jpg-quartz/1- Grammar/Observation - Description.md

# Observation & description

## がる・がっている

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
	<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ がる ・ がっている</p>
</div>

This transforms adjective into verbs, and means "to show signs of", "to appear like".
Can be conjugated: がっている means to currently show signs, がていた means to have shown signs.

> [!info] Example
> {彼女|かのじょ}は虫を{怖|ごわ}==がる==。
> She seems afraid of insects.

## がり

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
	<p><span class="box">な-Adj</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ がり</p>
</div>

Expresses a personality trait (tendency to, sensitivity towards).

> [!info] Example
> {彼|かれ}はを{怖|ごわ}==がり==。
> He has a tendency of being scared.

## Looks like

### よう

Means that it looks like. Used from direct knowledge or experience, with a high degree of confidence. It is a more polite form of みたい.

#### ようだ

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ ようだ</p>
</div>

Means that it looks like, appears like, seems like.

> [!info] Example
> {子供|こども}が{嬉|うれ}しい==ようだ==。
> The kids look happy (= I can see them laughing and smiling).

#### ように・ような

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ [ように + V] ・ [ような + N]</p>
</div>

Expresses "in the manner of".

> [!info] Examples
> {新幹線|しんかんせん}の==ような=={速度|そく|ど}。
> Speed like a Shinkansen.
> 
> アヒルの==ように==食べる。
> To eat like a duck.

### みたい

みたい means similar to, like. Used for direct observation, with a high degree of certainty in consequence.
It is a less polite form of ようだ.

#### みたいだ

The basic form, used with all forms of words.

> [!info] Example
> 今日は暑いですね。夏==みたいだ==な。
> It's hot today, isn't it. It looks like it's summer.

#### みたいに

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ みたいに + V / Adj</p>
</div>

The adverbial form.

> [!info] Example
> 犬==みたいに==食べた。
> I ate like a dog.

#### みたいな

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ みたいな + N</p>
</div>

Similar to the precedent form, but when using with nouns.

> [!info] Example
> {故郷|ふる|さと}==みたいな==町だ。
> A city like my hometown.

### っぽい

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
	<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
	<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ っぽい</p>
</div>

This has the meaning of like, easy to, _-ish_. Makes a direct comparison with certainty, from the point of view of the person saying it. Close to an even more casual meaning of みたい.

> [!info] Examples
> {子供|こ|ども}==っぽい==。
> Childish.
> 
> {忘|わす}れ==っぽい==。
> Easy to forget.

### らしい

Expresses an information based on hearsay, or based on the situation, or ressemblance. This is always used bases on a source that is unknown or ambiguous. It can be similar to a guess.
Also used for something typical.

> [!info] Examples
> 男==らしい==。
> Typical of a man (befitting of a man).
> 
> 今日は{君|きみ}==らしくない==。
> You aren't yourself today.

### そう

#### そうだ

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
</div>

Means "I heard that".

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
	<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
	<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
</div>

Means that it looks like.

> [!info] Examples
> テストは{難|むず}しい==だそうだ==。
> The exam is said to be difficult.
> 
> おいし==そうだ==。
> lt looks like it is delicious.

#### そうに・そうな

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V <strike>ます</strike></span></p>
	<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike></span></p>
	<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ 「そうに・そうな」 + N・V</p>
</div>

Also means that it looks like, but connecting to nouns and verbs.

> [!info] Example
> 面白==そうに==人です。
> He seems like an interesting person.

### Summing it up

🛠 To do: check validity.

* ==ようだ== is a formal way to say that it looks like, usually from direct observation.
* ==みたい== is a less formal way, used in a casual conversation.
* ==っぽい== is even more casual. A girl trying to be masculine would be 男っぽい.
* ==らしい== is usually used when something is typical or expected. The same girl wouldn't be either 女らしい or 男っぽい because it's not what is expected from her.
* ==そうだ== is used for something that is hearsay or not directly observation, more as a guess.

## に見える

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">V (casual) + ように</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">い-Adj + <strike>い</strike>く</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">な-Adj + に</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">N + (のよう) + に</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ 見える</p>
</div>

This is used (unlike other forms that can apply to abstract similarities) exclusively for visual resemblance.

> [!info] Example
> {彼女|かのじょ}はフランス人==に見える==。
> She looks like she is French.

## I heard that...

### と言われている

Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
For nouns, だ is placed before.

> [!info] Example
> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
> The curry of this restaurant is good (someone told me).

### と聞いた

Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.

> [!info] Example
> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).