jpg-content/🔰 Grammar/Combination actions.md

# Combination actions

Those rules combine a verb and an adjective to make a new meaning.

<div class="usage">
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	<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ます</strike></span></p>
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	<p class="r">+ Adj</p>
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## Difficulty

### ~やすい: easy

Means: 
* easy to do
* likely to happen
* has a tendency of

> [!info] Example
> 見==やすい==。
> Easy to see.
> 
> {泣|な}き==やすい==。
> Prone to crying.

### ~にくい・~づらい: difficult

Means that something is difficult to do.
While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective manner, for actions that are intentional.

> [!info] Example
> 見==にくい==。
> Difficult to see.

### ～がたい: very difficult

~がたい means that something is very difficult to do.
It is more extreme than ~にくい.

> [!info] Example
> それは{信|しん}じ==がたい==な。
> That's hard to believe...

## ~始める

～{始|はじ}める means that something starts or has started. Expresses intentionality.

> [!info] Example
> {飲|の}み==始める==。
> To start to drink.

## ~出す

～{出|だ}す means that something suddenly started. Has the nuance of being unintentional, or cannot be avoided.

> [!info] Example
> 雨が降り==出した==。
> It suddenly started raining.

## ~続く

～{続|つづ}く means that something continues.

> [!info] Example
> {飲|の}み==続ける==。
> To continue to drink.

## ~終わる

～{終|お}わる means that something ends.

> [!info] Example
> {飲|の}み==終わります==。
> To stop to drink.

## ～上げる

This can be used both as:
* {上|あ}げる means "finish doing" (transitive)
* {上|あ}がる means "was finished" (intransitive)

> [!info] Example
> {全部|ぜんぶ}の{夏休|なつ|や}みの{宿題|しゅくだい}を出来==上げった==。
> I have finished all my summer homework.

## ～合う

～{合|あ}う means that the action is done with someone else.

> [!info] Example
> {妹|いもうと}と{家|いえ}へ{帰|かえ}り==会った==。
> I went home with my sister.

## ～切る・～切れる・～切れない

~{切|き}る means "to do completely" and ~切れる means "able to do completely".
The negative form ~切れない means "unable to do", "too much to complete".
It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.

> [!info] Example
> 父はすべての{部屋|へや}を{掃除|そうじ}し==切った==。
> My father finished cleaning all the rooms.
> 
> 彼は{納豆|なっとう}を食べ==切れなかった==。
> He could not finish all his natto.

## ～通す

~{通|とお}す means "to do something until the end", "continually" or "through". It focuses on the process of the action, rather than its ending.

> [!info] Example
> マラソンの{全部|ぜんぶ}を{走|はし}り==通した==。
> He ran through the whole marathon.

## ～直す

~{直|なお}す means to do something again.

> [!info] Example
> {今年|ことし}をやり==直す==てほしい。
> I want this year to start over.

## ～っぱなし

~っぱなし means leaving something as it is.

> [!info] Example
> この１３時間{飛行|ひこう}で{座|すわ}り==っぱなし==でした。
> I sat the entire time on this 13 hours flight.

## ～込む

~{込|こ}む has multiple meanings depending on the verb. Sometimes it is idiomatic and so it cannot exactly be guessed. However, there are some broad categories.

⚠ Depending on the context, verbs can fall into multiple categories!

### Going into

* If the verb describes a movement, adding 込む add the meaning of "into" (jumping => jumping into).
* If the verb already has a notion of "into", it put emphasis into it. It could have a meaning like "completely into".

> [!info] Example
> {海|うみ}に{飛|とび}び==込んだ==。
> He jumped into the ocean.

### Emphasis

When the verb does not include physical movement, 込む can be used to put emphasis on certain verbs (deeply, a lot, etc).

> [!info] Example
> {猫|ねこ}が{眠|ねむ}り==込んでいます==。
> The cat is fast asleep.

### Repetition

The last common meaning is for an action that is repeated until a point is reached. It can also be an action that is done for a long time.

> [!info] Example
> {毎朝|まいあさ}5キロ{走|かし}り==込む==。
> Every morning I go for a 5km run (emphasis on the fact that it is a long run).