From c172c9eea2158870d53dc4b01d430588406b0a2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Th=C3=A9o=20Marchal?= Date: Mon, 20 May 2024 23:41:57 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] Squashed 'content/' changes from 331cd4b..a304a63 a304a63 Added most of N5-N4 grammar notions 4f75a84 Added a new type of usage CSS 55e1946 Added conjugation basics 805d58a Updated Te-Form ca05b9a Added new resources git-subtree-dir: content git-subtree-split: a304a630cbe3f72d39d131e32ec241fd412215a1 --- .obsidian/snippets/usage.css | 5 + 1- Grammar/Actions.md | 116 ++++++++ 1- Grammar/Adverbs.md | 45 ++++ 1- Grammar/Advice - Guidance.md | 19 ++ 1- Grammar/Combination actions.md | 65 +++++ 1- Grammar/Comparison.md | 59 ++++ 1- Grammar/Conditional.md | 109 ++++++++ 1- Grammar/Connectors.md | 73 +++++ 1- Grammar/Decision.md | 23 ++ 1- Grammar/Description.md | 119 ++++++++ 1- Grammar/Experience.md | 9 + 1- Grammar/Give - Receive - Lend - Borrow.md | 89 ++++++ 1- Grammar/Listing.md | 138 ++++++++++ 1- Grammar/Must (not).md | 98 +++++++ 1- Grammar/Observation - Description.md | 253 ++++++++++++++++++ 1- Grammar/Opposition.md | 39 +++ 1- Grammar/Planning - Wishing.md | 35 +++ 1- Grammar/Possibility - Obligation.md | 81 ++++++ 1- Grammar/Question.md | 90 +++++++ 1- Grammar/Reason.md | 56 ++++ 1- Grammar/Request.md | 55 ++++ 1- Grammar/Time.md | 234 ++++++++++++++++ 1- Grammar/Transformation.md | 91 +++++++ 1- Grammar/Wanting.md | 60 +++++ 1- Grammar/Without.md | 9 + 1- Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1).md | 164 ++++++++++++ 1- Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md | 73 +++++ .../3- TeF - manner - give receive.md | 118 -------- 2- Conjugation/Basics.md | 65 +++++ ...2- TeF - basics.md => TeF (1) - basics.md} | 0 2- Conjugation/TeF (2) - manner of doing.md | 86 ++++++ 2- Conjugation/TeF (3) - give & receive.md | 56 ++++ ... TeF - even if.md => TeF (4) - even if.md} | 2 +- index.md | 6 +- 34 files changed, 2420 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-) create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Actions.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Adverbs.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Advice - Guidance.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Combination actions.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Comparison.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Conditional.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Connectors.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Decision.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Description.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Experience.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Give - Receive - Lend - Borrow.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Listing.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Must (not).md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Observation - Description.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Opposition.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Planning - Wishing.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Possibility - Obligation.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Question.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Reason.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Request.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Time.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Transformation.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Wanting.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/Without.md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1).md create mode 100644 1- Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md delete mode 100644 2- Conjugation/3- TeF - manner - give receive.md create mode 100644 2- Conjugation/Basics.md rename 2- Conjugation/{2- TeF - basics.md => TeF (1) - basics.md} (100%) create mode 100644 2- Conjugation/TeF (2) - manner of doing.md create mode 100644 2- Conjugation/TeF (3) - give & receive.md rename 2- Conjugation/{4- TeF - even if.md => TeF (4) - even if.md} (98%) diff --git a/.obsidian/snippets/usage.css b/.obsidian/snippets/usage.css index 79c43ab..bbc94c7 100644 --- a/.obsidian/snippets/usage.css +++ b/.obsidian/snippets/usage.css @@ -31,4 +31,9 @@ .usage .right { padding-left: 1rem; +} + +.usage .r { + margin-left: 0.25rem; + margin-right: 0.25rem; } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1- Grammar/Actions.md b/1- Grammar/Actions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c23a3cf --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Actions.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +# Actions + +## ใซใชใ‚‹ + +
+
+

ใ„-Adj + ใ„ + ใ

+

ใช-Adj + ใซ

+

N + ใซ

+
+

+ ใชใ‚‹

+
+ +Means "to become". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ–ฐๅนน็ทš|ใ—ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚“ใ›ใ‚“}==ใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ„==๏ผ +> I want to become a bullet train! + +## ใซใ™ใ‚‹ + +### To decide + +Means "to decide". +Used with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณ==ใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I've decided on this restaurant. + +### Make something + +
+
+

ใ„-Adj + ใ„ + ใ

+

ใช-Adj + ใซ

+
+

+ ใชใ‚‹

+
+ +Means to "make something more". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚นใƒˆใƒผใƒ–ใ‚’{็‚น|ใค}ใ‘ใฆ{้ƒจๅฑ‹|ใธใ‚„}ใ‚’{ๆš‘|ใ‚ใค}==ใใ™ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> Turn on the heater to make the room hotter. + +## ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใ‚‹ + +Means "to reach a point". Used with verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎๆœฌ{ๅ…จ้ƒจ|ใœใ‚“ใถ}{ๅˆ†|ใ‚}ใ‹ใ‚‹==ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใชใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I've come to understand all of this book. + +## ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใ™ใ‚‹ + +Means "to try to", "to make sure to". +Used with a verb. + +> [!info] Example +> ๆฏŽๆ—ฅใซ{ๆœ|ใ‚ใ•}ใ”{้ฃฏ|ใฏใ‚“}ใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚‹==ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ—ใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> I'll try to eat a breakfast everyday. + +## ใซๆฐ—ใŒใคใ + +
+
+

V + ใ“ใจ

+

N

+
+

+ ใซๆฐ—ใŒใคใ

+
+ +Means "to notice", "to realize". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ–ฐ|ใ‚ใŸใ‚‰}ใ—ใ„ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใŒ{้–‹ๅบ—|ใ‹ใ„|ใฆใ‚“}==ใซ{ๆฐ—|ใ}ใŒใคใ„ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I noticed a new restaurant opened. + +## ใจๆ€ใ† + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใจๆ€ใ†

+
+ +Means "to think". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅค‰|ใธใ‚“}ใ ==ใจ{ๆ€|ใŠใ‚‚}ใ‚ใชใ„==ใ‹ใ€‚ +> Don't you think it's strange? +> +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๅ…ฌๅœ’|ใ“ใ†|ใˆใ‚“}ใซ่กŒใ==ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> I think I'll go to the park today. + +## ใ™ใŽใ‚‹ + +
+
+

V ใพใ™

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„

+

ใช-Adj

+
+

+ ใ™ใŽใ‚‹

+
+ +Means "too much", "exceeding". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ˜จๆ™ฉ|ใ•ใ|ใฐใ‚“}ใซ{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใฟ==ใ™ใŽใฆ=={้ ญ|ใ‚ใŸใพ}ใŒ{็—›|ใ„ใŸ}ใ„ใ€‚ +> I drank too much last night and my head hurts. diff --git a/1- Grammar/Adverbs.md b/1- Grammar/Adverbs.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dceaf0d --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Adverbs.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +# Adverbs + +## ใ•ใ™ใŒ + +
+
+

ใ•ใ™ใŒ

+
+

+ ใซ + V

+
+
+
+

ใ•ใ™ใŒ

+
+

+ ใฎ + N

+
+ +Means "as expected". + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใ•ใ™ใŒ==ใฎใ‚ชใƒฉใƒณใƒ€ไบบใ€{่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ|ใ˜ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใง{้€š|ใ‹ใ‚ˆ}ใ†ใ€‚ +> As expected of a Dutch, they commute by bicycle. + +## ใใ‚“ใชใซ + +Means "so much" or "like that". +Not used with nouns. + +โš  It is applied to the following word, not the preceding one. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅƒ•|ใผใ}ใฏ{ๅต|ใŸใพใ”}ใŒ==ใใ‚“ใชใซ==ๅฅฝใใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ€‚ +> I don't like eggs that much. + +## ใชใ‹ใชใ‹๏ฝžใชใ„ + +This form means that an effort has been made, but no outcome happens. Can be translated as "not easy to", "not able to", "hardly", "not at all". +This form is used with a verb in the negative form (ใชใ„). + +> [!info] Example +> ้›จใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€==ใชใ‹ใชใ‹==ใ‚ฟใ‚ฏใ‚ทใƒผใŒๆฅใฆใ„==ใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ€‚ +> Because of the rain, it's not easy to get a taxi. +> +> ==ใชใ‹ใชใ‹==ใŠ้…’ๆญขใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ==ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> It is not easy to stop drinking. diff --git a/1- Grammar/Advice - Guidance.md b/1- Grammar/Advice - Guidance.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..26517f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Advice - Guidance.md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +# Advice & guidance + +## ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ† + +Used to ask about a situation, usually to give advice. Translates to "why don't you" or "how about". +Used with the ใŸใ‚‰ form of verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—==ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†==ใ‹ใ€‚ +> How about you play a game? + +## ใŸใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ + +Used to ask about an advice or instructions. Translates to "what should I do". +Used with the ใŸใ‚‰ form of verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> ไฝ•ใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“==ใ ใ‚‰ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹==ใ€‚ +> What should I drink? diff --git a/1- Grammar/Combination actions.md b/1- Grammar/Combination actions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..63f9d8b --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Combination actions.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +# Combination actions + +Those rules combine a verb and an adjective to make a new meaning. + +
+
+

V-ใพใ™

+
+

+ Adj

+
+ +## ~ใ‚„ใ™ใ„ + +Means: +* easy to do +* likely to happen +* has a tendency of + +> [!info] Example +> ่ฆ‹==ใ‚„ใ™ใ„==ใ€‚ +> Easy to see. +> +> {ๆณฃ|ใช}ใ==ใ‚„ใ™ใ„==ใ€‚ +> Prone to crying. + +## ~ใซใใ„ใƒป~ใฅใ‚‰ใ„ + +Means that something is difficult to do. +While ใซใใ„ is the broader form, ใฅใ‚‰ใ„ is used in a more subjective manner, for actions that are intentional. + +> [!info] Example +> ่ฆ‹==ใซใใ„==ใ€‚ +> Difficult to see. + +## ~ๅง‹ใ‚ใ‚‹ + +Means that something starts or has started. Expresses intentionality. + +> [!info] Example +> {้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใฟ=={ๅง‹|ใฏใ˜}ใพใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> To start to drink. + +## ~ๅ‡บใ™ + +Means that something suddenly started. Has the nuance of being unintentional, or cannot be avoided. + +> [!info] Example +> ้›จใŒ้™ใ‚Š==ๅ‡บใ—ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> It suddenly started raining. + +## ~็ถšใ + +Means that something continues. + +> [!info] Example +> {้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใฟ=={็ถš|ใคใฅ}ใ‘ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> To continue to drink. + +## ~็ต‚ใ‚ใ‚‹ + +Means that something ends. + +> [!info] Example +> {้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใฟ=={็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> To stop to drink. diff --git a/1- Grammar/Comparison.md b/1- Grammar/Comparison.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7679dd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Comparison.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +# Comparison + +## ใ‚ˆใ‚Š + +With the following pattern, it means that A is "more" Adj than B. + +
+

AใฏB +

+
+

ใ‚ˆใ‚Š

+
+

+ Adj + ใงใ™

+
+ +> [!info] Example +> ้›ป่ปŠใฏ่ปŠ==ใ‚ˆใ‚Š=={้€Ÿ|ใฏใ‚„}ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Trains are faster than cars. + +## ใ‚ˆใ‚Š๏ฝžใปใ†ใŒ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใปใ†ใŒ

+
+ +With the following pattern, it means that B is more than A: +
+

A +

+
+

ใ‚ˆใ‚Š

+
+

+ B +

+
+

ใปใ†ใŒ

+
+
+ +ใ‚ˆใ‚Š indicates the lesser thing, and ใปใ†ใŒ the greater thing. + +> [!info] Example +> ๆ˜จๆ—ฅ==ใ‚ˆใ‚Š==ไปŠๆ—ฅใฎ=={ๆ–น|ใปใ†}ใŒ==ๅฏ’ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Today is colder than yesterday. + +## ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„ + +Means "should", or "it would be better", as an advice. It's better than not doing it. +Used with a verb. + +> [!info] Example +> ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ{็ทด็ฟ’|ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}ใ™ใ‚‹==ใปใ†ใŒใ„ใ„==ใ€‚ +> It's better to train everyday. + + + diff --git a/1- Grammar/Conditional.md b/1- Grammar/Conditional.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82948fb --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Conditional.md @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +# Conditional + +## ใจ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใจ

+
+ +Means "if" when a result is known or assumed to be true, aka a logical cause-effect relationship. Cannot be used if the result is uncertain. So it cannot be an intention, a request, a desire, an order, etc. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ€ฅ|ใ„ใ}ใ„ใงใชใ„==ใจ==ใ€{้…ๅˆป|ใกใ“ใ}ใซ{็€|ใค}ใใพใ™ใ€‚ +> If you don't hurry, you'll arrive late. + +## ใชใ‚‰ + +
+
+

V (casual) + (ใฎ)

+

ใ„-Adj + (ใฎ)

+

ใช-Adj + (ใฎ)

+

N

+
+

+ ใชใ‚‰

+
+ +Means "in the case that/of". The second part of the sentence is generally an opinion, a request or a suggestion. +Adding ใฎ adds emphasis. + +> [!info] Example +> ่ปŠใ‚’ไฝฟใ†==ใชใ‚‰==ใ€ๆฐ—ใ‚’{ไป˜|ใค}ใ‘ใฆใ€‚ +> If you're using a car, be careful. + +## ใˆใฐใƒปใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ + +Positive form: +
+
+

V (ใ† -> ใˆ)

+

ใ„-Adj + ใ‘ใ‚Œ

+

ใช-Adj + ใชใ‚‰

+

N + ใชใ‚‰

+
+

+ ใฐ

+
+ +Negative form: +
+
+

V ใชใ„

+

ใ„-Adj ใชใ„

+

ใช-Adj + ใง

+

N + ใง

+
+

+ ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ

+
+ +See Conjugation [[Basics]] for verbs (the ใ† sound transforms the the corresponding ใˆ sound). + +Means "if". A conditional relationship without the cause-effect relationship of ใจ. + +> [!info] Examples +> ้›จใŒๆญข==ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ==ใ€ๅบ—ใซ่กŒใใ€‚ +> If it stops raining, I'll go to the store. +> +> ใŠใ„ใ—ใ„==ใงใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ==ใ€้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ +> If it's not good, I will not eat it. + +## ใŸใ‚‰ + +
+
+

V (ใŸ)

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„ + ใ‹ใฃใŸ

+

ใช-Adj + ใ ใฃใŸ

+

N + ใ ใฃใŸ

+
+

+ ใ‚‰

+
+ +Means "if" or "when". Describes a condition (the first action must be completed before the second action). Usually used for hypothetical situations. It is the main word used for conditional. + +> [!info] Example +> ๅฎ‰==ใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰==ใ€่ฒทใ†ใ€‚ +> (If / When) it's cheap, I'll buy it. + +## ๅ ดๅˆ + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ๅ ดๅˆใฏ

+
+ +Means "in the case of". The second part explains what to do in the situation (instructions, advices, etc). More formal than ใŸใ‚‰. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅœฐ้œ‡|ใ˜|ใ—ใ‚“}==ใฎ{ๅ ดๅˆ|ใฐ|ใ‚ใ„}ใฏ==ใ€ใ‚จใƒฌใƒ™ใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’ไฝฟใ‚ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> In case of an earthquake, please don't use the elevators. diff --git a/1- Grammar/Connectors.md b/1- Grammar/Connectors.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..96b7197 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Connectors.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +# Connectors (conjunctions) + +## ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š + +Means "only" or "nothing but", and can convey surprise or negative judgment depending on the context. +Used with nouns and verbs. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎ{ๅ›ฝ|ใใซ}ใฎ{ๆ˜ฅ|ใฏใ‚‹}ใฏ้›จ==ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š==ใ ๏ผ +> In this country, there's nothing but rain in spring. +> +> ใ†ใกใฎ{ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}ใฏใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“==ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š==่ฆ‹ใฆใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> My child does nothing but watching TV. + +## ใ ใ‘ใง + +Means "just by doing". +Used with nouns and verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> ไผšใ†==ใ ใ‘ใง=={ๅนธ|ใ—ใ‚ใ‚}ใ›ใซใชใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> Just by meeting you, I get happy. + +## ๅˆใฏ + +ใพใŸใฏ can be used for two things: +* choosing between two options ("or") +* listing two options ("both") + +> [!info] Example +> ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชž=={ๅˆ|ใพใŸ}ใฏ==่‹ฑ่ชžใงใ—ใ‚ƒในใ‚Œใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I can speak both Japanese and English. + +## ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚ + +Means "but still", "even so", "anyway". + +> [!info] Example +> ้›จใŒ{้™|ใต}ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ€==ใใ‚Œใงใ‚‚==ๅ‡บใ‹ใ‘ใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚ +> It was raining, but I still went out. + +## ใฎใซ + +### Even tough + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใช

+
+

+ ใฎใซ

+
+ +The first meaning is "although", "even tough". + +> [!info] Example +> ้ฃŸในใŸใฐใ‹ใ‚Š==ใชใฎใซ==ใ€ใพใ ใŠ{่…น|ใชใ‹}ใŒ{็ฉบ|ใ™}ใ„ใŸใ€‚ +> Even tough I just ate, I'm still hungry. + +### In order to + +Means "to do", "in order to". +Used with a verb (dictionary). + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ™ใ‚‹==ใฎใซ=={ๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจ|ใจใ—ใ‚‡ใ‹ใ‚“}ใซ่กŒใใคใ‚‚ใ‚Šใงใ™ใ€‚ +> In order to study, I plan to go to the library. + +## And: ใใ—ใฆ, ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰, ใใ‚Œใซ, ใใ‚Œใง + +See [[Listing#Connecting sentences]]. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1- Grammar/Decision.md b/1- Grammar/Decision.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc1dba9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Decision.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# Decision + +## ใ“ใจใซใชใ‚‹ + +Used for a decision that is made from an external factor. Means "it has been decided that". +Used with verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> {็—…ๆฐ—|ใณใ‚‡ใ†ใ}ใ ใ‹ใ‚‰ๅฐ‘ใ—{ไป•ไบ‹|ใ—ใ”ใจ}ใ‚’ไผ‘ใ‚€==ใ“ใจใซใชใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I had to take some time off work because I was sick. + +## ใ“ใจใซใ™ใ‚‹ + +Used for a decision that is made by oneself. Means "to decide on". +Used with verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅธ|ใ™}ใ†ใ‚’ๆญขใ‚ใ‚‹==ใ“ใจใซใ—ใพใ—ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I decided to stop smoking. + +## ใซใ™ใ‚‹ + +See [[Actions#To decide]]. diff --git a/1- Grammar/Description.md b/1- Grammar/Description.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..be307e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Description.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +# Description + +## ใฃใฆใƒปใฃใฆ่จ€ใ†ใƒปใจ่จ€ใ† + +Means "named", "called". +* ใฃใฆ and ใฃใฆใ„ใ†: used after a noun. +* ใจใ„ใ†: used after a noun or a phrase. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ‚ดใ‚ญใƒ–ใƒช==ใฃใฆ==่™ซใ—ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ€‚ +> Do you know the insect named cockroach? +> +> ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชžใงใ€ใ‚ดใ‚ญใƒ–ใƒชใฏใ€Œใ‚ฏใ‚ซใƒฉใƒใƒฃใ€==ใจใ„ใ„ใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> In Spanish, cockroaches are called cucaracha. +> +> {ๅฐ้ขจ|ใŸใ„ใตใ†}ใŒๆฅใ‚‹==ใจใ„ใ†==ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นใ€‚ +> A news that a typhoon is coming. + +## ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ + +Means "you could say". + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใฏ{ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฎ{ๅพ—ๆ„|ใจใใ„}ใงใ™ใ€‚ใปใจใ‚“ใฉใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใฎใƒ—ใƒญ==ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„==ใ€‚ + +## ใพใพ + +
+
+

V (ใชใ„)

+

V (ใŸ)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใพใพ

+
+ +Means that something doesn't change state, stays as it is. + +> [!info] Examples +> {้–‹|ใ‚}ใ‘ใŸ==ใพใพ==ใ€‚ +> To be left open. +> +> {็†ฑ|ใ‚ใค}ใ„==ใพใพ==ใ€‚ +> Still hot. +> +> {ๆ˜”|ใ‚€ใ‹ใ—}ใฎ==ใพใพ==ใ€‚ +> As it always been. +> +> ใใฎ==ใพใพ==ใงใ„ใ„ใ€‚ +> It is fine as it is. + +## ใŒใ™ใ‚‹ + +This means to experience a sense (except visual): to smell, to hear, to taste, etc, depending on the noun. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ„ใ„{ๅŒ‚|ใซใŠ}ใ„==ใŒใ™ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> It smells good. +> +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๆœ€ๆ‚ช|ใ•ใ„ใ‚ใ}ๆ—ฅ=={ๆฐ—|ใ}ใŒใ™ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> I feel like today is the worst. + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰ไฝœใ‚‹ใƒปใงไฝœใ‚‹ + +Means "made from". + +> [!info] Example +> ใƒใƒผใ‚บใฏ{็‰›ไนณ|ใŽใ‚…ใ†ใซใ‚…ใ†}==ใ‹ใ‚‰ไฝœใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> Cheese is made from milk. + +## ใฎใŒ{ๅฅฝใใƒปไธŠๆ‰‹ใƒปไธ‹ๆ‰‹} + +Means "to {like/be good/be bad}" at an action. +Used with a verb in dictionary form. + +> [!info] Example +> ใƒ†ใƒฌใƒ“ใงใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹==ใฎใŒ{ๅฅฝ|ใ™}ใ==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I like watching soccer on the television. +> +> ๅฝผๅฅณใฏๆ–™็†ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹==ใฎใŒ{ไธŠๆ‰‹|ใ˜ใ‚‡ใ†ใš}==ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I think she is a good cook. +> +> {็ตต|ใˆ}ใ‚’{ๅก—|ใฌใ‚‹}ใ‚‹==ใฎใŒ{ไธ‹ๆ‰‹|ใธใŸ}==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I'm not good at painting. + +## ใใ‚‰ใ„ใƒปใใ‚‰ใ„ + +
+
+

V (ใชใ„)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใใ‚‰ใ„ใƒปใใ‚‰ใ„

+
+ +Means "about" or "approximately" when talking about numbers or counter words. ใใ‚‰ใ„ is more common in conversations, but can change depending on the preceding word. + +> [!info] Example +> {้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใฏใฉใฎ==ใใ‚‰ใ„==ใง{ๅˆฐ็€|ใจใ†ใกใ‚ƒใ}ใ—ใพใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ +> About how much time will the train take to arrive? +> +> {ๅŒป่€…|ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใซ๏ผ‘ๆ™‚้–“==ใใ‚‰ใ„==ใ‚’{ๅพ…|ใพ}ใฃใฆใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I waited approximately an hour for the doctor. + +Also used to compare things as being similar. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚ใ ใก}ใจ{่ฉฆ้จ“|ใ—ใ‘ใ‚“}ใฎ{็ตๆžœ|ใ‘ใฃใ‹}ใฏ{ๅŒ|ใŠใช}ใ˜==ใใ‚‰ใ„==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> My friend and I have about the same results at the test. + +Also means "to the extent of". + +> [!info] Example +> ้ฃŸในใชใใฆ{ๅฏ|ใญ}ใŸใ„==ใใ‚‰ใ„=={็–ฒ|ใคใ‹}ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I'm tired to the extent of not eating and going to sleep. diff --git a/1- Grammar/Experience.md b/1- Grammar/Experience.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5e2b58 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Experience.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Experience + +## ใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ + +Used with past verbs to talk about things experienced before. + +> [!info] Example +> ๆ—ฅๆœฌใซ่กŒ==ใฃใŸใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ™ใ‹==ใ€‚ +> Have you ever been to Japan? diff --git a/1- Grammar/Give - Receive - Lend - Borrow.md b/1- Grammar/Give - Receive - Lend - Borrow.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2d33aa --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Give - Receive - Lend - Borrow.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +# Give and receive; lend and borrow + +## Give and receive + +### ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ + +
+

Giver ใŒ Receiver ใซ Object ใ‚’ +

+
+

ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹

+
+
+ +Used when you give an object to someone. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚|ใ ใก}ใซๆœฌใ‚’==ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> I give a book to my friend. + +### ใใ‚Œใ‚‹ + +
+

Giver ใŒ Receiver ใซ Object ใ‚’ +

+
+

ใใ‚Œใ‚‹

+
+
+ +Used when someone gives an object to you. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚|ใ ใก}ใŒๆœฌใ‚’==ใใ‚Œใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> My friend gives me a book. + +### ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ† + +
+

Receiver ใŒ Giver {ใซใƒปใ‹ใ‚‰} Object ใ‚’ +

+
+

ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†

+
+
+ +Used when you receive an object from someone. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚|ใ ใก}ใซๆœฌใ‚’==ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†==ใ€‚ +> I get a book from my friend. + +### When to use? + +#### Giving + +There's a nuance between the two terms depending on who you are close to. +The general rule is that you: +* use ==ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹== if you, your friends or family give something to others (closer to giver's side). +* use ==ใใ‚Œใ‚‹== if you, your friends or family are receiving things from others (closer to receiver's side). + +In both cases, the topic is the giver. + +#### Receiving + +There's only one word: ==ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†==, and it doesn't matter who you are close to. + +In this case, the topic is the receiver. + +## Lend and borrow + +### ่ฒธใ™ + +{่ฒธ|ใ‹}ใ™ means to lend. + +> [!info] Examples +> ๅ‚˜ใ‚’==่ฒธใ—ใพใ—ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I lent my umbrella. +> +> ๅ‚˜ใ‚’==่ฒธใ—ใฆ==ใใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ‹๏ผŸ +> Could you do me a favor of lending me your umbrella? +> +> ใƒˆใ‚คใƒฌ==่ฒธใ‚Šใฆ==ใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ใ€‚ +> Could I use your toilets? + +### ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใ‚‹ + +{ๅ€Ÿ|ใ‹}ใ‚Šใ‚‹ means to borrow. + +> [!info] Example +> ๅ‚˜ใ‚’==ๅ€Ÿใ‚Šใพใ—ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I borrowed the umbrella. diff --git a/1- Grammar/Listing.md b/1- Grammar/Listing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9eb8f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Listing.md @@ -0,0 +1,138 @@ +# Listing + +## Connecting sentences + +### ใใ—ใฆ + +This conjunction means "and". It implies a cause-effect relationship between the two sentences. There's an interconnection, where the order of the actions cannot be changed. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใƒใ‚นใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใƒœใƒผใƒซใ‚’ใ—ใŸใ€‚==ใใ—ใฆ==ๆฐดใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“ใ ใ€‚ +> I played basketball. Then, I drank water. + +### ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ + +This conjunction means "and" or "after that". It implies a chronological order to the events. Since there's no interconnection, the order of actions could be changed. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚==ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰=={ๅผๅฝ“|ในใ‚“ใจใ†}ใ‚’้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I went to the supermarket. After that, I ate my bento. + +### ใใ‚Œใซ + +This conjunction means "and", "besides" or "in addition". Implies a new information in relation to the precedent one. It is not used to add a negative information to a positive one, and vice-versa. + +> [!info] Examples +> ๆ˜จๆ—ฅใ€{็—…ๆฐ—|ใณใ‚‡ใ†ใ}ใซใชใฃใŸใ€‚==ใใ‚Œใซ==ใƒ‘ใ‚ฝใ‚ณใƒณใ‚‚{ๅฃŠ|ใ“ใ‚}ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ +> I got sick yesterday. Beside, my computer broke. + +### ใใ‚Œใง + +Means "because of that", "therefore". Substitutes the first sentence happening before by ใใ‚Œ, highlighting information from it. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}ใฎใ“ใ‚ใ€ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ{้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใง{้€š|ใ‹ใ‚ˆ}ใ†ใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚==ใใ‚Œใง=={้›ป่ปŠ|ใงใ‚“ใ—ใ‚ƒ}{้‹่ปขๆ‰‹|ใ†ใ‚“ใฆใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…}ใซใชใ‚ŠใŸใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> When I was a child, I took the train to school every day. Because of that, I wanted to be a train driver. + +## Exhaustive listing + +### ใจ + +This particles means "and" or "with". Used for a list that is exhaustive. Connects sentences. + +> [!info] Examples +> ็Šฌ==ใจ=={ไฝ|ใ™}ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I live with my dog. +> +> ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น่ชž==ใจ==ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณ่ชžใ‚’็ฟ’ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I am learning French and Spanish. + +### ใฆ connecting + +Used for a list that is exhaustive. Connects verbs. +See [[TeF (1) - basics#ใฆ sequence]]. + +## Unexhaustive listing + +### ใ‚„ + +Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "among other things". Formal. +Used only with nouns. Cannot be repeated! + +> [!info] Example +> ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น==ใ‚„==ใ‚นใƒšใ‚คใƒณใซ{ๆ—…่กŒ|ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ“ใ†}ใ—ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I travelled to France and Spain (among others). + +### ใชใฉ + +Means "things as". Can be used with ใ‚„ for a meaning like "etc". +Used with nouns. Cannot be repeated! + +> [!info] Example +> ใŠ้‡‘ใŒใชใ„ใฎใงใ‚ซใƒ•ใ‚ง**ใ‚„**ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณ==ใชใฉ=={ๆ‰•|ใฏใ‚‰}ใˆใชใ„ใ€‚ +> I can't pay things like cafes or restaurant (etc.) because I have no money. + +### ใจใ‹๏ฝžใจใ‹ + +Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "among other things". More casual than ใ‚„ or ใŸใ‚Š๏ฝžใŸใ‚Š. Ending a sentence with ใจใ‹ can soften the meaning. Can also be used to quote someone. +Only used with verbs and nouns. Can be repeated. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆžœ็‰ฉ|ใใ ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใฏใƒใƒŠใƒŠ==ใจใ‹==ใƒชใƒณใ‚ด==ใจใ‹==ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I like fruits like bananas and apples. +> +> ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ{้‡Ž็ƒ|ใ‚„ใใ‚…ใ†}==ใจใ‹==ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ +> Do you want to play baseball (or something) tomorrow? +> +> ใ‚‚ใ†{่ซฆ|ใ‚ใใ‚‰}ใ‚ใ‚ˆใ†==ใจใ‹==่จ€ใ‚ใชใ„ใงใ€‚ +> Don't say (things like) we should already give up. + +### ใŸใ‚Š๏ฝžใŸใ‚Š + +
+
+

V-ใŸ

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใ‹ใฃใŸ

+

ใช-Adj + ใ ใฃใŸ

+

N + ใ ใฃใŸ

+
+

+ ใ‚Š

+
+ +This is used to list things that are related, in an unexhaustive way. Translates to "do things such as". +Usually used to talk about things like hobbies, explaining liked things, activities done, etc. + +> [!info] Example +> {้€ฑๆœซ|ใ—ใ‚…ใ†ใพใค}ใซ{ๆณณ|ใŠใ‚ˆ}ใ„==ใ ใ‚Š==ใ€{ๆ•ฃๆญฉ|ใ•ใ‚“ใฝ}ใ—==ใŸใ‚Š==ใ€{่ฒท|ใ‹}ใ„{็‰ฉ|ใ‚‚ใฎ}ใ—==ใŸใ‚Š==ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> On the weekends, I do things like swimming, walking and shopping. + +### ใ— + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใ—

+
+ +Used for a list that is unexhaustive, going in the same direction: for example reasons, causes, qualities, etc. +It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ“ใฎ้›ป่ปŠใฏ{้€Ÿ|ใฏใ‚„}ใ„==ใ—==ใƒ‡ใ‚ถใ‚คใƒณใ‚‚ใ‹ใฃใ“ใ„ใ„ใ€‚ +> This train is fast and has a cool design. +> +> ่จ€ใฃใฆใชใ„==ใ—==๏ผ +> I never said that! + +## Summing up + +๐Ÿ›  To do: finish. + +* ==ใ‚„== is formal and cannot be repeated (nouns only). Can be completed by ==ใชใฉ==. +* ==ใจใ‹== is casual and can be repeated. +* ==ใŸใ‚Š== +* ==ใ—== \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1- Grammar/Must (not).md b/1- Grammar/Must (not).md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2ea08d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Must (not).md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +# Must & must Not + +## ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใƒปๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ + +Means "needed" or "necessary". +ใŒ{ๅฟ…่ฆ|ใฒใคใ‚ˆใ†} is used mainly with nouns (can be used with verbs by appending ใ“ใจ before). +{ๅฟ…่ฆ|ใฒใคใ‚ˆใ†}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ is used with verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> {ไปŠๆ™‚|ใ„ใพใฉใ}ใ€{ๆบๅธฏ้›ป่ฉฑ|ใ‘ใ„ใŸใ„ใงใ‚“ใ‚}==ใŒๅฟ…่ฆใงใ™==ใ€‚ +> Nowadays, a cell phone is necessary. +> +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใƒ‘ใƒณ{ๅฑ‹|ใ‚„}ใซ่กŒใ==ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> No need to go to the bakery today. + +## Must + +### ใชใใกใ‚ƒใƒปใชใใ‚ƒ + +Only used on casual spoken conversations. +This form is used with the negative form of a verb (ใชใ„), and adding ใชใใกใ‚ƒ and optionally one of the following ending: ใ ใ‚, ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„, ใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“, ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„, ใชใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“. + +ใชใใกใ‚ƒ is the shortened form of ใชใใฆใฏ. +ใชใใ‚ƒ is the shortened form of ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆญฏ|ใฏ}ใ‚’{็ฃจ|ใฟใŒ}ใ‹==ใชใใกใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I must brush my teeth. + +### ใชใใฆใฏ{ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใƒปใชใ‚‰ใชใ„} + +Also formed with the negative form of a verb. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠ{้…|ใŠใ}ใ„ใญใ€‚{ๅฏ|ใญ}ใซ่กŒใ‹==ใชใใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> It's late now. I have to go to sleep. + +### ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ{ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใƒปใชใ‚‰ใชใ„} + +Also formed with the negative form of a verb. + +> [!info] Example +> {ไบ‹ๅ‹™ๆ‰€|ใ˜ใ‚€ใ—ใ‚‡}ใงใฏ{้™|ใ—ใš}ใ‹ใซใ—==ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐใชใ‚‰ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> You have to be quiet in the office. + +### ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ + +Also formed with the negative form of a verb. +In casual contexts, can be shortened as ใชใ„ใจ. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—==ใชใ„ใจใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I have to study today. + +### Comparing ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ and ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„ + +* ==ใ„ใ‘ใชใ„== is the standardly used form. It implies a subjective view, that it would be better to do something, to avoid negative consequences (eg: brushing one's teeth, eating well, etc). +* ==ใชใ‚‰ใชใ„== is usually more formal or in written form. It implies a is more objective view, something that has to be done because there's no other way (eg: respecting the law, paying taxes, etc). + +### Comparing ใชใใฆใฏ, ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ and ใชใ„ใจ + +ใชใใฆใฏ and ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ are generally interchangeable in speech. However: +* ==ใชใใฆใฏ== is generally used when there is _no penalty_ for not complying. +* ==ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ== is generally used when there _is a penalty_ for not complying. +* ==ใชใ„ใจ== is lighter and does not imply that there can or cannot be penalty. Its construction is based on the [[Conditional#ใจ]] particle, and should be based on knowledge or experience. + +## Must not + +#### ใกใ‚ƒใƒปใ˜ใ‚ƒ{ใ ใ‚ใƒปใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ใƒปใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“} + +Only used on casual spoken conversations. ใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ is a bit more formal. +This form is used with a V-ใฆ, depending on the ending: +* with ใฆ, ใกใ‚ƒ is used. +* with ใง, ใ˜ใ‚ƒ is used. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใใฎ{่Šฑ|ใฏใช}ใ‚’้ฃŸใน==ใกใ‚ƒใ ใ‚==ใ€‚ +> Don't eat those flowers. +> +> {่Šฑ็“ถ|ใ‹|ใณใ‚“}ใฎๆฐดใ‚’{้ฃฒ|ใฎ}ใ‚“==ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ„ใ‘ใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> Don't drink the water of the flower vase. + +### ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใชใ„ + +Used in a more formal or written manner. Used with a V-ใฆ. + +> [!info] Example +> {้‰„้“|ใฆใค|ใฉใ†}ใซ{ๆญฉ|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใ„==ใฆใฏใ„ใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ€‚ +> Do not walk on the railroad. + +### ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ + +Means "don't have to". Used with a verb in the negative form (ใชใ„), appending ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„. +Can also be used as ใชใใฆใ„ใ„. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใง{ๆ‰‹ไผ|ใฆ|ใค}ใ‚==ใชใใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„==ใ€‚ +> You don't have to help out at the restaurant today (it's okay if you don't help at the restaurant today). diff --git a/1- Grammar/Observation - Description.md b/1- Grammar/Observation - Description.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a8d9691 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Observation - Description.md @@ -0,0 +1,253 @@ +# Observation & description + +## ใŒใ‚‹ใƒปใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ + +
+
+

ใ„-Adj ใ„

+

ใช-Adj

+
+

+ ใŒใ‚‹ ใƒป ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹

+
+ +This transforms adjective into verbs, and means "to show signs of", "to appear like". +Can be conjugated: ใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ means to currently show signs, ใŒใฆใ„ใŸ means to have shown signs. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใฏ่™ซใ‚’{ๆ€–|ใ”ใ‚}ใŒใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> She seems afraid of insects. + +## ใŒใ‚Š + +
+
+

ใ„-Adj ใ„

+

ใช-Adj

+
+

+ ใŒใ‚Š

+
+ +Expresses a personality trait (tendency to, sensitivity towards). + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏใ‚’{ๆ€–|ใ”ใ‚}ใŒใ‚Šใ€‚ +> He has a tendency of being scared. + +## Looks like + +### ใ‚ˆใ† + +Means that it looks like. Used from direct knowledge or experience, with a high degree of confidence. It is a more polite form of ใฟใŸใ„. + +#### ใ‚ˆใ†ใ  + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใ‚ˆใ†ใ 

+
+ +Means that it looks like, appears like, seems like. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}ใŒ{ๅฌ‰|ใ†ใ‚Œ}ใ—ใ„==ใ‚ˆใ†ใ ==ใ€‚ +> The kids look happy (= I can see them laughing and smiling). + +#### ใ‚ˆใ†ใซใƒปใ‚ˆใ†ใช + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ [ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ + V] ใƒป [ใ‚ˆใ†ใช + N]

+
+ +Expresses "in the manner of". + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๆ–ฐๅนน็ทš|ใ—ใ‚“ใ‹ใ‚“ใ›ใ‚“}ใฎ==ใ‚ˆใ†ใช=={้€Ÿๅบฆ|ใใ|ใฉ}ใ€‚ +> Speed like a Shinkansen. +> +> ใ‚ขใƒ’ใƒซใฎ==ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ==้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> To eat like a duck. + +### ใฟใŸใ„ + +ใฟใŸใ„ means similar to, like. Used for direct observation, with a high degree of certainty in consequence. +It is a less polite form of ใ‚ˆใ†ใ . + +#### ใฟใŸใ„ใ  + +The basic form, used with all forms of words. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏๆš‘ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ๅค==ใฟใŸใ„==ใ ใชใ€‚ +> It's hot today, isn't it. It looks like it's summer. + +#### ใฟใŸใ„ใซ + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

N

+
+

+ ใฟใŸใ„ใซ + V / Adj

+
+ +The adverbial form. + +> [!info] Example +> ็Šฌ==ใฟใŸใ„ใซ==้ฃŸในใŸใ€‚ +> I ate like a dog. + +#### ใฟใŸใ„ใช + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

N

+
+

+ ใฟใŸใ„ใช + N

+
+ +Similar to the precedent form, but when using with nouns. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ•…้ƒท|ใตใ‚‹|ใ•ใจ}==ใฟใŸใ„==ใช็”บใ ใ€‚ +> A city like my hometown. + +### ใฃใฝใ„ + +
+
+

V ใพใ™

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„

+

N

+
+

+ ใฃใฝใ„

+
+ +This has the meaning of like, easy to, _-ish_. Makes a direct comparison with certainty, from the point of view of the person saying it. Close to an even more casual meaning of ใฟใŸใ„. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅญไพ›|ใ“|ใฉใ‚‚}==ใฃใฝใ„==ใ€‚ +> Childish. +> +> {ๅฟ˜|ใ‚ใ™}ใ‚Œ==ใฃใฝใ„==ใ€‚ +> Easy to forget. + +### ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ + +Expresses an information based on hearsay, or based on the situation, or ressemblance. This is always used bases on a source that is unknown or ambiguous. It can be similar to a guess. +Also used for something typical. + +> [!info] Examples +> ็”ท==ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„==ใ€‚ +> Typical of a man (befitting of a man). +> +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๅ›|ใใฟ}==ใ‚‰ใ—ใใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> You aren't yourself today. + +### ใใ† + +#### ใใ†ใ  + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใใ†ใ 

+
+ +Means "I heard that". + +
+
+

V ใพใ™

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+
+

+ ใใ†ใ 

+
+ +Means that it looks like. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใƒ†ใ‚นใƒˆใฏ{้›ฃ|ใ‚€ใš}ใ—ใ„==ใ ใใ†ใ ==ใ€‚ +> The exam is said to be difficult. +> +> ใŠใ„ใ—==ใใ†ใ ==ใ€‚ +> lt looks like it is delicious. + +#### ใใ†ใซใƒปใใ†ใช + +
+
+

V ใพใ™

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+
+

+ ใใ†ใซใƒปใใ†ใช + NใƒปV

+
+ +Also means that it looks like, but connecting to nouns and verbs. + +> [!info] Example +> ้ข็™ฝ==ใใ†ใซ==ไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ +> He seems like an interesting person. + +### Summing it up + +๐Ÿ›  To do: check validity. + +* ==ใ‚ˆใ†ใ == is a formal way to say that it looks like, usually from direct observation. +* ==ใฟใŸใ„== is a less formal way, used in a casual conversation. +* ==ใฃใฝใ„== is even more casual. A girl trying to be masculine would be ็”ทใฃใฝใ„. +* ==ใ‚‰ใ—ใ„== is usually used when something is typical or expected. The same girl wouldn't be either ๅฅณใ‚‰ใ—ใ„ or ็”ทใฃใฝใ„ because it's not what is expected from her. +* ==ใใ†ใ == is used for something that is hearsay or not directly observation, more as a guess. + +## ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹ + +
+
+

V (ใฆ)

+

V (casual) + ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ

+

ใ„-Adj + ใ„ใ

+

ใช-Adj + ใซ

+

N + (ใฎใ‚ˆใ†) + ใซ

+
+

+ ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹

+
+ +This is used (unlike other forms that can apply to abstract similarities) exclusively for visual resemblance. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใฏใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นไบบ==ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> She looks like she is French. + +## I heard that... + +### ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ + +Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone. +For nouns, ใ  is placed before. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฎใ‚ซใƒฌใƒผใฏใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใ ==ใจ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> The curry of this restaurant is good (someone told me). + +### ใจ่žใ„ใŸ + +Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc. + +> [!info] Example +> ๅฝผใฏใƒใ‚ซ==ใจ่žใ„ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot). diff --git a/1- Grammar/Opposition.md b/1- Grammar/Opposition.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..878376d --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Opposition.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +# Opposition + +## ใŒ + +Between two sentences, it has the meaning of "but". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๅปบ็‰ฉ|ใŸใฆใ‚‚ใฎ}ใฏๅคงใใ„ใงใ™==ใŒ==ใ€ใƒˆใ‚คใƒฌใฏ{ไธ€|ใฒใจ}ใคใ ใ‘ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ +> This building is huge but has only one toilet. + +## ใงใ‚‚ + +This is the basic way to say "but". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ณใƒณใƒ“ใƒ‹ใซ่กŒใใพใ—ใŸใ€‚==ใงใ‚‚==ใ€ไฝ•ใ‚‚่ฒทใ‚ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> I went to the convenience store. But I didn't buy anything. + +## ใ—ใ‹ใ— + +This is similar to ใงใ‚‚, meaning "however", but usually more formal and most commonly found in written form. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆˆฆไบ‰|ใ›ใ‚“|ใใ†}ใฏ{ๆ‚ช|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใ„ใ“ใจใ€‚==ใ—ใ‹ใ—==ใ€{ไบบ้กž|ใ˜ใ‚“|ใ‚‹ใ„}ใฏใ„ใคใ‚‚{ๆˆฆ|ใŸใŸใ‹}ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ +> War is bad. However, humanity is always fighting. + +## ใ‘ใฉใƒปใ‘ใ‚Œใฉใ‚‚ + +ใ‘ใ‚Œใฉใ‚‚ is more formal than ใ‘ใฉ. Contrary to ใงใ‚‚ (which is more stand-alone), this links two clauses. The second clause can also be implicit and not said. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅค–|ใใจ}ใฏ{ๆš‘|ใ‚ใค}ใ„==ใ‘ใฉ==่กŒใใŸใ„ใ€‚ +> It's hot outside but I'd still like to go. + +It can also be used to soften your assertion. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅ|ใ‚ใ—ใŸ}ใซ่กŒใใŸใ„==ใ‘ใฉ==ใ€‚ +> I'd like to go tomorrow... (but I don't want to cause any inconvenience). diff --git a/1- Grammar/Planning - Wishing.md b/1- Grammar/Planning - Wishing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c172fbc --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Planning - Wishing.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +# Planning & wishing + +## ใ‚ˆใ†ใจๆ€ใ† + +Means "thinking of doing". +Used with a verb in the volitional form (ใ‚ˆใ†). + +> [!info] Example +> ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใธ่กŒใ“==ใ†ใจ{ๆ€|ใŠใ‚‚}ใ„ใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> I'm thinking of going to the restaurant. + +## ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Š + +Means "intend to". + +> [!info] Example +> ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚ปใƒณใ‚ฟใƒผใซ่กŒใ==ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Š==ใฏใชใ„ใ€‚ +> I don't plan to go to the arcade tomorrow. + +## ใ‚ˆใฆใ„ + +
+
+

V (dictionary)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ไบˆๅฎšใ 

+
+ +It means "plan to". +This form is stronger than ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Š. For a same sentence, the nuance could be a strong intention for ใคใ‚‚ใ‚Š, while with ใ‚ˆใฆใ„ the plan has already been booked. + +> [!info] Example +> ๆฅๅนดๆ—ฅๆœฌใธ่กŒใ=={ไบˆๅฎš|ใ‚ˆใฆใ„}==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I'm planning to go to Japan next year (I have my tickets). diff --git a/1- Grammar/Possibility - Obligation.md b/1- Grammar/Possibility - Obligation.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00c3e63 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Possibility - Obligation.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +# Possibility and obligation + +## ใงใ‚‚ + +Used to list one or more possible options. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒผใ‚น==ใงใ‚‚==ใŠ่Œถ==ใงใ‚‚==้ฃฒใ‚‚ใ†ใ‹ใ€‚ +> Shall we drink something like a juice or tea? + +## ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ + +Express a possibility, like "perhaps". +By order of politeness: ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ > ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ > ใ‹ใ‚‚. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใ‚‚ๆฅใ‚‹==ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> He might come today too. + +## ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ + +Means "whether or not". + +> [!info] Example +> ่กŒใใŸใ„==ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹=={ๅˆ†|ใ‚}ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ใ€‚ +> I'm not sure if I want to go or not. + +## ใฏใšใ ใƒปใฏใšใŒใชใ„ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใฏใšใ  ใƒป ใฏใšใŒใชใ„

+
+ +ใฏใšใ  means "it must/should be", while ใฏใšใŒใชใ„ means "it cannot be". + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏไปŠๆ—ฅๆฅใ‚‹==ใฏใšใ ==ใ€‚ +> He should be coming today. +> +> ใใ‚“ใ‚==ใฏใšใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ€‚ +> This cannot be true. + +## ใœใฒ + +Means certainly, definitely. Expresses a wish. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๆ˜ ็”ป|ใˆใ„|ใŒ}==ใœใฒ==่ฆ‹ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I'll watch this movie for sure. + +## ใใฃใจ + +Means surely, almost certainly. Express an expectation. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใใฃใจ==้›จใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ€‚ +> It will surely rain. + +## ๅฟ…ใš + +Means certainly, definitely. Expresses an obligation. + +> [!info] Example +> ๆ˜Žๆ—ฅใฎ{ๆŽˆๆฅญ|ใ˜ใ‚…|ใŽใ‚‡ใ†}=={ๅฟ…|ใ‹ใชใ‚‰}ใš==ๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Please be sure to attend tomorrow's class. + +## ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹ + +Means "can", "able to". +It has the same meaning as the potential form (see Conjugation [[Basics]]). +้ฃŸในใ‚‹ => ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ = ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใ‚‹. + +> [!info] Example +> {่‹ฑ่ชž|ใˆใ„ใ”}ใ‚’{่ฉฑ|ใฏใช}ใ™==ใ“ใจใŒๅ‡บๆฅใชใ„==ใ€‚ +> I cannot speak English. diff --git a/1- Grammar/Question.md b/1- Grammar/Question.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..864d8f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Question.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +# Question + +## ใ‹ + +At the end of a sentence, this particle asks a question, like a question mark. + +> [!info] Example +> {็Œซ|ใญใ“}ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™==ใ‹==ใ€‚ +> Do you like cats? + +It can also be used when there is uncertainty between two or more choices. It can be used once or multiple times. + +> [!info] Example +> ็Šฌ==ใ‹==็Œซ==ใ‹==ใ€ใฉใกใ‚‰{้ธ|ใˆใ‚‰}ใ‚“ใงใพใ™ใ‹ใชใ€‚ +> Which should I chose, a dog or a cat? +> +> ้›จ==ใ‹=={ๅˆ†|ใ‚}ใ‹ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ +> I don't know if it will rain. + +## Probably - right - isn't it? + +### ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† + +Means "probably", "right?". The polite version of ใ ใ‚ใ†. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๆœ|}ใฏใใ‚Œใ„==ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†==ใ€‚ +> These clothes are beautiful, aren't they? (It's probably what you also think?) + +### ใ ใ‚ใ† + +Means "probably", "right?". The casual version of ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใพใŸ้›จ==ใ ใ‚ใ†==ใ€‚ +> It will probably rain again. + +### ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ + +Means "isn't it?". The polite version of ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠใฎ{ๆบ|ใ‚†}ใ‚Œใฏ{ๅœฐ้œ‡|ใ˜|ใ—ใ‚“}==ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹==ใ€‚ +> That shaking is an earthquake, isn't it? + +### ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹ + +Means "isn't it?". The casual version of ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒชใƒผใƒ ใ‚’้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ†==ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹==ใ€‚ +> Let's have some ice cream, shall we? + +### ใญ + +This particle when added to the end of a sentence meaning "right?". + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠๆ—ฅใฏ{ๅฏ’|ใ•ใ‚€}ใ„ใงใ™==ใญ==ใ€‚ +> It's cold today, right? + +### Summing up + +* ==ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†==ใƒป==ใ ใ‚ใ†== expresses a probability or an assumption. +* ==ใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹==ใƒป==ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹== invites or suggests an action. +* ==ใญ== asks an agreement or a confirmation. + +## ใ‹ใชใƒปใ‹ใ—ใ‚‰ + +Means "I wonder", "should I?". ใ‹ใช is a neutral form, while ใ‹ใ—ใ‚‰ sounds feminine. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ{ๅธฝๅญ|ใผใ†ใ—}ใ‚’{่ขซ|ใ‹ใถ}ใ‚ใ†==ใ‹ใช==ใ€‚ + +## ใ‹ใ„ + +Using this particle, the sentences becomes a yes/no question. Very casual, masculine connotation. + +> [!info] Example +> ๆฅใ‚‹ใฎ==ใ‹ใ„==ใ€‚ +> Are you coming? + +## ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ + +Means "how", "in what way". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’==ใฉใ†ใ‚„ใฃใฆ==ไฝœใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸใ‹ใ€‚ +> How did you make this? + diff --git a/1- Grammar/Reason.md b/1- Grammar/Reason.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee53160 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Reason.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +# Reason + +## ใฎใง + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใฎใง

+
+ +Used after a reason, to explain the consequence. Means "because of", "since". +It is more objective than ใ‹ใ‚‰: it expresses a situation that exists, and that is outside of one's control. For this reason, it can also be perceived as more polite. + +> [!info] Example +> ้›จใช==ใฎใง==ๅ‚˜ใ‚’ๆŒใฃใฆใใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Since it is raining, please bring an umbrella. + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰ + +See [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2)#Because]]. +It is more subjective than ใฎใง: it expresses more personal needs/actions/opinions. + +## ใ‚“ใงใ™ใƒปใฎใงใ™ + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใ‚“ใ ใƒปใ‚“ใงใ™ใƒปใฎใ ใƒปใฎใงใ™

+
+ +It is used to explain or put emphasis on something. +ใฎใ ใƒปใฎใงใ™ is a bit more formal than ใ‚“ใ ใƒปใ‚“ใงใ™. +It is only used with nouns when asking questions. + +> [!info] Example +> {่‰ฏ|ใ‚ˆ}ใ„{ไป•ไบ‹|ใ—ใ”ใจ}ใช==ใฎใงใ™==ใ‹ใ€‚ +> Is it a good job? +> +> ใ‚‚ใ†่จ€ใฃใŸ==ใ‚“ใ ==ใ‚ˆ๏ผ +> I've already told you! + +## ใฎใฏใƒปใฎใŒ + +See [[Transformation#ใฎใฏใƒปใฎใŒ sentence as noun]]. + +## ใฎใซ + +See [[Connectors#ใฎใซ]]. diff --git a/1- Grammar/Request.md b/1- Grammar/Request.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..708d85a --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Request.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +# Request + +## ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ + +It is a polite request that is translated as "please do". See Conjugation [[Basics]] ("command"). +In casual speech, can be shortened to ใฆ. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆถˆ|ใ‘ใ—}ใ—ใ‚ดใƒ ใ‚’{่ฒธ|ใ‹}ใ—==ใฆ==ใ€‚ +> Lend me your eraser. + +## ใฆใ‚‚ใ„ใ„ + +
+
+

V-ใฆ

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„ ใใฆ

+

ใช-Adj + ใง

+

N + ใง

+
+

+ ใ‚‚ใ„ใ„

+
+ +Means "is it alright if?", "may I?". + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใ“ใซ{ๅบง|ใ™ใ‚}ใฆ==ใ‚‚ใ„ใ„==ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ +> May I sit here? + +## ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ + +Means "please don't". It is a polite request. Removing the ใใ ใ•ใ„ makes it more casual. +Formed by a verb in the negative form (ใชใ„) with the ใง particle. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ†ท่”ตๅบซ|ใ‚Œใ„ใžใ†ใ“}ใฎใƒ‡ใ‚ถใƒผใƒˆใฏ้ฃŸใน==ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„==ใ€‚ +> Please do not eat the dessert from the fridge. + +## ใชใ•ใ„ + +This form is used when commanding an action. +It is used with verbs by removing the ใพใ™ and adding ใชใ•ใ„. In casual conversation, it can be shortened to ใช. + +> [!info] Example +> {่ณชๅ•|ใ—ใค|ใ‚‚ใ‚“}ใ‚’{็ญ”|ใ“ใŸ}ใˆ==ใชใ•ใ„==ใ€‚ +> Answer the question. + +## ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใ† + +It means "to tell", "to request", "to order". +It is form by added ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ{่จ€|ใ„}ใ† to a verb. The verb {้ ผ|ใŸใฎ}ใ‚€ can be used for requests, while {ๅ‘ฝ|ใ‚ใ„}ใ˜ใ‚‹ can be used for order. The verb {่จ€|ใ„}ใ† can tell the three meanings depending on the tone. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}ใซใŠ{่“ๅญ|ใ‹|ใ—}ใ‚’้ฃŸในใชใ„==ใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่จ€ใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I told the kids to not eat candies. diff --git a/1- Grammar/Time.md b/1- Grammar/Time.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..627ea36 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Time.md @@ -0,0 +1,234 @@ +# Time + +## ใจใ + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใจใ

+
+ +Means "time". When used like this, means "at the time of". + +> [!info] Example +> ่กŒใฃใŸ==ใจใ==ใ€{่ชฐ|ใ ใ‚Œ}ใ‚‚ใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> When I went, no one was there. + +## ใจใ“ใ‚ + +Means "just about to". Used when describing what we're about to do. +Used by combining to a verb. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠใ”{้ฃฏ|ใฏใ‚“}ใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹==ใจใ“ใ‚==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I'm about to make dinner. + +## ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ + +Means "there are time when". +Used by combining to a verb. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆ™‚ใ€…|ใจใ|ใฉใ}ใƒ‘ใƒชใธ่กŒใ==ใ“ใจใŒใ‚ใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> I sometimes go to Paris. + +## ใชใŒใ‚‰ + +
+
+

V-ใพใ™

+
+

+ ใชใŒใ‚‰ + ...

+
+ +Means "while", "simultaneously". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆญฉ|ใ‚ใ‚‹}ใ==ใชใŒใ‚‰=={้›ป่ฉฑ|ใงใ‚“|ใ‚}ใ‚’่ฆ‹ใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> While walking, I'm looking at my phone. + +## ้–“ + +
+
+

V (dictionary)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ้–“

+
+ +Means "while" or "during". Used to express something that is done for the whole period of time. + +> [!info] Example +> ้›ป่ปŠใซ{ไน—|ใฎ}ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹=={้–“|ใ‚ใ„ใ }==ใ€ใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใŸใ€‚ +> While I was on the train, I was playing a game. + +Can also be used to talk about a distance between two physical places or the time between two things. + +> [!info] Example +> ๏ผ‘ๆ™‚ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผ™ใ˜ใพใงใฎ==้–“==ใ€{ๅฏ|ใญ}ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I sleep between 1AM and 9AM. + +## ้–“ใซ + +
+
+

V (casual, non-past)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ้–“ใซ

+
+ +A first meaning is similar to {้–“|ใ‚ใ„ใ } (while), but with intentionality. + +> [!info] Example +> ้›ป่ปŠใซ{ไน—|ใฎ}ใฃใŸ==้–“ใซ==ใ€ๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> While I was on the train, I read a book. + +A second meaning is a statement of something that happened during a time period, independently of your actions. +Contrary to ้–“, it doesn't include the whole time period. So ้–“ใซ means that at a point during the time period, something happened. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅคœ|ใ‚ˆใ‚‹}ใฎ==้–“ใซ==ใ€{้šฃ|ใจใชใ‚Š}ใฎๆœจใŒ{่ฝ|ใŠ}ใกใฆใ„ใŸใ€‚ +> During the night, the tree next door fell. + +# ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ฝžใพใง + +See ใ‹ใ‚‰: [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2)#From, since]]. +See ใพใง: [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2)#ใพใง]]. +See ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ฝžใพใง: [[๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2)#ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ฝžใพใง]]. + +## ๅ‰ใซ + +
+
+

V (dictionary)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ๅ‰ใซ

+
+ +Means before (time) or in front of (place). + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฏ|ใญใ‚‹}ใ‚‹=={ๅ‰|ใพใˆ}ใซ==ใ€ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใซ่กŒใ“ใ†ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I think I'll go to the restaurant before sleeping. +> +> ใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใฎ==ๅ‰ใซ=={่‡ช่ปข่ปŠ|ใ˜|ใฆใ‚“|ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ +> There are bikes in front of the restaurant. + +## ๅพŒใง + +
+
+

V (ใŸ)

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ๅพŒใง

+
+ +Means after or later. +โš  Only works with the past form of verbs! + +> [!info] Example +> ้ฃŸในใŸ=={ๅพŒ|ใ‚ใจ}ใง==ใ€ๅฏใพใ™ใ€‚ +> After eating, I'll go to sleep. + +## ใ•ใฃใ + +Means that something happened recently, either just now, or a little while ago. + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใ•ใฃใ==ๅฎถใซๅ‡บใฆใใŸใ€‚ +> I just left home. + +## ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ + +Combined with a verb in the past tense, it express that something just occurred (something just ended, just started, etc). + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠ้ฃŸในใŸ==ใจใ“ใ‚==ใ ใ€‚ +> I just finished to eat right now. + +## ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ + +See [[TeF (2) - manner of doing#ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚]]. + +## ใŸใฐใ‹ใ‚Š + +Combined with a verb in the past tense, it express that something just occurred (something just ended, just started, etc). It is more subjective than ใจใ“ใ‚. It doesn't have to be something that literally just happened, but something that feels like it just happened. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠ้ฃŸในใŸ==ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š==ใ ใ€‚ +> I just finished to eat right now. + +When comparing the two examples, the meaning is different depending on the context. Imagine a friend asking you to go eat with him. When using ใจใ“ใ‚, it means you just finished your meal this instant. When using ใฐใ‹ใ‚Š, it means that it feels too soon to eat again just yet from your point of view, independently of how much time has really passed. + +## ๆ€ฅใซ + +Means that something happened unexpectedly or quickly. + +> [!info] Example +> =={ๆ€ฅ|ใใ‚…ใ†}ใซ==้›ป่ปŠใŒ{็พ|ใ‚ใ‚‰ใ‚}ใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚ +> A train suddenly appeared. + +## ใ‚„ใฃใจ + +Means that something happened at last. More rarely means "barely". + +> [!info] Example +> ==ใ‚„ใฃใจ=={่ซ–ๆ–‡|ใ‚ใ‚“|ใถใ‚“}ใ‚’ๆ›ธใ{็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> I finally finished writing my thesis. + +## ใพใงใซ + +This indicates a time limit for the action, similar to "by". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆฅ้€ฑ|ใ‚‰ใ„|ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}==ใพใงใซ=={็ต‚|ใŠ}ใ‚ใฃใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Please finish by next week. + +## ใŠใใซ + +This is used for repeated intervals, after a noun indicating something measurable. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใฎ้›ป่ปŠใฏ๏ผ”ๅˆ†==ใŠใใซ=={ๅ‡บ็™บ|ใ—ใ‚…|ใฃใฑใค}ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> This train leaves every four minutes. + +## ใ“ใ‚ใƒปใ”ใ‚ + +
+
+

N (time)

+
+

+ ใ”ใ‚

+
+ +Means "around" or "about". + +> [!info] Example +> ๅˆๅพŒ๏ผ˜ๆ™‚==ใ”ใ‚==ๆฅใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Please come around 8PM. + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

ใ„/ใช-Adj

+

N + ใฎ

+
+

+ ใ“ใ‚

+
+ +Means "when". + +> [!info] Example +> ๅญไพ›ใฎ==ใ“ใ‚==ใ€ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ{ๅ…ฌๅœ’|ใ“ใ†ใˆใ‚“}ใง{้Š|ใ‚ใ}ใ‚“ใ ใ€‚ +> When I was a kid, I played every day at the park. + diff --git a/1- Grammar/Transformation.md b/1- Grammar/Transformation.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6795188 --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Transformation.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +# Transformation + +## ใ“ใจ: verb as noun + +This allows to transform a verb into a noun (verb nominalizer). +V+ใ“ใจ => ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใ“ใจ. The verbs are never conjugated. + +> [!info] Example +> {้Ÿณๆฅฝ|ใŠใ‚“|ใŒใ}ใ‚’่žใ==ใ“ใจ==ใŒๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I like to listen to music (listening to music is something I like). + +## ~ใ•: adjective as noun + +This allows to transform an adjective into a noun (adjective nominalizer). + +
+
+

ใช-Adj

+

ใ„-Adj ใ„

+
+

+ ใ•

+
+ +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚„ใ•ใ—ใ„ใ€‚ +> Kind. +> +> ใ‚„ใ•ใ—==ใ•==ใ€‚ +> Kindness. + +## ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ: phrase as noun + +This allows to transform a phrase into a noun. + +
+
+

V (casual)

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ

+
+ +> [!info] Example +> ๆฏŽๆ—ฅใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹==ใจใ„ใ†ใ“ใจ==ใฏ{ๅคงๅค‰|ใŸใ„|ใธใ‚“}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> It is hard to play soccer every day. + +## ใฎใฏใƒปใฎใŒ: sentence as noun + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใช

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใฎใฏใƒปใฎใŒ

+
+ +Transforms a sentence into a noun. +Also means "the reason for A is B", "doing A is B". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ™ใ‚‹==ใฎใฏ==ใคใพใ‚‰ใชใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> Studying is boring. +> +> ใ“ใฎใƒฌใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒณใง{ไธ€็•ช|ใ„ใก|ใฐใ‚“}{ไบบๆฐ—|ใซใ‚“|ใ}ใŒใ‚ใ‚‹==ใฎใฏ=={ๅฏฟๅธ|ใ™ใ—}ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> The most popular dish in the restaurant is sushi. + +## ใใ™ใ‚‹: ใ„-adjectives as adverbs + +Replacing the ใ„ in a ใ„-Adj by ใใ™ใ‚‹ transforms it into an adverb. +ๅคงใใ„ (big) => ๅคงใใใ™ใ‚‹ (make big). + +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚จใ‚ขใ‚ณใƒณใ‚’{็‚น|ใค}ใ‘ใ‚‹ใจ{็ฉบๆฐ—|ใใ†|ใ}ใŒ{ๅฏ’|ใ•ใ‚€}==ใใชใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> When turning on the AC, the air becomes cold. + +## ใซใ™ใ‚‹: ใช-adjectives as adverbs + +Appending ใซใ™ใ‚‹ to a ใช-Adj transforms it into an adverb. +{้™|ใ—ใš}ใ‹ใช (quiet) => ้™ใ‹ใซใ™ใ‚‹ (make quiet). + +> [!info] Example +> {้ƒจๅฑ‹|ใธใ‚„}ใ‚’ใใ‚Œใ„==ใซใ—ใฆ==ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Please clean the room (make the room cleaner). + +## ใŒใ‚‹ใƒปใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹: adjectives as verbs + +See [[Observation - Description#ใŒใ‚‹ใƒปใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹]]. diff --git a/1- Grammar/Wanting.md b/1- Grammar/Wanting.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff2646a --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Wanting.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +# Wanting + +## ใŸใ„ + +
+
+

V-ใพใ™

+
+

+ ใŸใ„

+
+ +This form is used for yourself when you want to do something. It can be conjugated: ใŸใ„, ใŸใใชใ„, ใŸใ‹ใฃใŸ. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใŠใซใŽใ‚Šใ‚’้ฃŸใน==ใŸใ„==ใ€‚ +> I want to eat an onigiri. + +## ใŸใŒใ‚‹ + +
+
+

V-ใพใ™

+
+

+ ใŸใŒใ‚‹

+
+ +This form is used to express that someone else wants to do something. +See also [[Observation - Description#ใŒใ‚‹ใƒปใŒใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹]]. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฝผๅฅณ|ใ‹ใฎใ˜ใ‚‡}ใฏๆฏŽๆ—ฅ{็ทด็ฟ’|ใ‚Œใ‚“ใ—ใ‚…ใ†}ใ—==ใŸใŒใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ +> She wanted to practice everyday. + +## ใŒใปใ—ใ„ + +This form is used when someone wants something. Can be used for yourself. +Used with a noun. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใฉใ‚“ใชใ‚ฒใƒผใƒ ==ใŒ{ๆฌฒ|ใป}ใ—ใ„==ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ +> What game would you like to have? +> +> ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„RPG==ใŒใปใ—ใ„==ใ€‚ +> I want the new RPG. + +## ใฆใปใ—ใ„ + +
+
+

V-ใฆ

+

V-ใชใ„ใง

+
+

+ ใปใ—ใ„

+
+ +This form is used when you want someone to do something. + +> [!info] Examples +> ็งใŒไฝœใฃใŸๆ–™็†ใ‚’้ฃŸใน==ใฆใปใ—ใ„==ใ€‚ +> I want you to eat the food I prepared. diff --git a/1- Grammar/Without.md b/1- Grammar/Without.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c99c0f --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/Without.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Without + +## ใชใ„ใง + +Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ใชใ„). + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹‰ๅผท|ในใ‚“ใใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—==ใชใ„ใง=={ๅ’ๆฅญ|ใใคใŽใ‚‡ใ†}ใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I graduated without studying. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/1- Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1).md b/1- Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1).md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2e6761d --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (1).md @@ -0,0 +1,164 @@ +# 1- Particles + +## ใฏ + +The ใฏ particle indicates the topic of a sentence. Usually translated by "as for". + +> [!info] Example +> ็ง==ใฏ==ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I am French (As for me, I am French). + +When a sentence is negative, ใฏ is usually used instead of ใŒ and ใ‚’. + +> [!info] Example +> ่‚‰==ใฏ==้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใ€‚ +> I don't eat meat. + +## ใŒ + +The ใŒ particle indicates the subject of a sentence. + +> [!info] Example +> ้›ป่ปŠ==ใŒ==ๅฅฝใใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I like trains. + +It is also used for making a contrast. + +> [!info] Example +> ้›ป่ปŠใฏๅฅฝใใงใ™==ใŒ==ใ€ใƒใ‚นใฏๅฅฝใใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ€‚ +> I like trains, but I don't like buses. + +In a noun modifying clause, ใฏ becomes ใŒ. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}ใฏใƒฉใƒกใ‚“ใ‚’{ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใ€‚ +> He made ramen. +> +> {ๅฝผ|ใ‹ใ‚Œ}==ใŒ=={ไฝœ|ใคใ}ใฃใŸใƒฉใƒกใ‚“ใฏใŠใ„ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> The ramen he made is delicious. + +## Difference between ใฏ and ใŒ + +Usually, they can be used in the same sentence, but have a nuanced meaning based on the context. + +> [!info] Examples +> ็ง==ใฏ==ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ +> ็ง==ใŒ==ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นไบบใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I am French. + +Both sentences mean the same thing. But: +* In the first sentence with ใฏ, what is highlighted is that the speaker is French. +* In the second sentence with ใŒ, what is highlighted is that the French person is the speaker. +The first sentence would most likely be the answer to "where are you from?", while the second sentence would be the answer to "who is French?". ใŒ highlights the information where the focus is wanted. + +## ใ‚’ + +This particle is used for the target of the action of a verb. + +> [!info] Examples +> ใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญ==ใ‚’==ไฝœใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> I prepare a cake. + +## ใซ + +This particle has multiple meanings. + +* A place of existence. +> [!info] Example +> {ไผš็คพ|ใ‹ใ„ใ—ใ‚ƒ}ใฏๆฑไบฌ==ใซ==ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™ใ€‚ +> The company is in Tokyo. + +* A point in time. +> [!info] Example +> ๆฏŽๆ—ฅ๏ผ‘๏ผ’ๆ™‚==ใซ=={ๅฏ|ใญ}ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I sleep at 12:00 everyday. + +* A direction towards whom an action is directed. For example: meeting a person, phoning to someone, riding a transport, writing on something, sitting on something, etc. +> [!info] Example +> ๆ—ฅๆœฌ==ใซ=={ไฝ|ใ™}ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I live in Japan. + +## ใซใƒปใธ + +ใซ and ใธ are used to indicate a direction of movement with verbs like ่กŒใ, ใใ‚‹, and ๅธฐใ‚‹. + +> [!info] Example + > ๆ—ฅๆœฌ==ใธ==่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ + > ๆ—ฅๆœฌ==ใซ==่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ + > I'm going to Japan. + +## ใง + +This particle can indicate several things. + +* A place where the action is done. +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ›ณๆ›ธ้คจ|ใจใ—ใ‚‡ใ‹ใ‚“}==ใง==ๆœฌใ‚’{่ชญ|ใ‚ˆ}ใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I read a book in the library. + +* The use of something +> [!info] Example +> ใˆใ‚“ใดใค==ใง==ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Please write with a pencil. + +* The use of ingredients or materials +> [!info] Example +> ใ‚ฟใ‚ณ==ใง==ใŸใ“{็„ผ|ใ‚„}ใใ‚’ไฝœใ‚‹ใ€‚ +> I prepare takoyaki with octopus. + +* Numbers or volume for multiple objects. +> [!info] Example +> ๆœฌใ‚’๏ผ•{ๅ†Š|ใ•ใค}==ใง==่ฒทใฃใŸใ€‚ +> I bought 5 books. + +* A noun that is the cause of something. +> [!info] Example +> ใ‹ใœ==ใง==ไผ‘ใฟใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I took the day off because of a cold. + +* A mode of transportation. +> [!info] Example +> {ไผ‘ๆš‡|ใใ‚…ใ†ใ‹}ใซ้›ป่ปŠ==ใง==่กŒใฃใŸใ€‚ +> I went on holiday by train. + +## ใฎ + +This particle indicates possession. + +> [!info] Example +> ็ง==ใฎ==ใƒœใƒผใƒซใ€‚ +> My ball. + +## ใ‚‚ + +This particle means "also". + +> [!info] Example +> ๆ—ฅๆœฌ{ๆ–™็†|ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚Š}==ใ‚‚=={้Ÿ“ๅ›ฝ|ใ‹ใ‚“|ใ“ใ}{ๆ–™็†|ใ‚Šใ‚‡ใ†ใ‚Š}==ใ‚‚==้ฃŸในใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I eat Japanese and Korean food. + +The particles ใฏ, ใŒ and ใ‚’ change to ใ‚‚. + +> [!info] Example +> ็งใฏ{ไธญๅ›ฝ|ใกใ‚…ใ†|ใ”ใ}่ชž==ใ‚‚==่ฉฑใ›ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I can also speak Chinese. + +In other cases, it can be combined with other particles: ใซ, ใง, ใธ, ใจ, ใ‹ใ‚‰. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅคง้˜ช|ใŠใŠ|ใ•ใ‹}ใซ==ใ‚‚==่กŒใใŸใ„ใ€‚ +> I also want to go to Osaka. + +Another meaning of this particle can be found when combined with words like {ไฝ•|ใชใซ}, {่ชฐ|ใ ใ‚Œ}, or ใฉใ“ (what, who, where). It means nothing, nobody and nowhere. It indicates the absence. + +> [!info] Example +> A: {ๆ˜จๆ—ฅ|ใใฎใ†}ใฉใ“ใ‹ใธ่กŒใฃใŸ๏ผŸ +> B: ใ„ใ„ใˆใ€ใฉใ“ใธ==ใ‚‚==่กŒใ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> A: Did you go somewhere yesterday? +> B: No, I didn't go anywhere. + +Used with a number or a time, it means "as many as" or "nearly". + +> [!info] Example +> 2ๆ™‚้–“==ใ‚‚=={ๅพ…|ใพ}ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ€‚ +> I have waited for nearly 2 hours. diff --git a/1- Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md b/1- Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f523cae --- /dev/null +++ b/1- Grammar/๐Ÿ”ฐ Particles (2).md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +# Particles (2) + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰ + +### Because + +
+
+

V

+

ใ„-Adj

+

ใช-Adj + ใ 

+

N + ใ 

+
+

+ ใ‹ใ‚‰

+
+ +The first meaning of ใ‹ใ‚‰ is "because". + +> [!info] Example +> {็–ฒ|ใคใ‹}ใ‚Œใ‚‹==ใ‹ใ‚‰==ไปŠใƒ™ใƒƒใƒˆใซ่กŒใใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I'm going to bed now because I am tired. + +### From, since + +The second meaning expresses that something comes from someone/something, or the start time/location. Used by only adding ใ‹ใ‚‰. + +> [!info] Example +> ใŠ{็ฅ–ๆฏ|ใฐใ‚}ใ•ใ‚“==ใ‹ใ‚‰==ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใŸใ€‚ +> I got it from my grandmother. +> +> ใ“ใ“ใง{ๅญไพ›|ใ“ใฉใ‚‚}ใฎๆ™‚==ใ‹ใ‚‰=={ๅฎถๆ—|ใ‹ใžใ}ใจ{ไฝ|ใ™}ใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I have lived here with my family since I'm a kid. + +## ใพใง + +Means "until" or "to". + +> [!info] Example +> {้ง…|ใˆใ}==ใพใง==ใฉใฎใใ‚‰ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹ใ€‚ +> How far is it to the station? + +## ใ‹ใ‚‰๏ฝžใพใง + +These two particles are frequently used together. It means "from X to Y". + +> [!info] Example +> {ๆœ|ใ‚ใ•}ใซ๏ผ–ๆ™‚==ใ‹ใ‚‰==๏ผ—ๆ™‚==ใพใง==้›ป่ปŠใง{้€š|ใ‹ใ‚ˆ}ใ†ใฃใฆใ„ใพใ™ใ€‚ +> I commute by train from 6am to 7am. + +## ใ ใ‘ + +Means "only", "just". + +> [!info] Example +> {ไธ€|ใฒใจ}ใค==ใ ใ‘==ใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚ +> Only one, please. + +### ใ ใ‘ใง + +Means "just by doing". + +> [!info] Example +> ่ฆ‹ใ‚‹==ใ ใ‘==ใง{ๆฅฝ|ใŸใฎ}ใ—ใ„ใงใ™ใญใ€‚ +> Just looking at it is fun, isn't it. + +## Sentence ending + +At the end of a sentence, some particles can be added to put emphasis on a meaning. + +* ==ใชใ‚== express hope, admiration or uncertainty. Can also be used to ask for confirmation ("right?"). +* ==ใญ== seeks confirmation. +* ==ใ‚ˆ== when informing someone about something. +* ==ใ‚== is informal women's speech. diff --git a/2- Conjugation/3- TeF - manner - give receive.md b/2- Conjugation/3- TeF - manner - give receive.md deleted file mode 100644 index 568eb89..0000000 --- a/2- Conjugation/3- TeF - manner - give receive.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,118 +0,0 @@ -# 3- Te-Form - manner of doing - give & receive - -## Manner of doing - -### ใฆใ—ใพใ† - -
-
-

Vใฆ + ใ—ใพใ†

-

Vใฆ + ใกใ‚ƒใ†

-

Vใง + ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ†

-
-
- -This means "by accident, unfortunately" or "completely". -Only for **verbs**. - -> [!info] Examples -> {ๅฎฟ้กŒ|ใ—ใ‚…ใ|ใ ใ„}ใ‚‚ใ†ใ‚„==ใฃใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸ==ใ€‚ -> I've already finished my homework. -> -> ใ‚‚ใ†{ๅ…จ้ƒจ|ใœใ‚“|ใถ}้ฃŸใน==ใกใ‚ƒใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ใ€‚ใ€‚ -> I've already eaten everything... - -### ใฆใฟใ‚‹ - -Used to express the meaning of trying something, usually something new. -Can also be used to suggest to someone to try something. -Used in past tense, it implies a successful attempt. -Only for **verbs**. - -> [!info] Example -> ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’้ฃŸใน==ใฆใฟใ‚‹==ใ‹๏ผŸ -> Do you want to try this food? - -### ใฆใ„ใใƒปใฆใใ‚‹ - -ใฆใ„ใ combines the Te-form with the verb ่กŒใ. -ใฆใใ‚‹ combines the Te-form with the verb ๆฅใ‚‹. -Both can be used when representing time or a physical place. Kanji and hiragana can be used, and they can be conjugated. -Only for **verbs**. - -The first meaning is the following: -* ใฆใ„ใ means to go and do something. -* ใฆใใ‚‹ means to do and come back. - -> [!info] Examples -> ๅฎถใง้ฃŸใน==ใฆใ„ใ==ใ‹๏ผŸ -> Want to go and eat at my home? -> -> {ๆ™ฉๅพก้ฃฏ|ใฐใ‚“ใ”ใฏใ‚“}ใ‚’่ฒท==ใฃใฆใใŸ==ใ€‚ -> I brought tonight's dinner. (bought and came with). - -The second meaning is: -* ใฆใ„ใ means to start doing something with your own agency. -* ใฆใใ‚‹ on the contrary, is when something comes to the listener without agency from them. - -> [!info] Examples -> ๅฝผใฏ้ง…ใพใงๆญฉใ„==ใฆใ„ใใพใ™==ใ€‚ -> He walk to the station. -> -> ้›จใŒ{้™|ใต}==ใฃใฆใใŸ==ใ€‚ -> It started raining. - -## Give and receive - -Extends the common forms of ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹, ใใ‚Œใ‚‹, and ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†, but what is received or given is now a verb, instead of a noun. - -### ใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ - -Expresses that someone is doing or did something for someone else. -The person that received the favor is followed by the ใซ particle. -Only for **verbs**. - -> [!info] Example -> ๆฏใซใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’่ฒท==ใฃใฆใ‚ใ’ใŸ==ใ€‚ -> I bought a cake for my mother. -> - -### ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ - -Used to ask a favor from someone or to say that something was done to the speaker. -The person that received the favor (usually oneself and thus omitted) is followed by the ใซ particle. -Only for **verbs**. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚|ใ ใก}ใŒใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’{ๆ•™|ใŠใ—}ใˆ==ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹==ใ€‚ -> My friend will teach me the guitar. - -#### ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ† - -This form expresses gratitude for something that benefited the speaker. It is not used for something expected. -Only for **verbs**. - -> [!info] Example -> ไปŠๆ—ฅๆฅ==ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†==๏ผ -> Thank you for coming today! - -### ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ† - -This form expresses gratitude for a favor that the recipient generally requested for, or where gratitude is the focus. -Only for **verbs**. - -> [!info] Example -> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚|ใ ใก}ใŒๆ‰‹ไผ==ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ -> My friend helped me (and I owe him / because I asked him and I am grateful) - -### ใฆใใ‚Œใชใ„ใƒปใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใชใ„ - -Used as a mean to ask for a favor like "would you, could you?". Used in a similar form to ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹. -Only for **verbs**. - -> [!info] Example -> {้›ปๆฐ—|ใงใ‚“|ใ}ใ‚’ใคใ‘==ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใชใ„==ใ‹ใ€‚ -> Could you please turn on the lights? -> -> ้›ปๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘==ใชใ„ใงใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใชใ„==ใ‹ใ€‚ -> Could you please turn off the light? diff --git a/2- Conjugation/Basics.md b/2- Conjugation/Basics.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ec4c61 --- /dev/null +++ b/2- Conjugation/Basics.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +# 1- Basics + +## ใ†-verbs + +| Tense | Dictionary positive | Dictionary negative | Polite positive | Polite negative | +| ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | --------------- | --------------- | +| Present | ๆ›ธใ | ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ„ | ๆ›ธใใพใ™ | ๆ›ธใใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Past | ๆ›ธใ„ใŸ | ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ | ๆ›ธใใพใ—ใŸ | ๆ›ธใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ | +| Volitional | ๆ›ธใ“ใ† | ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ† | ๆ›ธใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† | ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† | +| Present Progressive | ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ | ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใชใ„ | ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ™ | ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Past Progressive | ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใŸ | ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ | ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ | ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ | +| Imperative | ๆ›ธใ‘ | ๆ›ธใ‘ใช | ๆ›ธใ„ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ | ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ | +| Conditional -eba | ๆ›ธใ‘ใฐ | ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ | / | / | +| Conditional -tara | ๆ›ธใ„ใŸใ‚‰ | ๆ›ธใ‹ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰ | / | / | +| Potential | ๆ›ธใ‘ใ‚‹ | ๆ›ธใ‘ใชใ„ | ๆ›ธใ‘ใพใ™ | ๆ›ธใ‘ใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Causative | ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใ‚‹ | ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใชใ„ | ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใพใ™ | ๆ›ธใ‹ใ›ใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Passive | ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใ‚‹ | ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใชใ„ | ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใพใ™ | ๆ›ธใ‹ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ | + +## ใ‚‹-verbs + +| Tense | Dictionary positive | Dictionary negative | Polite positive | Polite negative | +| ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | --------------- | --------------- | +| Present | ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ | ้ฃŸในใชใ„ | ้ฃŸในใพใ™ | ้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Past | ้ฃŸในใŸ | ้ฃŸในใชใ‹ใฃใŸ | ้ฃŸในใพใ—ใŸ | ้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ | +| Volitional | ้ฃŸในใ‚ˆใ† | ้ฃŸในใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ† | ้ฃŸในใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† | ้ฃŸในใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† | +| Present Progressive | ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใ‚‹ | ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใชใ„ | ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ™ | ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Past Progressive | ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใŸ | ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ | ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ | ้ฃŸในใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ | +| Imperative | ้ฃŸในใ‚ | ้ฃŸในใ‚‹ใช | ้ฃŸในใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ | ้ฃŸในใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ | +| Conditional -eba | ้ฃŸในใ‚Œใฐ | ้ฃŸในใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ | / | / | +| Conditional -tara | ้ฃŸในใŸใ‚‰ | ้ฃŸในใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰ | / | / | +| Potential | ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ | ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ | ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ | ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Causative | ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ | ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใชใ„ | ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใพใ™ | ้ฃŸในใ•ใ›ใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Passive | ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ | ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ | ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ | ้ฃŸในใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ | + +## Irregular: ใ™ใ‚‹ + +| Tense | Dictionary positive | Dictionary negative | Polite positive | Polite negative | +| ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | --------------- | --------------- | +| Present | ใ™ใ‚‹ | ใ—ใชใ„ | ใ—ใพใ™ | ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Past | ใ—ใŸ | ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ | ใ—ใพใ—ใŸ | ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ | +| Volitional | ใ—ใ‚ˆใ† | ใ—ใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ† | ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† | ใ—ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† | +| Present Progressive | ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ | ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ„ | ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™ | ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Past Progressive | ใ—ใฆใ„ใŸ | ใ—ใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ | ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ | ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ | +| Imperative | ใ—ใ‚ | ใ™ใ‚‹ใช | ใ—ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ | ใ—ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ | +| Conditional -eba | ใ™ใ‚Œใฐ | ใ—ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ | / | / | +| Conditional -tara | ใ—ใŸใ‚‰ | ใ—ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰ | / | / | +| Potential | ใงใใ‚‹ | ใงใใชใ„ | ใงใใพใ™ | ใงใใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Causative | ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ | ใ•ใ›ใชใ„ | ใ•ใ›ใพใ™ | ใ•ใ›ใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Passive | ใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ | ใ•ใ‚Œใชใ„ | ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™ | ใ•ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ | + +## Irregular: ๆฅใ‚‹ + +| Tense | Dictionary positive | Dictionary negative | Polite positive | Polite negative | +| ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | --------------- | --------------- | +| Present | ใใ‚‹ | ใ“ใชใ„ | ใใพใ™ | ใใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Past | ใใŸ | ใ“ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ | ใใพใ—ใŸ | ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ | +| Volitional | ใใ‚ˆใ† | ใ“ใชใ„ใ ใ‚ใ† | ใใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ† | ใใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ† | +| Present Progressive | ใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ | ใใฆใ„ใชใ„ | ใใฆใ„ใพใ™ | ใใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Past Progressive | ใใฆใ„ใŸ | ใใฆใ„ใชใ‹ใฃใŸ | ใใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ | ใใฆใ„ใพใ›ใ‚“ใงใ—ใŸ | +| Imperative | ใ“ใ„ | ใใ‚‹ใช | ใใฆใใ ใ•ใ„ | ใ“ใชใ„ใงใใ ใ•ใ„ | +| Conditional -eba | ใใ‚Œใฐ | ใ“ใชใ‘ใ‚Œใฐ | / | / | +| Conditional -tara | ใใŸใ‚‰ | ใ“ใชใ‹ใฃใŸใ‚‰ | / | / | +| Potential | ใ“ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ | ใ“ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ | ใ“ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ | ใ“ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Causative | ใ“ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ | ใ“ใ•ใ›ใชใ„ | ใ“ใ•ใ›ใพใ™ | ใ“ใ•ใ›ใพใ›ใ‚“ | +| Passive | ใ“ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ | ใ“ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ | ใ“ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™ | ใ“ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ | diff --git a/2- Conjugation/2- TeF - basics.md b/2- Conjugation/TeF (1) - basics.md similarity index 100% rename from 2- Conjugation/2- TeF - basics.md rename to 2- Conjugation/TeF (1) - basics.md diff --git a/2- Conjugation/TeF (2) - manner of doing.md b/2- Conjugation/TeF (2) - manner of doing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..440a073 --- /dev/null +++ b/2- Conjugation/TeF (2) - manner of doing.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +# Te-Form (2) - manner of doing + +## ใฆใ„ใใƒปใฆใใ‚‹ + +ใฆใ„ใ combines the Te-form with the verb ่กŒใ. +ใฆใใ‚‹ combines the Te-form with the verb ๆฅใ‚‹. +Both can be used when representing time or a physical place. Kanji and hiragana can be used, and they can be conjugated. +Only for **verbs**. + +The first meaning is the following: +* ใฆใ„ใ means to go and do something. +* ใฆใใ‚‹ means to do and come back. + +> [!info] Examples +> ๅฎถใง้ฃŸใน==ใฆใ„ใ==ใ‹๏ผŸ +> Want to go and eat at my home? +> +> {ๆ™ฉๅพก้ฃฏ|ใฐใ‚“ใ”ใฏใ‚“}ใ‚’่ฒท==ใฃใฆใใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I brought tonight's dinner. (bought and came with). + +The second meaning is: +* ใฆใ„ใ means to start doing something with your own agency. +* ใฆใใ‚‹ on the contrary, is when something comes to the listener without agency from them. + +> [!info] Examples +> ๅฝผใฏ้ง…ใพใงๆญฉใ„==ใฆใ„ใใพใ™==ใ€‚ +> He walk to the station. +> +> ้›จใŒ{้™|ใต}==ใฃใฆใใŸ==ใ€‚ +> It started raining. + +## ใฆใ—ใพใ†ใƒปใกใ‚ƒใ†ใƒปใ˜ใ‚ƒใ† + +
+
+

Vใฆ + ใ—ใพใ†

+

Vใฆ + ใกใ‚ƒใ†

+

Vใง + ใ˜ใ‚ƒใ†

+
+
+ +This means "by accident, unfortunately" or "completely". +Only for **verbs**. + +> [!info] Examples +> {ๅฎฟ้กŒ|ใ—ใ‚…ใ|ใ ใ„}ใ‚‚ใ†ใ‚„==ใฃใฆใ—ใพใ„ใพใ—ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I've already finished my homework. +> +> ใ‚‚ใ†{ๅ…จ้ƒจ|ใœใ‚“|ใถ}้ฃŸใน==ใกใ‚ƒใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ใ€‚ใ€‚ +> I've already eaten everything... + +## ใฆใฟใ‚‹ + +Used to express the meaning of trying something, usually something new. +Can also be used to suggest to someone to try something. +Used in past tense, it implies a successful attempt. +Only for **verbs**. + +> [!info] Example +> ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚’้ฃŸใน==ใฆใฟใ‚‹==ใ‹๏ผŸ +> Do you want to try this food? + +## ใฆใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“ + +Means "sorry for". + +> [!info] Example +> {้…|ใŠใ}ใ‚Œ==ใฆใ™ใฟใพใ›ใ‚“==ใ€‚ +> Sorry for being late. + +## ใฆใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸ + +Means "glad that". + +> [!info] Example +> {็พŽ่ก“้คจ|ใณใ˜ใ‚…ใคใ‹ใ‚“}ใซ่กŒ==ใฃใฆใ‚ˆใ‹ใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I'm glad I went to the museum. + +## ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ + +Means "in the process/middle of doing". Can either talk about the exact moment or in general. +See also [[1- Grammar/Time|Time#ใŸใจใ“ใ‚]]. + +> [!info] Example +> {็พๅœจ|ใ’ใ‚“ใ–ใ„}ใ€{ๆฑ‚่ท|ใใ‚…ใ†ใ—ใ‚‡ใ}ใ—==ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚==ใงใ™ใ€‚ +> I am currently seeking a job. diff --git a/2- Conjugation/TeF (3) - give & receive.md b/2- Conjugation/TeF (3) - give & receive.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..34ead2b --- /dev/null +++ b/2- Conjugation/TeF (3) - give & receive.md @@ -0,0 +1,56 @@ +# Te-Form (3) - give & receive + +Extends the common forms of ใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹, ใใ‚Œใ‚‹, and ใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ†, but what is received or given is now a verb, instead of a noun. + +## ใฆใ‚ใ’ใ‚‹ + +Expresses that someone is doing or did something for someone else. +The person that received the favor is followed by the ใซ particle. +Only for **verbs**. + +> [!info] Example +> ๆฏใซใ‚ฑใƒผใ‚ญใ‚’่ฒท==ใฃใฆใ‚ใ’ใŸ==ใ€‚ +> I bought a cake for my mother. +> + +For casual language, ==ใฆใ‚„ใ‚‹== can be used. + +## ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ + +Used to ask a favor from someone or to say that something was done to the speaker. +The person that received the favor (usually oneself and thus omitted) is followed by the ใซ particle. +Only for **verbs**. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚|ใ ใก}ใŒใ‚ฎใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚’{ๆ•™|ใŠใ—}ใˆ==ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹==ใ€‚ +> My friend will teach me the guitar. + +### ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ† + +This form expresses gratitude for something that benefited the speaker. It is not used for something expected. +Only for **verbs**. + +> [!info] Example +> ไปŠๆ—ฅๆฅ==ใฆใใ‚Œใฆใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†==๏ผ +> Thank you for coming today! + +## ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ† + +This form expresses gratitude for a favor that the recipient generally requested for, or where gratitude is the focus. +Only for **verbs**. + +> [!info] Example +> {ๅ‹้”|ใจใ‚‚|ใ ใก}ใŒๆ‰‹ไผ==ใฃใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใฃใŸ==ใ€‚ +> My friend helped me (and I owe him / because I asked him and I am grateful) + +## ใฆใใ‚Œใชใ„ใƒปใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใชใ„ + +Used as a mean to ask for a favor like "would you, could you?". Used in a similar form to ใ˜ใ‚ƒใชใ„ใ‹. +Only for **verbs**. + +> [!info] Example +> {้›ปๆฐ—|ใงใ‚“|ใ}ใ‚’ใคใ‘==ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใชใ„==ใ‹ใ€‚ +> Could you please turn on the lights? +> +> ้›ปๆฐ—ใ‚’ใคใ‘==ใชใ„ใงใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใˆใชใ„==ใ‹ใ€‚ +> Could you please turn off the light? diff --git a/2- Conjugation/4- TeF - even if.md b/2- Conjugation/TeF (4) - even if.md similarity index 98% rename from 2- Conjugation/4- TeF - even if.md rename to 2- Conjugation/TeF (4) - even if.md index 0055f0d..4cd811e 100644 --- a/2- Conjugation/4- TeF - even if.md +++ b/2- Conjugation/TeF (4) - even if.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# 4- Te-Form - even if +# Te-Form (4) - even if For **verbs**, **adjectives** and **nouns**. diff --git a/index.md b/index.md index 8ed38bb..153482d 100644 --- a/index.md +++ b/index.md @@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ Of course, since I'm _learning_ the language, I need to borrow what I write from * [Wasabi](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/category/japanese-grammar/) * [Japanese StackExchange](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/) * [Guide du Japonais](https://guidedujaponais.fr/) +* [Tofugu](https://www.tofugu.com) +* [Imabi](https://imabi.org/table-of-contents-%e7%9b%ae%e6%ac%a1/) +* [Tae-Kim's Guide](https://guidetojapanese.org/learn/) ## Other useful resources @@ -37,11 +40,12 @@ In addition to those I cited, here are other resources I find useful. ### Grammar * [jtest4you](https://japanesetest4you.com/) -* [Japanese Conjugation Drill](https://drill.marchal.dev) +* [Japanese Conjugation Drill](https://drill.jp.marchal.dev) ### Vocabulary * [Jisho](https://jisho.org/), an online dictionary +* [Tangorin](https://tangorin.com/sentences), for its sentences database ## Any errors?