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	Squashed 'content/' changes from 8cd58e1..458749f
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							@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 | 
				
			|||||||
.obsidian/workspace.json
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					.obsidian/workspace.json
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			||||||
0- Do-Not-Commit
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					0- Do-Not-Commit
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			||||||
 | 
					.DS_Store
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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			|||||||
# Misc.
 | 
					# Misc.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
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			||||||
## ~まい
 | 
					## ~まい
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~まい is the opposition of the volitional form (よう). It means "will not".
 | 
					~まい is the opposition of the volitional form (よう). It means "will not".
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			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Careful of two exceptions:
 | 
					Careful of two exceptions:
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			||||||
* する => すまい
 | 
					* する => すまい
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			||||||
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Careful of two exceptions:
 | 
				
			|||||||
> この{川|かわ}は{危|あぶ}ないようだ。ここで{泳|およぐ}ぐ==まい==。
 | 
					> この{川|かわ}は{危|あぶ}ないようだ。ここで{泳|およぐ}ぐ==まい==。
 | 
				
			||||||
> This river seems dangerous. I won't swim here.
 | 
					> This river seems dangerous. I won't swim here.
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			||||||
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 | 
				
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## ~得る・~得ない
 | 
					## ~得る・~得ない
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			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
{得|え}る means "able to", "possible". Can be conjugated: えない, えた, えなかった.
 | 
					{得|え}る means "able to", "possible". Can be conjugated: えない, えた, えなかった.
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			||||||
Made by:
 | 
					Made by:
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ It is used as a condition: "if", "when", "whenever". Generally expresses a negat
 | 
				
			|||||||
> {授業|じゅぎょう}に{来|こ}なく==ては=={卒業|そつぎょう}できない。
 | 
					> {授業|じゅぎょう}に{来|こ}なく==ては=={卒業|そつぎょう}できない。
 | 
				
			||||||
> If you don't come to class, you will not be able to graduate.
 | 
					> If you don't come to class, you will not be able to graduate.
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			||||||
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 | 
				
			||||||
## ては~ては
 | 
					## ては~ては
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
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			||||||
Same structure as [[TeF (5) - Misc#ては・では]], this time only used with verbs. Means the repetition of an action or a phenomenon.
 | 
					Same structure as [[TeF (5) - Misc#ては・では]], this time only used with verbs. Means the repetition of an action or a phenomenon.
 | 
				
			||||||
The verbs can be in the same order or not in the two part.
 | 
					The verbs can be in the same order or not in the two part.
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
							
								
								
									
										2
									
								
								index.md
									
									
									
									
									
								
							
							
						
						
									
										2
									
								
								index.md
									
									
									
									
									
								
							@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Welcome to my Japanese Grammar project!
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## Goal
 | 
					## Goal
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
The goal of this website is to be a synthesis of useful resources for my Japanese learning adventure. I want to have grammar points next to each other, independently of any "difficulty level", set up in a logical and consistent form. I don't want to have to open 5 pages to compare information, and I don't want a deep dive into a notion. The goal is to be a reminder of the things I learn, rather than a way to learn. I want a few examples to grasp it, but I do not want to have ten of the same kind. And nothing quite fits for me!
 | 
					The goal of this website is to be a synthesis of useful resources for my Japanese learning adventure. I want to have grammar points next to each other, independently of any "difficulty level", set up in a logical and consistent form. I don't want to have to open five pages to compare information, and I don't want a deep dive into a notion. The goal is to be a reminder of the things I learn, rather than a way to learn. I want a few examples to grasp it, but I do not want to have ten of the same kind. And nothing quite fits for me!
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## Sources
 | 
					## Sources
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 | 
				
			|||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
{決|けっ}して~ない means "never". Used with negative verbs.
 | 
					{決|けっ}して~ない means "never". Used with negative verbs.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Examples
 | 
					> [!info] Examples
 | 
				
			||||||
> 私は==決して=={夢|ゆめ}を{覚|おぼ}えません。
 | 
					> 私は==決して=={夢|ゆめ}を{覚|おぼ}えません。
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Means "slightly", "only", "a little". Used at the beginning of a phrase to indic
 | 
				
			|||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Means "no matter how much". Also used as いくら~ても.
 | 
					Means "no matter how much". Also used as いくら~ても.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> ==どんなに=={練習|れんしゅう}し==ても==、マラソンを{走|はし}れない。
 | 
					> ==どんなに=={練習|れんしゅう}し==ても==、マラソンを{走|はし}れない。
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ Means "as much as possible". なるべく is a bit softer than できるだけ.
 | 
				
			|||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Means "so much... that".
 | 
					Means "so much... that".
 | 
				
			||||||
Nominalized adjectives can be used as nouns. See [[Transformation#~さ adjective as noun]] and [[Transformation#~み adjective as noun]].
 | 
					Nominalized adjectives can be used as nouns. See [[Transformation#~さ adjective as noun]] and [[Transformation#~み adjective as noun]].
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> おいしさの==あまり==、このレストラン{毎日|まいにち}行きたい。
 | 
					> おいしさの==あまり==、このレストラン{毎日|まいにち}行きたい。
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ Means "so much... that". A version of あまり that can also be used with adjec
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## Not at all
 | 
					## Not at all
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
### ちっとも~ない
 | 
					### ちっとも~ない
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. It is casual.
 | 
					Means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. It is casual.
 | 
				
			||||||
Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
 | 
					Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
 | 
				
			|||||||
> ==ちっとも=={学校|がっこう}を{休|やす}まない。
 | 
					> ==ちっとも=={学校|がっこう}を{休|やす}まない。
 | 
				
			||||||
> I never miss school.
 | 
					> I never miss school.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
### 少しも~ない
 | 
					### 少しも~ない
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="usage">
 | 
					<div class="usage">
 | 
				
			||||||
	<p class="iright">少しも + </p>
 | 
						<p class="iright">少しも + </p>
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -242,22 +242,22 @@ Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
 | 
				
			|||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
{少|すこ}しも~ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. Mostly used in writing.
 | 
					{少|すこ}しも~ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. Mostly used in writing.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> そのアパートは==少しも==大きくなかった。
 | 
					> そのアパートは==少しも==大きくなかった。
 | 
				
			||||||
> That appartment was really not big.
 | 
					> That appartment was really not big.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
### 全く~ない
 | 
					### 全く~ない
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
{全|まった}く~ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening.
 | 
					{全|まった}く~ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening.
 | 
				
			||||||
Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
 | 
					Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> ==全く=={信|しん}じられない。
 | 
					> ==全く=={信|しん}じられない。
 | 
				
			||||||
> That is absolutely unbelievable.
 | 
					> That is absolutely unbelievable.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
### として~ない
 | 
					### として~ない
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening.
 | 
					Means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening.
 | 
				
			||||||
Insists more on the duration: "not even".
 | 
					Insists more on the duration: "not even".
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ It can also mean that the will to do is not present, especially with する.
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
### ようがない・ようもない
 | 
					### ようがない・ようもない
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~{様|よう}がない means that there is no way, "impossible".
 | 
					~{様|よう}がない means that there is no way, "impossible".
 | 
				
			||||||
Works by removing ~ます from a verb and adding ようがない・ようもない.
 | 
					Works by removing ~ます from a verb and adding ようがない・ようもない.
 | 
				
			||||||
The nuance it that it is impossible in general. With する, it can mean the same as わけがない, i.e. "I don't know how to".
 | 
					The nuance it that it is impossible in general. With する, it can mean the same as わけがない, i.e. "I don't know how to".
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example 
 | 
					> [!info] Example 
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Those rules combine a verb and an adjective to make a new meaning.
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## Difficulty
 | 
					## Difficulty
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
### ~やすい: easy
 | 
					### ~やすい: easy
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Means: 
 | 
					Means: 
 | 
				
			||||||
* easy to do
 | 
					* easy to do
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Means:
 | 
				
			|||||||
> {泣|な}き==やすい==。
 | 
					> {泣|な}き==やすい==。
 | 
				
			||||||
> Prone to crying.
 | 
					> Prone to crying.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
### ~にくい・~づらい: difficult
 | 
					### ~にくい・~づらい: difficult
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Means that something is difficult to do.
 | 
					Means that something is difficult to do.
 | 
				
			||||||
While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective manner, for actions that are intentional.
 | 
					While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective manner, for actions that are intentional.
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@ While にくい is the broader form, づらい is used in a more subjective mann
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
### ~がたい: very difficult
 | 
					### ~がたい: very difficult
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~がたい means that something is very difficult to do.
 | 
					~がたい means that something is very difficult to do.
 | 
				
			||||||
It is more extreme than ~にくい.
 | 
					It is more extreme than ~にくい.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> それは{信|しん}じ==がたい==な。
 | 
					> それは{信|しん}じ==がたい==な。
 | 
				
			||||||
> That's hard to believe...
 | 
					> That's hard to believe...
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~始める
 | 
					## ~始める
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~{始|はじ}める means that something starts or has started. Expresses intentionality.
 | 
					~{始|はじ}める means that something starts or has started. Expresses intentionality.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ It is more extreme than ~にくい.
 | 
				
			|||||||
> {飲|の}み==始める==。
 | 
					> {飲|の}み==始める==。
 | 
				
			||||||
> To start to drink.
 | 
					> To start to drink.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~出す
 | 
					## ~出す
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~{出|だ}す means that something suddenly started. Has the nuance of being unintentional, or cannot be avoided.
 | 
					~{出|だ}す means that something suddenly started. Has the nuance of being unintentional, or cannot be avoided.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ It is more extreme than ~にくい.
 | 
				
			|||||||
> 雨が降り==出した==。
 | 
					> 雨が降り==出した==。
 | 
				
			||||||
> It suddenly started raining.
 | 
					> It suddenly started raining.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~続く
 | 
					## ~続く
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~{続|つづ}く means that something continues.
 | 
					~{続|つづ}く means that something continues.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ It is more extreme than ~にくい.
 | 
				
			|||||||
> {飲|の}み==続ける==。
 | 
					> {飲|の}み==続ける==。
 | 
				
			||||||
> To continue to drink.
 | 
					> To continue to drink.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~終わる
 | 
					## ~終わる
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~{終|お}わる means that something ends.
 | 
					~{終|お}わる means that something ends.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ This can be used both as:
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~切る・~切れる・~切れない
 | 
					## ~切る・~切れる・~切れない
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~{切|き}る means "to do completely" and ~切れる means "able to do completely".
 | 
					~{切|き}る means "to do completely" and ~切れる means "able to do completely".
 | 
				
			||||||
The negative form ~切れない means "unable to do", "too much to complete".
 | 
					The negative form ~切れない means "unable to do", "too much to complete".
 | 
				
			||||||
It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
 | 
					It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~通す
 | 
					## ~通す
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~{通|とお}す means "to do something until the end", "continually" or "through". It focuses on the process of the action, rather than its ending.
 | 
					~{通|とお}す means "to do something until the end", "continually" or "through". It focuses on the process of the action, rather than its ending.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> マラソンの{全部|ぜんぶ}を{走|はし}り==通した==。
 | 
					> マラソンの{全部|ぜんぶ}を{走|はし}り==通した==。
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~直す
 | 
					## ~直す
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~{直|なお}す means to do something again.
 | 
					~{直|なお}す means to do something again.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> {今年|ことし}をやり==直す==てほしい。
 | 
					> {今年|ことし}をやり==直す==てほしい。
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -124,55 +124,55 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~っぱなし
 | 
					## ~っぱなし
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~っぱなし means leaving something as it is.
 | 
					~っぱなし means leaving something as it is.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> この13時間{飛行|ひこう}で{座|すわ}り==っぱなし==でした。
 | 
					> この13時間{飛行|ひこう}で{座|すわ}り==っぱなし==でした。
 | 
				
			||||||
> I sat the entire time on this 13 hours flight.
 | 
					> I sat the entire time on this 13 hours flight.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~かねる
 | 
					## ~かねる
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~かねる means "unable to do", due to an external circumstance. It is polite.
 | 
					~かねる means "unable to do", due to an external circumstance. It is polite.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> ごめんなさい、それをでき==かねます==。
 | 
					> ごめんなさい、それをでき==かねます==。
 | 
				
			||||||
> I'm sorry, I cannot do that.
 | 
					> I'm sorry, I cannot do that.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~っこない
 | 
					## ~っこない
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~っこない means that something is not possible.
 | 
					~っこない means that something is not possible.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> {全然|ぜんぜん}{勉強|べんきょう}しなかった。。。{合格|ごうかく}し==っこない==よ。
 | 
					> {全然|ぜんぜん}{勉強|べんきょう}しなかった。。。{合格|ごうかく}し==っこない==よ。
 | 
				
			||||||
> I did not study at all... There's no way I'll pass.
 | 
					> I did not study at all... There's no way I'll pass.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~抜く
 | 
					## ~抜く
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~{抜|ぬ}く means to do something to the end, or completely. The nuance is that someone tried hard and has made an effort to achieve this result.
 | 
					~{抜|ぬ}く means to do something to the end, or completely. The nuance is that someone tried hard and has made an effort to achieve this result.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> それは{毎日|まいにち}やり==抜く=={無理|むり}ですよ。
 | 
					> それは{毎日|まいにち}やり==抜く=={無理|むり}ですよ。
 | 
				
			||||||
> You cannot do this every day.
 | 
					> You cannot do this every day.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~給え
 | 
					## ~給え
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~{給|たま}え is used for a light order. It is used by someone of higher rank to someone of lower rank.
 | 
					~{給|たま}え is used for a light order. It is used by someone of higher rank to someone of lower rank.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> ここに{座|すわ}り==給え==。
 | 
					> ここに{座|すわ}り==給え==。
 | 
				
			||||||
> Seat here.
 | 
					> Seat here.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~つつ(も)
 | 
					## ~つつ(も)
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~つつ means that something happens at the same time as another action. Adding も adds the meaning of "even": "even while doing".
 | 
					~つつ means that something happens at the same time as another action. Adding も adds the meaning of "even": "even while doing".
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> 食べ==つつ==、飲みましょう。
 | 
					> 食べ==つつ==、飲みましょう。
 | 
				
			||||||
> While eating, let's drink.
 | 
					> While eating, let's drink.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~つつある
 | 
					## ~つつある
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~つつある means that something is in an ongoing process or action, in a similar manner as てくる.
 | 
					~つつある means that something is in an ongoing process or action, in a similar manner as てくる.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> {雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}り==つつある==。
 | 
					> {雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}り==つつある==。
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~込む
 | 
					## ~込む
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
~{込|こ}む has multiple meanings depending on the verb. Sometimes it is idiomatic and so it cannot exactly be guessed. However, there are some broad categories.
 | 
					~{込|こ}む has multiple meanings depending on the verb. Sometimes it is idiomatic and so it cannot exactly be guessed. However, there are some broad categories.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
⚠ Depending on the context, verbs can fall into multiple categories!
 | 
					⚠ Depending on the context, verbs can fall into multiple categories!
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 | 
				
			|||||||
## のに
 | 
					## のに
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Means "to do", "in order to".
 | 
					Means "to do", "in order to".
 | 
				
			||||||
See [[Connectors#のに#In order to]].
 | 
					See [[Connectors#In order to]].
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ために
 | 
					## ために
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Used with verbs and nouns.
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## としても
 | 
					## としても
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Means "assuming", "even if". It has the same meaning as [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも]], but bolder.
 | 
					Means "assuming", "even if". It has the same meaning as [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも|Even if: ても・でも]], but bolder.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> 私==としても==出来ます。
 | 
					> 私==としても==出来ます。
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ Means "made from".
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## のが「好き・上手・下手」
 | 
					## のが「好き・上手・下手」
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
のが({好|すき}き・{上手|じょうず}・{下手|へた}) means "to (like/be good/be bad)" at an action.
 | 
					のが「{好|すき}き・{上手|じょうず}・{下手|へた}」 means "to like/be good/be bad" at an action.
 | 
				
			||||||
Used with a verb in dictionary form.
 | 
					Used with a verb in dictionary form.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ Means that something is "full of" or "covered with" something undesirable.
 | 
				
			|||||||
	<p class="right">+ で有名</p>
 | 
						<p class="right">+ で有名</p>
 | 
				
			||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
は~で{有名|ゆうめい} means "famous for". Used to describe why people, places or things are famous.
 | 
					は~で{有名|ゆうめい} means "famous for". Used to describe why people, places or things are famous.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> パリ==は==エッフェル{塔|とう}==で有名==です。
 | 
					> パリ==は==エッフェル{塔|とう}==で有名==です。
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence.
 | 
				
			|||||||
> 言ってない==し==!
 | 
					> 言ってない==し==!
 | 
				
			||||||
> I never said that!
 | 
					> I never said that!
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
### やら~やら
 | 
					### やら~やら
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="usage">
 | 
					<div class="usage">
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="left">
 | 
					<div class="left">
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## つい
 | 
					## つい
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Means "accidentally", "unintentionally". Can be combined with [[TeF (2) - manner of doing## てしまう・ちゃう・じゃう|てしまう]].
 | 
					Means "accidentally", "unintentionally". Can be combined with [[TeF (2) - manner of doing#てしまう・ちゃう・じゃう|てしまう]].
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> {歩|ある}きながら{携帯|けいたい}を見ていました、==つい=={誰|だれ}かとぶつきました。
 | 
					> {歩|ある}きながら{携帯|けいたい}を見ていました、==つい=={誰|だれ}かとぶつきました。
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Used with a verb in the dictionary form.
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
### べきだ
 | 
					### べきだ
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Means "should do", "must do". Compared to the [[Obligation - なければ・ないと]] forms and 必ず, it has a nuance of being less universally logical. It is defined by the speaker's own logic.
 | 
					Means "should do", "must do". Compared to the [[Obligation - must (not)]] forms and 必ず, it has a nuance of being less universally logical. It is defined by the speaker's own logic.
 | 
				
			||||||
Used with verbs.
 | 
					Used with verbs.
 | 
				
			||||||
する can be used as するべき or すべき.
 | 
					する can be used as するべき or すべき.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This is the basic way to say "but".
 | 
				
			|||||||
> コンビニに行きました。==でも==、何も買わなかった。
 | 
					> コンビニに行きました。==でも==、何も買わなかった。
 | 
				
			||||||
> I went to the convenience store. But I didn't buy anything.
 | 
					> I went to the convenience store. But I didn't buy anything.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
⚠ Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも]].
 | 
					⚠ Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも|Even if: ても・でも]].
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## しかし
 | 
					## しかし
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ See [[Considering - for - as#にしても]].
 | 
				
			|||||||
	<p class="right">+ って</p>
 | 
						<p class="right">+ って</p>
 | 
				
			||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Means "even if", "even though". It has the same meaning as [[#て-form even if]].
 | 
					Means "even if", "even though". It has the same meaning as [[#て-form even if|て-form: even if]].
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> {今|いま}で行==ったって==、{間|ま}に{合|あ}わない。
 | 
					> {今|いま}で行==ったって==、{間|ま}に{合|あ}わない。
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Means "but still", "even so", "anyway".
 | 
				
			|||||||
## のに
 | 
					## のに
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Means "although", "even tough". Cannot be an hypothesis, must be a confirmed fact. This, it works with past tense.
 | 
					Means "although", "even tough". Cannot be an hypothesis, must be a confirmed fact. This, it works with past tense.
 | 
				
			||||||
See [[Connectors#のに#Even tough]].
 | 
					See [[Connectors#Even tough]].
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## くせに・くせして
 | 
					## くせに・くせして
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Used with nouns.
 | 
				
			|||||||
> ジュース==か何か=={飲|の}もうか。
 | 
					> ジュース==か何か=={飲|の}もうか。
 | 
				
			||||||
> Shall we drink something like a juice?
 | 
					> Shall we drink something like a juice?
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ようか~まいか
 | 
					## ようか~まいか
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="usage">
 | 
					<div class="usage">
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="">
 | 
					<div class="">
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ Means "unless you do something".
 | 
				
			|||||||
> {運転|うんてん}{免許|めんきょ}を{持|も}った==ないことには=={運転|うんてん}できない。
 | 
					> {運転|うんてん}{免許|めんきょ}を{持|も}った==ないことには=={運転|うんてん}できない。
 | 
				
			||||||
> You can't drive unless you have a driving licence.
 | 
					> You can't drive unless you have a driving licence.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## にしろ~にしろ
 | 
					## にしろ~にしろ
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="usage">
 | 
					<div class="usage">
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="">
 | 
					<div class="">
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ Means "unless you do something".
 | 
				
			|||||||
	<p class="r">+ にしろ</p>
 | 
						<p class="r">+ にしろ</p>
 | 
				
			||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
Means "whether... or". Can be used as にせろ~にせろ or にしても~にしても, which is more formal.
 | 
					Means "whether... or". Can be used as にせろ~にせろ or にしても~にしても, which is more formal.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Example
 | 
					> [!info] Example
 | 
				
			||||||
> {動物|どうぶつ}==にしろ=={植物|しょくぶつ}==にしろ==、その{物質|ぶっしつ}は{危険|きけん}です。
 | 
					> {動物|どうぶつ}==にしろ=={植物|しょくぶつ}==にしろ==、その{物質|ぶっしつ}は{危険|きけん}です。
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ It is more objective than から: it expresses a situation that exists, and that
 | 
				
			|||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## から
 | 
					## から
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
See [[🔰 Particles (2)#Because]].
 | 
					See [[🔰 Particles (2)#から#Because]].
 | 
				
			||||||
It is more subjective than ので: it expresses more personal needs/actions/opinions.
 | 
					It is more subjective than ので: it expresses more personal needs/actions/opinions.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ことから
 | 
					## ことから
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Used with a verb in the past (た) form.
 | 
				
			|||||||
> スーパーに{行|い}った==かと思ったら==、{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}り{出|だ}した。
 | 
					> スーパーに{行|い}った==かと思ったら==、{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}り{出|だ}した。
 | 
				
			||||||
> Just as I went to the supermarket, it started snowing.
 | 
					> Just as I went to the supermarket, it started snowing.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## か~ないかのうちに
 | 
					## か~ないかのうちに
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="usage">
 | 
					<div class="usage">
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="">
 | 
					<div class="">
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Used with a verb in the past (た) form.
 | 
				
			|||||||
	<p class="r">+ か + のちに</p>
 | 
						<p class="r">+ か + のちに</p>
 | 
				
			||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
か~ないかのうちに means "right after", "as soon as". It is formal.
 | 
					か~ないかのうちに means "right after", "as soon as". It is formal.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
> [!info] Examples
 | 
					> [!info] Examples
 | 
				
			||||||
> {彼|かれ}は{電車|でんしゃ}が{駅|えき}に{着|つ}く==か=={着|つ}かない==かのうちに=={走|はし}り{始|はじ}めた。
 | 
					> {彼|かれ}は{電車|でんしゃ}が{駅|えき}に{着|つ}く==か=={着|つ}かない==かのうちに=={走|はし}り{始|はじ}めた。
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -130,13 +130,13 @@ This indicates a time limit for the action, similar to "by".
 | 
				
			|||||||
<div class="">
 | 
					<div class="">
 | 
				
			||||||
	<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
 | 
						<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
 | 
				
			||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
	<p class="r">+ ぶりに~する</p>
 | 
						<p class="r">+ ぶりに~する</p>
 | 
				
			||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="usage">
 | 
					<div class="usage">
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="">
 | 
					<div class="">
 | 
				
			||||||
	<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
 | 
						<p><span class="box">N (time)</span></p>
 | 
				
			||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
	<p class="r">+ ぶり + の</p>
 | 
						<p class="r">+ ぶり + の + </p>
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="">
 | 
					<div class="">
 | 
				
			||||||
	<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
 | 
						<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
 | 
				
			||||||
</div>
 | 
					</div>
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ V+こと => 食べること. The verbs are never conjugated.
 | 
				
			|||||||
> {音楽|おん|がく}を聞く==こと==が好きです。
 | 
					> {音楽|おん|がく}を聞く==こと==が好きです。
 | 
				
			||||||
> I like to listen to music (listening to music is something I like).
 | 
					> I like to listen to music (listening to music is something I like).
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~さ: adjective as noun
 | 
					## ~さ: adjective as noun
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="usage">
 | 
					<div class="usage">
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="left">
 | 
					<div class="left">
 | 
				
			||||||
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ This allows to transform an adjective into a noun (adjective nominalizer). Used
 | 
				
			|||||||
> やさし==さ==。
 | 
					> やさし==さ==。
 | 
				
			||||||
> Kindness.
 | 
					> Kindness.
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
## ~み: adjective as noun
 | 
					## ~み: adjective as noun
 | 
				
			||||||
 | 
					
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="usage">
 | 
					<div class="usage">
 | 
				
			||||||
<div class="left">
 | 
					<div class="left">
 | 
				
			||||||
 
 | 
				
			|||||||
		Reference in New Issue
	
	Block a user