used before a phrase containing an action. It implies something that is more surprising than with ๆ€ฅใซ, puts more emotion into it. - -> [!info] Examples -> ==ใ„ใใชใ‚Š=={้›จ|ใ‚ใ‚}ใŒ{้™|ใต}ใฃใฆใใŸใ€‚ -> It suddenly started raining. - -## ใŸใจใŸใ‚“ - -Means "just as". Used for an action that happens just at the moment something else occurs. Can convey a nuance of something unexpected or surprising. -Used with verbs in the past form (ใŸ). - -> [!info] Example -> {้ƒจๅฑ‹|ใธใ‚„}ใ‚’{ๆŽƒ้™ค|ใใ†ใ˜}ใ—==ใŸใจใŸใ‚“==ใ€ใ†ใกใฎ{็Œซ|ใญใ“}ใŒ{ๅ|ใฏ}ใ„ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ -> As soon as I cleaned my room, my cat vomited. +# Time: surprise + +## ๆ€ฅใซ + +{ๆ€ฅ|ใใ‚…ใ†}ใซ means that something happened unexpectedly or quickly. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ๆ€ฅใซ==้›ป่ปŠใŒ{็พ|ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚}ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ +> A train suddenly appeared. + +## ใตใจ + +This means "suddenly", "unexpectedly", "unintentionally". Emphasis is on the lack of intention. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใตใจ=={้€š|ใจใŠ}ใ‚Šใซ๏ผ‘๏ผ๏ผ๏ผๅ††ใ‚’{่ฆ‹|ใฟ}ใคใ‘ใŸใ€‚ +> I found 1000 yen on the street by chance. + +## ใ„ใใชใ‚Š + +Means "suddenly". Used before a phrase containing an action. It implies something that is more surprising than with ๆ€ฅใซ, puts more emotion into it. + +> [!info] Examples +> ==ใ„ใใชใ‚Š=={้›จ|ใ‚ใ‚}ใŒ{้™|ใต}ใฃใฆใใŸใ€‚ +> It suddenly started raining. + +## ใŸใจใŸใ‚“ + +Means "just as". Used for an action that happens just at the moment something else occurs. Can convey a nuance of something unexpected or surprising. +Used with verbs in the past form (ใŸ). + +> [!info] Example +> {้ƒจๅฑ‹|ใธใ‚„}ใ‚’{ๆŽƒ้™ค|ใใ†ใ˜}ใ—==ใŸใจใŸใ‚“==ใ€ใ†ใกใฎ{็Œซ|ใญใ“}ใŒ{ๅ|ใฏ}ใ„ใฆใ—ใพใฃใŸใ€‚ +> As soon as I cleaned my room, my cat vomited. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - throughout.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - throughout.md index c2151de..25b7f2e 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - throughout.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time - throughout.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -# Time - throughout - -## ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€œใซใ‹ใ‘ใฆ - -Means "through", "from... until". Indicates that something happens over a period of time. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆœ|ใ‚ใ•}==ใ‹ใ‚‰=={ๅคœ|ใ‚ˆใ‚‹}==ใซใ‹ใ‹ใฆ==ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ—ใŸใ„ใ€‚ -> I want to play games from morning to night. - -## ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆ - -Means "throughout", "over (a period)". It is formal. -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> {ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}==ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆ=={ไธ้‹|ใตใ†ใ‚“}ใ ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> I've had bad luck throughout the day. +# Time - throughout + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€œใซใ‹ใ‘ใฆ + +Means "through", "from... until". Indicates that something happens over a period of time. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆœ|ใ‚ใ•}==ใ‹ใ‚‰=={ๅคœ|ใ‚ˆใ‚‹}==ใซใ‹ใ‹ใฆ==ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ—ใŸใ„ใ€‚ +> I want to play games from morning to night. + +## ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆ + +Means "throughout", "over (a period)". It is formal. +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {ไปŠๆ—ฅ|ใใ‚‡ใ†}==ใซใ‚ใŸใฃใฆ=={ไธ้‹|ใตใ†ใ‚“}ใ ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> I've had bad luck throughout the day. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time.md index 4d3466b..a3e3bb7 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Time.md @@ -130,13 +130,13 @@ This indicates a time limit for the action, similar to "by".

N (time)

-

+ ใถใ‚Šใซ~ใ™ใ‚‹

+

+ ใถใ‚Šใซ๏ฝžใ™ใ‚‹

N (time)

-

+ ใถใ‚Š + ใฎ

+

+ ใถใ‚Š + ใฎ +

N

diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Towards.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Towards.md index c41f01e..35d4836 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Towards.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Towards.md @@ -1,69 +1,69 @@ -# Towards - -## ๅ‘ใ‘ - -{ๅ‘|ใ‚€}ใ‘ means "intended for", "aimed at". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎๆœฌใฏ{ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}==ๅ‘ใ‘==ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> The book is for children. - -## ๅ‘ใ - -{ๅ‘|ใ‚€}ใ means "suitable for". Close to ๅ‘ใ‘, but intended doesn't exactly means suitable. -Also means "facing". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใฎ{ๅปบ็‰ฉ|ใŸใฆใ‚‚ใฎ}ใฏ{ๅ—|ใฟใชใฟ}==ๅ‘ใ==ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> This building is facing south. - -## ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใฆใƒปใซๅ‘ใ‘ใฆ - -ใซ{ๅ‘|ใ‚€}ใ‹ใฃใฆ means "to face", "towards". - -> [!info] Example -> {ไปŠ|ใ„ใพ}{ๅๅคๅฑ‹|ใชใ”ใ‚„}==ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™==ใ€‚ -> I'm heading towards Nagoya now. - -## ใ‚’ไธญๅฟƒใซ - -ใ‚’{ไธญๅฟƒ|ใกใ‚…ใ†|ใ—ใ‚“}ใซ means "mainly", "focused on". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> ใƒใ‚ฑใƒขใƒณใฏใƒใ‚ฑใƒขใƒณ==ใ‚’ไธญๅฟƒใซใ™ใ‚‹==ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> Pokรฉmon is a game centered around on Pokรฉmon battles. -> -> ใ“ใฎ{ๆŽˆๆฅญ|ใ˜ใ‚…ใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{ๆผขๅญ—|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ˜}==ใ‚’ไธญๅฟƒใซ=={็ฟ’|ใชใ‚‰}ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ -> This class focuses on learning kanjis. - -## ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ - -### Towards - -The first meaning of ใซ{ๅฏพ|ใŸใ„}ใ—ใฆ is "towards", "regarding". Focuses on action, attitude, feelings, etc. -Used with a noun. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}==ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ=={ๅ„ช|ใ‚„ใ•}ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> He is kind towards children. - -### In contrast to - -
-
-

V + ใฎ

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + (ใช + ใฎ)

-

N + ใช + ใฎ

-
-

+ ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ

-
- -The second meaning is "in contrast to". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅผŸ|ใŠใจใ†ใจ}ใฏ{ๆผขๅญ—|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ˜}ใ‚’{่ชญ|ใ‚ˆ}ใ‚€ใ“ใจ==ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ==ใ€{็ง|ใ‚ใŸใ—}ใŒ{่ชญ|ใ‚ˆ}ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ -> My little brother can read kanji, whereas I can't. +# Towards + +## ๅ‘ใ‘ + +{ๅ‘|ใ‚€}ใ‘ means "intended for", "aimed at". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎๆœฌใฏ{ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}==ๅ‘ใ‘==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> The book is for children. + +## ๅ‘ใ + +{ๅ‘|ใ‚€}ใ means "suitable for". Close to ๅ‘ใ‘, but intended doesn't exactly means suitable. +Also means "facing". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๅปบ็‰ฉ|ใŸใฆใ‚‚ใฎ}ใฏ{ๅ—|ใฟใชใฟ}==ๅ‘ใ==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> This building is facing south. + +## ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใฆใƒปใซๅ‘ใ‘ใฆ + +ใซ{ๅ‘|ใ‚€}ใ‹ใฃใฆ means "to face", "towards". + +> [!info] Example +> {ไปŠ|ใ„ใพ}{ๅๅคๅฑ‹|ใชใ”ใ‚„}==ใซๅ‘ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> I'm heading towards Nagoya now. + +## ใ‚’ไธญๅฟƒใซ + +ใ‚’{ไธญๅฟƒ|ใกใ‚…ใ†|ใ—ใ‚“}ใซ means "mainly", "focused on". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใƒใ‚ฑใƒขใƒณใฏใƒใ‚ฑใƒขใƒณ==ใ‚’ไธญๅฟƒใซใ™ใ‚‹==ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Pokรฉmon is a game centered around on Pokรฉmon battles. +> +> ใ“ใฎ{ๆŽˆๆฅญ|ใ˜ใ‚…ใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใฏ{ๆผขๅญ—|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ˜}==ใ‚’ไธญๅฟƒใซ=={็ฟ’|ใชใ‚‰}ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> This class focuses on learning kanjis. + +## ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ + +### Towards + +The first meaning of ใซ{ๅฏพ|ใŸใ„}ใ—ใฆ is "towards", "regarding". Focuses on action, attitude, feelings, etc. +Used with a noun. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏ{ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}==ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ=={ๅ„ช|ใ‚„ใ•}ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> He is kind towards children. + +### In contrast to + +
+
+

V + ใฎ

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + (ใช + ใฎ)

+

N + ใช + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ

+
+ +The second meaning is "in contrast to". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅผŸ|ใŠใจใ†ใจ}ใฏ{ๆผขๅญ—|ใ‹ใ‚“ใ˜}ใ‚’{่ชญ|ใ‚ˆ}ใ‚€ใ“ใจ==ใซๅฏพใ—ใฆ==ใ€{็ง|ใ‚ใŸใ—}ใŒ{่ชญ|ใ‚ˆ}ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ +> My little brother can read kanji, whereas I can't. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Transformation.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Transformation.md index b31c27e..99d5a44 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Transformation.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Transformation.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ V+ใ“ใจ => ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ“ใจ. The verbs are never conjugated. > {้Ÿณๆฅฝ|ใŠใ‚“|ใŒใ}ใ‚’่žใ==ใ“ใจ==ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ > I like to listen to music (listening to music is something I like). -## ~ใ•: adjective as noun +## ๏ฝžใ•: adjective as noun
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ This allows to transform an adjective into a noun (adjective nominalizer). Used > ใ‚„ใ•ใ—==ใ•==ใ€‚ > Kindness. -## ~ใฟ: adjective as noun +## ๏ฝžใฟ: adjective as noun
diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Without.md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Without.md index 62d6ddd..645487d 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Without.md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/Without.md @@ -1,86 +1,86 @@ -# Without - -## ใชใ„ใง - -Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ใชใ„). -It is a bit more casual than ใšใซ. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—==ใชใ„ใง=={ๅ’ๆฅญ|ใใคใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> I graduated without studying. - -## ใš(ใซ) - -Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ใชใ„) by removing the -ใชใ„ stem and adding ใš(ใซ). -ใ™ใ‚‹ transforms to ใ›ใšใซ. -It is a bit more formal than ใชใ„ใง. Used more often in written form than ใชใ„ใง. - -> [!info] Example -> ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ้ฃŸใน==ใšใซ==ๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€‚ -> Everyday, I go out without eating. - -## ใšใซๆธˆใ‚€ใƒปใชใใฆๆธˆใ‚€ - -
-
-

V-ใชใ„

-
-

+ ใšใซๆธˆใ‚€

-
-
-
-

V-ใชใ„

-
-

+ ใชใใฆๆธˆใ‚€

-
-
-
-

V-ใชใ„

-
-

+ ใงๆธˆใ‚€

-
- -ใšใซ{ๆธˆ|ใ™}ใ‚€ and ใชใใฆ{ๆธˆ|ใ™}ใ‚€ mean "get by without doing". Used with a negative verb. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅคฉๆ‰|ใฆใ‚“ใ•ใ„}ใฎใงใ€ๅฝผใฏ{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}==ใ›ใšใซๆธˆใ‚“ใ =={ๅˆๆ ผ|ใ”ใ†ใ‹ใ}ใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> He passed the exam without having to study, since he's a genius. - -## ใ“ใจใชใ - -Means "without doing". Implies that it is regretful that it happened. -Used with a verb (dictionary form). - -> [!info] Example -> {็ง|ใ‚ใŸใ—}ใŒ{ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใฃใŸใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ในใ‚‹==ใ“ใจใชใ=={ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚ใ ใก}ใฏ{ๅธฐ|ใ‹ใˆ}ใฃใฆใ—ใพใŸใ€‚ -> My friend went home without eating the cake I made. - -## ๆŠœใใงใƒปๆŠœใใซใ—ใฆ - -{ๆŠœ|ใฌ}ใใซใ—ใฆใƒป{ๆŠœ|ใฌ}ใใง means "without". -Used with nouns. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}==ๆŠœใใง==ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใงใใชใ„ใ€‚ -> I can't do anything without her. - -## ใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ‚ใš - -
-
-

V + ใฎ

-
-

+ ใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใš

-
-
-
-

N

-
-

+ ใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใš

-
- -ใ‚‚{ๆง‹|ใ‹ใพ}ใ‚ใš means "without worrying about". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆœชๆฅ|ใฟใ‚‰ใ„}==ใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใš==ใ€{ๅ…จ็„ถ|ใœใ‚“ใœใ‚“}{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸใ€‚ -> Without worrying about the future, I didn't studied at all. +# Without + +## ใชใ„ใง + +Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ใชใ„). +It is a bit more casual than ใšใซ. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—==ใชใ„ใง=={ๅ’ๆฅญ|ใใคใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I graduated without studying. + +## ใš(ใซ) + +Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ใชใ„) by removing the -ใชใ„ stem and adding ใš(ใซ). +ใ™ใ‚‹ transforms to ใ›ใšใซ. +It is a bit more formal than ใชใ„ใง. Used more often in written form than ใชใ„ใง. + +> [!info] Example +> ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ้ฃŸใน==ใšใซ==ๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Everyday, I go out without eating. + +## ใšใซๆธˆใ‚€ใƒปใชใใฆๆธˆใ‚€ + +
+
+

V-ใชใ„

+
+

+ ใšใซๆธˆใ‚€

+
+
+
+

V-ใชใ„

+
+

+ ใชใใฆๆธˆใ‚€

+
+
+
+

V-ใชใ„

+
+

+ ใงๆธˆใ‚€

+
+ +ใšใซ{ๆธˆ|ใ™}ใ‚€ and ใชใใฆ{ๆธˆ|ใ™}ใ‚€ mean "get by without doing". Used with a negative verb. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅคฉๆ‰|ใฆใ‚“ใ•ใ„}ใฎใงใ€ๅฝผใฏ{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}==ใ›ใšใซๆธˆใ‚“ใ =={ๅˆๆ ผ|ใ”ใ†ใ‹ใ}ใงใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> He passed the exam without having to study, since he's a genius. + +## ใ“ใจใชใ + +Means "without doing". Implies that it is regretful that it happened. +Used with a verb (dictionary form). + +> [!info] Example +> {็ง|ใ‚ใŸใ—}ใŒ{ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใฃใŸใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’{้ฃŸ|ใŸ}ในใ‚‹==ใ“ใจใชใ=={ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚ใ ใก}ใฏ{ๅธฐ|ใ‹ใˆ}ใฃใฆใ—ใพใŸใ€‚ +> My friend went home without eating the cake I made. + +## ๆŠœใใงใƒปๆŠœใใซใ—ใฆ + +{ๆŠœ|ใฌ}ใใซใ—ใฆใƒป{ๆŠœ|ใฌ}ใใง means "without". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}==ๆŠœใใง==ไฝ•ใ‚‚ใงใใชใ„ใ€‚ +> I can't do anything without her. + +## ใ‚‚ใ‹ใพใ‚ใš + +
+
+

V + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใš

+
+
+
+

N

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใš

+
+ +ใ‚‚{ๆง‹|ใ‹ใพ}ใ‚ใš means "without worrying about". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆœชๆฅ|ใฟใ‚‰ใ„}==ใ‚‚ๆง‹ใ‚ใš==ใ€{ๅ…จ็„ถ|ใœใ‚“ใœใ‚“}{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> Without worrying about the future, I didn't studied at all. diff --git a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md index 21848d6..904254a 100644 --- a/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md +++ b/๐Ÿ”ฐ Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md @@ -1,124 +1,124 @@ -# Particles (2) - -## ใ‹ใ‚‰ - -### Because - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj

-

ใช-Adj + ใ 

-

N + ใ 

-
-

+ ใ‹ใ‚‰

-
- -The first meaning of ใ‹ใ‚‰ is "because". - -> [!info] Example -> {็–ฒ|ใคใ‹}ใ‚Œใ‚‹==ใ‹ใ‚‰==ไปŠใƒ™ใƒƒใƒˆใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ -> I'm going to bed now because I am tired. - -### From, since - -The second meaning expresses that something comes from someone/something, or the start time/location. Used by only adding ใ‹ใ‚‰. - -> [!info] Example -> ใŠ{็ฅ–ๆฏ|ใฐใ‚}ใ•ใ‚“==ใ‹ใ‚‰==ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใŸใ€‚ -> I got it from my grandmother. -> -> ใ“ใ“ใง{ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}ใฎๆ™‚==ใ‹ใ‚‰=={ๅฎถๆ—|ใ‹ใžใ}ใจ{ไฝ|ใ™}ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ -> I have lived here with my family since I'm a kid. - -## ใพใง - -Means "until" or "to". - -> [!info] Example -> {้ง…|ใˆใ}==ใพใง==ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ -> How far is it to the station? - -## ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ฝžใพใง - -These two particles are frequently used together. It means "from X to Y". - -> [!info] Example -> {ๆœ|ใ‚ใ•}ใซ๏ผ–ๆ™‚==ใ‹ใ‚‰==๏ผ—ๆ™‚==ใพใง=={้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใง{้€š|ใ‹ใ‚ˆ}ใ†ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ -> I commute by train from 6am to 7am. - -## ใฃใ‘ - -
-
-

V

-

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใ‹ใฃใŸ

-

ใช-Adj + ใ ใƒปใ ใฃใŸ

-

N + ใ ใƒปใ ใฃใŸ

-
-

+ ใฃใ‘

-
- -Used when the speaker tries to remember, or confirm an information, that has been forgotten. - -> [!info] Example -> {ไผš่ญฐ|ใ‹ใ„ใŽ}ใฏไปŠๆ—ฅใ ใฃใŸ==ใฃใ‘==ใ€‚ -> Was the meeting today? - -## ใ“ใ - -Means "for sure". Used to emphasize words. -Used with nouns. - -โš  Replaces the ใ‚’ and ใŒ particle. It is, in a certain way, a stronger way than ใŒ to highlight information. - -> [!info] Example -> {ไปŠๅนด|ใ“ใจใ—}==ใ“ใ=={ๆ—ฅๆœฌ|ใซใปใ‚“}ใซ{ไฝ|ใ™}ใ‚€ใ€‚ -> This year, for sure I'll live in Japan. - -## ใ•ใˆ - -
-
-

V (ใฆ)

-

V ใพใ™

-

N + ใง

-

N +

-
-

+ ใ•ใˆ

-
- -Means "even", "not even" (with negative verbs). - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ|ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„}ใง==ใ•ใˆ==ใ€ใ“ใฎ{ๆ›ฒ|ใใ‚‡ใ}ใ‚’{ๅผพ|ใฒ}ใใ“ใจใฏ{้›ฃ|ใ‚€ใšใ‹}ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ -> Even for my teacher, this composition is difficult to play. - -โš  With conditional verbs, it means "only". See [[State#ใ•ใˆ๏ฝžใฐ]]. - -## ใซใฆ - -This particle is a formal version of [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1)#ใง]], and is used the same way. - -> [!info] Example -> {้›ป่ฉฑ|ใงใ‚“ใ‚}==ใซใฆ=={้€ฃ็ตก|ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ‚‰ใ}ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ -> Please contact us by phone. - -## ใ‚ˆใ‚Š - -It is a more formal form of ใ‹ใ‚‰ ([[#From, since]]). - -> [!info] Example -> ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ==ใ‚ˆใ‚Š=={ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ|ใพใ„ใซใก}{้‹ๅ‹•|ใ†ใ‚“ใฉใ†}ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ -> Starting tomorrow, I'm going to exercise every day. - -Do not confuse with [[Comparison#ใ‚ˆใ‚Š]]. - -## Sentence ending - -At the end of a sentence, some particles can be added to put emphasis on a meaning. - -* ==ใชใ‚== express hope, admiration or uncertainty. Can also be used to ask for confirmation ("right?"). -* ==ใญ== seeks confirmation. -* ==ใ‚ˆ== when informing someone about something. -* ==ใ‚== is informal women's speech. +# Particles (2) + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰ + +### Because + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใ‹ใ‚‰

+
+ +The first meaning of ใ‹ใ‚‰ is "because". + +> [!info] Example +> {็–ฒ|ใคใ‹}ใ‚Œใ‚‹==ใ‹ใ‚‰==ไปŠใƒ™ใƒƒใƒˆใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I'm going to bed now because I am tired. + +### From, since + +The second meaning expresses that something comes from someone/something, or the start time/location. Used by only adding ใ‹ใ‚‰. + +> [!info] Example +> ใŠ{็ฅ–ๆฏ|ใฐใ‚}ใ•ใ‚“==ใ‹ใ‚‰==ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> I got it from my grandmother. +> +> ใ“ใ“ใง{ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}ใฎๆ™‚==ใ‹ใ‚‰=={ๅฎถๆ—|ใ‹ใžใ}ใจ{ไฝ|ใ™}ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I have lived here with my family since I'm a kid. + +## ใพใง + +Means "until" or "to". + +> [!info] Example +> {้ง…|ใˆใ}==ใพใง==ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ +> How far is it to the station? + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ฝžใพใง + +These two particles are frequently used together. It means "from X to Y". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆœ|ใ‚ใ•}ใซ๏ผ–ๆ™‚==ใ‹ใ‚‰==๏ผ—ๆ™‚==ใพใง=={้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใง{้€š|ใ‹ใ‚ˆ}ใ†ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I commute by train from 6am to 7am. + +## ใฃใ‘ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใ‹ใฃใŸ

+

ใช-Adj + ใ ใƒปใ ใฃใŸ

+

N + ใ ใƒปใ ใฃใŸ

+
+

+ ใฃใ‘

+
+ +Used when the speaker tries to remember, or confirm an information, that has been forgotten. + +> [!info] Example +> {ไผš่ญฐ|ใ‹ใ„ใŽ}ใฏไปŠๆ—ฅใ ใฃใŸ==ใฃใ‘==ใ€‚ +> Was the meeting today? + +## ใ“ใ + +Means "for sure". Used to emphasize words. +Used with nouns. + +โš  Replaces the ใ‚’ and ใŒ particle. It is, in a certain way, a stronger way than ใŒ to highlight information. + +> [!info] Example +> {ไปŠๅนด|ใ“ใจใ—}==ใ“ใ=={ๆ—ฅๆœฌ|ใซใปใ‚“}ใซ{ไฝ|ใ™}ใ‚€ใ€‚ +> This year, for sure I'll live in Japan. + +## ใ•ใˆ + +
+
+

V (ใฆ)

+

V ใพใ™

+

N + ใง

+

N +

+
+

+ ใ•ใˆ

+
+ +Means "even", "not even" (with negative verbs). + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ…ˆ็”Ÿ|ใ›ใ‚“ใ›ใ„}ใง==ใ•ใˆ==ใ€ใ“ใฎ{ๆ›ฒ|ใใ‚‡ใ}ใ‚’{ๅผพ|ใฒ}ใใ“ใจใฏ{้›ฃ|ใ‚€ใšใ‹}ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Even for my teacher, this composition is difficult to play. + +โš  With conditional verbs, it means "only". See [[State#ใ•ใˆ๏ฝžใฐ]]. + +## ใซใฆ + +This particle is a formal version of [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1)#ใง]], and is used the same way. + +> [!info] Example +> {้›ป่ฉฑ|ใงใ‚“ใ‚}==ใซใฆ=={้€ฃ็ตก|ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ‚‰ใ}ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Please contact us by phone. + +## ใ‚ˆใ‚Š + +It is a more formal form of ใ‹ใ‚‰ ([[#From, since]]). + +> [!info] Example +> ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ==ใ‚ˆใ‚Š=={ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ|ใพใ„ใซใก}{้‹ๅ‹•|ใ†ใ‚“ใฉใ†}ใ™ใ‚‹ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Starting tomorrow, I'm going to exercise every day. + +Do not confuse with [[Comparison#ใ‚ˆใ‚Š]]. + +## Sentence ending + +At the end of a sentence, some particles can be added to put emphasis on a meaning. + +* ==ใชใ‚== express hope, admiration or uncertainty. Can also be used to ask for confirmation ("right?"). +* ==ใญ== seeks confirmation. +* ==ใ‚ˆ== when informing someone about something. +* ==ใ‚== is informal women's speech.