jpg-quartz/content/🔰 Grammar/Amounts - quantification.md

# Amounts of quantification

## 以 prefix

{以上|い|じょう} means "above", "exceeding".
{以下|い|か} means "below", "not exceeding".
{以外|い|がい} means "excepting".
{以内|い|ない} means "within".

Used with nouns.

> [!info] Example
> １{時間|じかん}==以内=={終|お}わります。
> It will be finished within an hour.

## せいぜい

Means "at the most".
Used before a noun of time or a verb.

> [!info] Example
> ==せいぜい=={頑張|がんば}ります。
> I'll do my best.
> 
> この木は==せいぜい==３{年|ねん}です。
> This tree is at most 3 years old.

## さらに

{更|さら}に means "even more", "more and more", "in addition to".
Used with time, quantity, etc.

> [!info] Example
> {新|あたら}しい{仕事|しごと}を{始|はじめ}めて==さらに==うれしいになりました。
> I've become even happier with my new job.

## 別に～ない

{別|べつ}に means "not really", "not particularly".
Used with words in negative form.

> [!info] Example
> どうしてエアコンを{付|つ}きましたか。{今|いま}は==別に=={暑|あつ}==くない==よ。
> Why did you turn on the AC? It's not that hot right now.

## No matter how

### どんなに～ても

<div class="usage">
	<p class="iright">どんなに + </p>
<div class="ileft">
	<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くても</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">な-Adj + でも</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">N + でも</span></p>
</div>
</div>

Means "no matter how much". Also used as いくら~ても.

> [!info] Example
> ==どんなに=={練習|れんしゅう}し==ても==、マラソンを{走|はし}れない。
> No matter how much I train, I cannot run a marathon.

### どうしても

Means "no matter what".

> [!info] Example
> ==どうしても=={花火|はなび}に行きたい。
> No matter what, I want to go see the fireworks.

## Very

### てしょうがない・てしかたがない

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V (て)</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">い-Adj <strike>い</strike> くて</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">な-Adj + <strike>な</strike> で</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ しょうがない・しかたがない</p>
</div>

Means both "extremely" and "can't be helped".

> [!info] Example
> {今日|きょう}は{暑|あつ}く==てしょうがない==。
> Today is extremely hot.
> 
> {隣|となり}の{会話|かいわ}は{聞|き}き==ってしょうがない==。
> I can't help but to listen to the conversion next door.

### なかなか

<div class="usage">
	<p class="iright">なかなか + </p>
<div class="ileft">
	<p><span class="box">Adj</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">の + N</span></p>
</div>
</div>

Means "very", "quite".
See also [[Adverbs#なかなか～ない]].

> [!info] Example
> {今日|きょう}は==なかなか=={寒|さむ}いね。
> It's quite cold today.

### だけ

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V (dictionary)</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ だけ</p>
</div>

Means "as much".
See also [[Only - just#だけ]].

> [!info] Example
> 私は{払|はら}うんでだ、{飲|の}む==だけ==飲んで！
> I'll be paying, so drink as much as you can!

### なるべく・できるだけ

Means "as much as possible". なるべく is a bit softer than できるだけ.

> [!info] Example
> ==なるべく=={静|しず}かにしてください。
> Please be as quiet as possible.

### あまり

<div class="usage">
<div class="left">
	<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">N + の</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="right">+ あまり</p>
</div>

Means "so much... that".
Adjectives nominalized can be used as nouns. See [[Transformation#~さ adjective as noun]] and [[Transformation#~み adjective as noun]].

> [!info] Example
> おいしさの==あまり==、このレストラン{毎日|まいにち}行きたい。
> The food is so delicious that I want to eat in this restaurant every day.

### あまりにも

<div class="usage">
	<p class="iright">あまりに(も) + </p>
<div class="ileft">
	<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
	<p><span class="box">Adj</span></p>
</div>
</div>

<div class="usage">
	<p class="r">あまりの + </p>
<div class="">
	<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
</div>
</div>

Means "so much... that". A version of あまり that can also be used with adjectives.

> [!info] Example
> {先生|せんせい}が==あまりに=={厳|きび}しくて、{私|わたし}は{泣|な}き{始|はじ}めった。
> The teacher was so strict that I started to cry.