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Merge commit '36437cf4e65bf495444f0dfd10625859ca9a9b47' into jpg
This commit is contained in:
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content/.gitignore
vendored
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content/.gitignore
vendored
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
|
||||
.obsidian/workspace.json
|
||||
0- Do-Not-Commit
|
||||
.DS_Store
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
# Misc.
|
||||
|
||||
## ~まい
|
||||
## ～まい
|
||||
|
||||
~まい is the opposition of the volitional form (よう). It means "will not".
|
||||
～まい is the opposition of the volitional form (よう). It means "will not".
|
||||
|
||||
Careful of two exceptions:
|
||||
* する => すまい
|
||||
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Careful of two exceptions:
|
||||
> この{川|かわ}は{危|あぶ}ないようだ。ここで{泳|およぐ}ぐ==まい==。
|
||||
> This river seems dangerous. I won't swim here.
|
||||
|
||||
## ~得る・~得ない
|
||||
## ～得る・～得ない
|
||||
|
||||
{得|え}る means "able to", "possible". Can be conjugated: えない, えた, えなかった.
|
||||
Made by:
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ It is used as a condition: "if", "when", "whenever". Generally expresses a negat
|
||||
> {授業|じゅぎょう}に{来|こ}なく==ては=={卒業|そつぎょう}できない。
|
||||
> If you don't come to class, you will not be able to graduate.
|
||||
|
||||
## ては~ては
|
||||
## ては～ては
|
||||
|
||||
Same structure as [[TeF (5) - Misc#ては・では]], this time only used with verbs. Means the repetition of an action or a phenomenon.
|
||||
The verbs can be in the same order or not in the two part.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Welcome to my Japanese Grammar project!
|
||||
|
||||
## Goal
|
||||
|
||||
The goal of this website is to be a synthesis of useful resources for my Japanese learning adventure. I want to have grammar points next to each other, independently of any "difficulty level", set up in a logical and consistent form. I don't want to have to open 5 pages to compare information, and I don't want a deep dive into a notion. The goal is to be a reminder of the things I learn, rather than a way to learn. I want a few examples to grasp it, but I do not want to have ten of the same kind. And nothing quite fits for me!
|
||||
The goal of this website is to be a synthesis of useful resources for my Japanese learning adventure. I want to have grammar points next to each other, independently of any "difficulty level", set up in a logical and consistent form. I don't want to have to open five pages to compare information, and I don't want a deep dive into a notion. The goal is to be a reminder of the things I learn, rather than a way to learn. I want a few examples to grasp it, but I do not want to have ten of the same kind. And nothing quite fits for me!
|
||||
|
||||
## Sources
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
{決|けっ}して~ない means "never". Used with negative verbs.
|
||||
{決|けっ}して～ない means "never". Used with negative verbs.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> 私は==決して=={夢|ゆめ}を{覚|おぼ}えません。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Means "slightly", "only", "a little". Used at the beginning of a phrase to indic
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means "no matter how much". Also used as いくら~ても.
|
||||
Means "no matter how much". Also used as いくら～ても.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> ==どんなに=={練習|れんしゅう}し==ても==、マラソンを{走|はし}れない。
|
||||
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ Means "as much as possible". なるべく is a bit softer than できるだけ.
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means "so much... that".
|
||||
Nominalized adjectives can be used as nouns. See [[Transformation#~さ adjective as noun]] and [[Transformation#~み adjective as noun]].
|
||||
Nominalized adjectives can be used as nouns. See [[Transformation#～さ adjective as noun]] and [[Transformation#～み adjective as noun]].
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> おいしさの==あまり==、このレストラン{毎日|まいにち}行きたい。
|
||||
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ Means "so much... that". A version of あまり that can also be used with adjec
|
||||
|
||||
## Not at all
|
||||
|
||||
### ちっとも~ない
|
||||
### ちっとも～ない
|
||||
|
||||
Means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. It is casual.
|
||||
Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
|
||||
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
|
||||
> ==ちっとも=={学校|がっこう}を{休|やす}まない。
|
||||
> I never miss school.
|
||||
|
||||
### 少しも~ない
|
||||
### 少しも～ない
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<p class="iright">少しも + </p>
|
||||
@@ -242,22 +242,22 @@ Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
{少|すこ}しも~ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. Mostly used in writing.
|
||||
{少|すこ}しも～ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. Mostly used in writing.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> そのアパートは==少しも==大きくなかった。
|
||||
> That appartment was really not big.
|
||||
|
||||
### 全く~ない
|
||||
### 全く～ない
|
||||
|
||||
{全|まった}く~ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening.
|
||||
{全|まった}く～ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening.
|
||||
Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> ==全く=={信|しん}じられない。
|
||||
> That is absolutely unbelievable.
|
||||
|
||||
### として~ない
|
||||
### として～ない
|
||||
|
||||
Means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening.
|
||||
Insists more on the duration: "not even".
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ It can also mean that the will to do is not present, especially with する.
|
||||
|
||||
### ようがない・ようもない
|
||||
|
||||
~{様|よう}がない means that there is no way, "impossible".
|
||||
Works by removing ~ます from a verb and adding ようがない・ようもない.
|
||||
～{様|よう}がない means that there is no way, "impossible".
|
||||
Works by removing ～ます from a verb and adding ようがない・ようもない.
|
||||
The nuance it that it is impossible in general. With する, it can mean the same as わけがない, i.e. "I don't know how to".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Those rules combine a verb and an adjective to make a new meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
## Difficulty
|
||||
|
||||
### ~やすい: easy
|
||||
### ～やすい: easy
|
||||
|
||||
Means:
|
||||
* easy to do
|
||||
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Means:
|
||||
> {泣|な}き==やすい==。
|
||||
> Prone to crying.
|
||||
|
||||
### ~にくい・~づらい: difficult
|
||||
### ～にくい・～づらい: difficult
|
||||
|
||||
Means that something is difficult to do.
|
||||
While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective manner, for actions that are intentional.
|
||||
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective mann
|
||||
|
||||
### ～がたい: very difficult
|
||||
|
||||
~がたい means that something is very difficult to do.
|
||||
It is more extreme than ~にくい.
|
||||
～がたい means that something is very difficult to do.
|
||||
It is more extreme than ～にくい.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> それは{信|しん}じ==がたい==な。
|
||||
> That's hard to believe...
|
||||
|
||||
## ~始める
|
||||
## ～始める
|
||||
|
||||
～{始|はじ}める means that something starts or has started. Expresses intentionality.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ It is more extreme than ~にくい.
|
||||
> {飲|の}み==始める==。
|
||||
> To start to drink.
|
||||
|
||||
## ~出す
|
||||
## ～出す
|
||||
|
||||
～{出|だ}す means that something suddenly started. Has the nuance of being unintentional, or cannot be avoided.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ It is more extreme than ~にくい.
|
||||
> 雨が降り==出した==。
|
||||
> It suddenly started raining.
|
||||
|
||||
## ~続く
|
||||
## ～続く
|
||||
|
||||
～{続|つづ}く means that something continues.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ It is more extreme than ~にくい.
|
||||
> {飲|の}み==続ける==。
|
||||
> To continue to drink.
|
||||
|
||||
## ~終わる
|
||||
## ～終わる
|
||||
|
||||
～{終|お}わる means that something ends.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ This can be used both as:
|
||||
|
||||
## ～切る・～切れる・～切れない
|
||||
|
||||
~{切|き}る means "to do completely" and ~切れる means "able to do completely".
|
||||
The negative form ~切れない means "unable to do", "too much to complete".
|
||||
～{切|き}る means "to do completely" and ～切れる means "able to do completely".
|
||||
The negative form ～切れない means "unable to do", "too much to complete".
|
||||
It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
|
||||
|
||||
## ～通す
|
||||
|
||||
~{通|とお}す means "to do something until the end", "continually" or "through". It focuses on the process of the action, rather than its ending.
|
||||
～{通|とお}す means "to do something until the end", "continually" or "through". It focuses on the process of the action, rather than its ending.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> マラソンの{全部|ぜんぶ}を{走|はし}り==通した==。
|
||||
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
|
||||
|
||||
## ～直す
|
||||
|
||||
~{直|なお}す means to do something again.
|
||||
～{直|なお}す means to do something again.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {今年|ことし}をやり==直す==てほしい。
|
||||
@@ -124,55 +124,55 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
|
||||
|
||||
## ～っぱなし
|
||||
|
||||
~っぱなし means leaving something as it is.
|
||||
～っぱなし means leaving something as it is.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> この１３時間{飛行|ひこう}で{座|すわ}り==っぱなし==でした。
|
||||
> I sat the entire time on this 13 hours flight.
|
||||
|
||||
## ~かねる
|
||||
## ～かねる
|
||||
|
||||
~かねる means "unable to do", due to an external circumstance. It is polite.
|
||||
～かねる means "unable to do", due to an external circumstance. It is polite.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> ごめんなさい、それをでき==かねます==。
|
||||
> I'm sorry, I cannot do that.
|
||||
|
||||
## ~っこない
|
||||
## ～っこない
|
||||
|
||||
~っこない means that something is not possible.
|
||||
～っこない means that something is not possible.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {全然|ぜんぜん}{勉強|べんきょう}しなかった。。。{合格|ごうかく}し==っこない==よ。
|
||||
> I did not study at all... There's no way I'll pass.
|
||||
|
||||
## ~抜く
|
||||
## ～抜く
|
||||
|
||||
~{抜|ぬ}く means to do something to the end, or completely. The nuance is that someone tried hard and has made an effort to achieve this result.
|
||||
～{抜|ぬ}く means to do something to the end, or completely. The nuance is that someone tried hard and has made an effort to achieve this result.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> それは{毎日|まいにち}やり==抜く=={無理|むり}ですよ。
|
||||
> You cannot do this every day.
|
||||
|
||||
## ~給え
|
||||
## ～給え
|
||||
|
||||
~{給|たま}え is used for a light order. It is used by someone of higher rank to someone of lower rank.
|
||||
～{給|たま}え is used for a light order. It is used by someone of higher rank to someone of lower rank.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> ここに{座|すわ}り==給え==。
|
||||
> Seat here.
|
||||
|
||||
## ~つつ(も)
|
||||
## ～つつ(も)
|
||||
|
||||
~つつ means that something happens at the same time as another action. Adding も adds the meaning of "even": "even while doing".
|
||||
～つつ means that something happens at the same time as another action. Adding も adds the meaning of "even": "even while doing".
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 食べ==つつ==、飲みましょう。
|
||||
> While eating, let's drink.
|
||||
|
||||
## ~つつある
|
||||
## ～つつある
|
||||
|
||||
~つつある means that something is in an ongoing process or action, in a similar manner as てくる.
|
||||
～つつある means that something is in an ongoing process or action, in a similar manner as てくる.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}り==つつある==。
|
||||
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
|
||||
|
||||
## ～込む
|
||||
|
||||
~{込|こ}む has multiple meanings depending on the verb. Sometimes it is idiomatic and so it cannot exactly be guessed. However, there are some broad categories.
|
||||
～{込|こ}む has multiple meanings depending on the verb. Sometimes it is idiomatic and so it cannot exactly be guessed. However, there are some broad categories.
|
||||
|
||||
⚠ Depending on the context, verbs can fall into multiple categories!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
|
||||
## のに
|
||||
|
||||
Means "to do", "in order to".
|
||||
See [[Connectors#のに#In order to]].
|
||||
See [[Connectors#In order to]].
|
||||
|
||||
## ために
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Used with verbs and nouns.
|
||||
|
||||
## としても
|
||||
|
||||
Means "assuming", "even if". It has the same meaning as [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも]], but bolder.
|
||||
Means "assuming", "even if". It has the same meaning as [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも|Even if: ても・でも]], but bolder.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> 私==としても==出来ます。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Means "made from".
|
||||
|
||||
## のが「好き・上手・下手」
|
||||
|
||||
のが({好|すき}き・{上手|じょうず}・{下手|へた}) means "to (like/be good/be bad)" at an action.
|
||||
のが「{好|すき}き・{上手|じょうず}・{下手|へた}」 means "to like/be good/be bad" at an action.
|
||||
Used with a verb in dictionary form.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ Means that something is "full of" or "covered with" something undesirable.
|
||||
<p class="right">+ で有名</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
は~で{有名|ゆうめい} means "famous for". Used to describe why people, places or things are famous.
|
||||
は～で{有名|ゆうめい} means "famous for". Used to describe why people, places or things are famous.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> パリ==は==エッフェル{塔|とう}==で有名==です。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence.
|
||||
> 言ってない==し==！
|
||||
> I never said that!
|
||||
|
||||
### やら~やら
|
||||
### やら～やら
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
## つい
|
||||
|
||||
Means "accidentally", "unintentionally". Can be combined with [[TeF (2) - manner of doing## てしまう・ちゃう・じゃう|てしまう]].
|
||||
Means "accidentally", "unintentionally". Can be combined with [[TeF (2) - manner of doing#てしまう・ちゃう・じゃう|てしまう]].
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {歩|ある}きながら{携帯|けいたい}を見ていました、==つい=={誰|だれ}かとぶつきました。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Used with a verb in the dictionary form.
|
||||
|
||||
### べきだ
|
||||
|
||||
Means "should do", "must do". Compared to the [[Obligation - なければ・ないと]] forms and 必ず, it has a nuance of being less universally logical. It is defined by the speaker's own logic.
|
||||
Means "should do", "must do". Compared to the [[Obligation - must (not)]] forms and 必ず, it has a nuance of being less universally logical. It is defined by the speaker's own logic.
|
||||
Used with verbs.
|
||||
する can be used as するべき or すべき.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This is the basic way to say "but".
|
||||
> コンビニに行きました。==でも==、何も買わなかった。
|
||||
> I went to the convenience store. But I didn't buy anything.
|
||||
|
||||
⚠ Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも]].
|
||||
⚠ Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも|Even if: ても・でも]].
|
||||
|
||||
## しかし
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ See [[Considering - for - as#にしても]].
|
||||
<p class="right">+ って</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means "even if", "even though". It has the same meaning as [[#て-form even if]].
|
||||
Means "even if", "even though". It has the same meaning as [[#て-form even if|て-form: even if]].
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {今|いま}で行==ったって==、{間|ま}に{合|あ}わない。
|
||||
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Means "but still", "even so", "anyway".
|
||||
## のに
|
||||
|
||||
Means "although", "even tough". Cannot be an hypothesis, must be a confirmed fact. This, it works with past tense.
|
||||
See [[Connectors#のに#Even tough]].
|
||||
See [[Connectors#Even tough]].
|
||||
|
||||
## くせに・くせして
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Used with nouns.
|
||||
> ジュース==か何か=={飲|の}もうか。
|
||||
> Shall we drink something like a juice?
|
||||
|
||||
## ようか~まいか
|
||||
## ようか～まいか
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="">
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ Means "unless you do something".
|
||||
> {運転|うんてん}{免許|めんきょ}を{持|も}った==ないことには=={運転|うんてん}できない。
|
||||
> You can't drive unless you have a driving licence.
|
||||
|
||||
## にしろ~にしろ
|
||||
## にしろ～にしろ
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="">
|
||||
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ Means "unless you do something".
|
||||
<p class="r">+ にしろ</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Means "whether... or". Can be used as にせろ~にせろ or にしても~にしても, which is more formal.
|
||||
Means "whether... or". Can be used as にせろ～にせろ or にしても～にしても, which is more formal.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Example
|
||||
> {動物|どうぶつ}==にしろ=={植物|しょくぶつ}==にしろ==、その{物質|ぶっしつ}は{危険|きけん}です。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ It is more objective than から: it expresses a situation that exists, and that
|
||||
|
||||
## から
|
||||
|
||||
See [[🔰 Particles (2)#Because]].
|
||||
See [[🔰 Particles (2)#から#Because]].
|
||||
It is more subjective than ので: it expresses more personal needs/actions/opinions.
|
||||
|
||||
## ことから
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Used with a verb in the past (た) form.
|
||||
> スーパーに{行|い}った==かと思ったら==、{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}り{出|だ}した。
|
||||
> Just as I went to the supermarket, it started snowing.
|
||||
|
||||
## か~ないかのうちに
|
||||
## か～ないかのうちに
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="">
|
||||
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Used with a verb in the past (た) form.
|
||||
<p class="r">+ か + のちに</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
か~ないかのうちに means "right after", "as soon as". It is formal.
|
||||
か～ないかのうちに means "right after", "as soon as". It is formal.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!info] Examples
|
||||
> {彼|かれ}は{電車|でんしゃ}が{駅|えき}に{着|つ}く==か=={着|つ}かない==かのうちに=={走|はし}り{始|はじ}めた。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -130,13 +130,13 @@ This indicates a time limit for the action, similar to "by".
|
||||
<div class="">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="r">+ ぶりに~する</p>
|
||||
<p class="r">+ ぶりに～する</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p class="r">+ ぶり + の</p>
|
||||
<p class="r">+ ぶり + の + </p>
|
||||
<div class="">
|
||||
<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ V+こと => 食べること. The verbs are never conjugated.
|
||||
> {音楽|おん|がく}を聞く==こと==が好きです。
|
||||
> I like to listen to music (listening to music is something I like).
|
||||
|
||||
## ~さ: adjective as noun
|
||||
## ～さ: adjective as noun
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ This allows to transform an adjective into a noun (adjective nominalizer). Used
|
||||
> やさし==さ==。
|
||||
> Kindness.
|
||||
|
||||
## ~み: adjective as noun
|
||||
## ～み: adjective as noun
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="usage">
|
||||
<div class="left">
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user