# Particles (2)

## から

### Because

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ から</p>
</div>

The first meaning of から is "because".

> [!info] Example
> {疲|つか}れる==から==今ベットに行きます。
> I'm going to bed now because I am tired.

### From, since

The second meaning expresses that something comes from someone/something, or the start time/location. Used by only adding から.

> [!info] Example
> お{祖母|ばあ}さん==から==もらった。
> I got it from my grandmother.
> 
> ここで{子供|こども}の時==から=={家族|かぞく}と{住|す}んでいます。
> I have lived here with my family since I'm a kid.

## まで

Means "until" or "to".

> [!info] Example
> {駅|えき}==まで==どのくらいですか。
> How far is it to the station?

## から～まで

These two particles are frequently used together. It means "from X to Y".

> [!info] Example
> {朝|あさ}に６時==から==７時==まで==電車で{通|かよ}うっています。
> I commute by train from 6am to 7am.

## っけ

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> かった</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ・だった</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">N + だ・だった</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ っけ</p>
</div>

Used when the speaker tries to remember, or confirm an information, that has been forgotten.

> [!info] Example
> {会議|かいぎ}は今日だった==っけ==。
> Was the meeting today?

## こそ

Means "for sure". Used to emphasize words.
Used with nouns.

⚠ Replaces the を and が particle. It is, in a certain way, a stronger way than が to highlight information.

> [!info] Example
> {今年|ことし}==こそ=={日本|にほん}を{住|す}む。
> This year, for sure I'll live in Japan.

## さえ

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></p>
	<p><span class="box">N + で</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">N + </span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ さえ</p>
</div>

Means "even", "not even" (with negative verbs).

> [!info] Example
> {先生|せんせい}で==さえ==、この{曲|きょく}を{弾|ひ}くことは{難|むずか}しいです。
> Even for my teacher, this composition is difficult to play.

⚠ With conditional verbs, it means "only". See [[State#さえ～ば]].

## Sentence ending

At the end of a sentence, some particles can be added to put emphasis on a meaning.

* ==なあ== express hope, admiration or uncertainty. Can also be used to ask for confirmation ("right?").
* ==ね== seeks confirmation.
* ==よ== when informing someone about something.
* ==わ== is informal women's speech.