6.5 KiB
Listing
Connecting sentences
そして
This conjunction means "and". It implies a cause-effect relationship between the two sentences. There's an interconnection, where the order of the actions cannot be changed.
[!info] Examples バスケットボールをした。==そして==水を{飲|の}んだ。 I played basketball. Then, I drank water.
それから
This conjunction means "and" or "after that". It implies a chronological order to the events. Since there's no interconnection, the order of actions could be changed.
[!info] Examples スーパーに行きました。==それから=={弁当|べんとう}を食べました。 I went to the supermarket. After that, I ate my bento.
それに
This conjunction means "and", "besides" or "in addition". Implies a new information in relation to the precedent one. It is not used to add a negative information to a positive one, and vice-versa.
[!info] Examples 昨日、{病気|びょうき}になった。==それに==パソコンも{壊|こわ}れた。 I got sick yesterday. Beside, my computer broke.
それで
Means "because of that", "therefore". Substitutes the first sentence happening before by それ, highlighting information from it.
[!info] Examples {子供|こども}のころ、毎日{電車|でんしゃ}で{通|かよ}うていた。==それで=={電車|でんしゃ}{運転手|うんてんしゅ}になりたかった。 When I was a child, I took the train to school every day. Because of that, I wanted to be a train driver.
Exhaustive listing
と
This particles means "and" or "with". Used for a list that is exhaustive. Connects sentences.
[!info] Examples 犬==と=={住|す}んでいます。 I live with my dog.
フランス語==と==スペイン語を習っています。 I am learning French and Spanish.
て connecting
Used for a list that is exhaustive. Connects verbs. See TeF (1) - basics#て sequence.
Unexhaustive listing
や
Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "among other things". Formal. Used only with nouns.
[!info] Example フランス==や==スペインに{旅行|りょこう}しました。 I travelled to France and Spain (among others).
など
Means "things as". Can be used with や for a meaning like "etc". Used with nouns.
[!info] Example お金がないのでカフェやレストラン==など=={払|はら}えない。 I can't pay things like cafes or restaurant (etc.) because I have no money.
とか～とか
Used for a list that is unexhaustive. Translates to "and", "among other things". More casual than や. Ending a sentence with とか can soften the meaning. Can also be used to quote someone. Only used with verbs and nouns.
[!info] Examples {果物|くだもの}はバナナ==とか==リンゴ==とか==が好きです。 I like fruits like bananas and apples.
明日{野球|やきゅう}==とか==しようか。 Do you want to play baseball (or something) tomorrow?
もう{諦|あきら}めよう==とか==言わないで。 Don't say (things like) we should already give up.
たり～たり
V-た
い-Adj い かった
な-Adj + だった
+ り...します
This is used to list things that are related, in an unexhaustive way. Translates to "or", "do things such as". Usually used to talk about things like hobbies, explaining liked things, activities done, etc. Not used for usual things like a routine. It is not an ordered or chronological list like #て connecting.
[!info] Example {週末|しゅうまつ}に{泳|およ}い==だり==、{散歩|さんぽ}し==たり==、{買|か}い{物|もの}し==たり==します。 On the weekends, I do things like swimming, walking and shopping.
し
V (casual)
い-Adj
な-Adj + だ
N + だ
+ し
Used for a list that is unexhaustive, going in the same direction: for example reasons, causes, qualities, etc. Gives an opinion, a review. It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence.
[!info] Examples この電車は{速|はや}い==し==デザインもかっこいい。 This train is fast and has a cool design.
言ってない==し==！ I never said that!
Summing up
- ==や== means "and", and is formal. Can be completed by ==など== (= etc).
- ==とか== also means "and", but is casual.
- ==たり== means "or", "things like". Used to express possibilities.
- ==し== means "and", but with an emphasis on a review.
And also
も～ば～も
N1 + も +
V (ば)
い-Adj い ければ
な-Adj + なら
N + なら
+ N2 + も
Means "also", "as well". Means that both N1 and N2 are true (and should share a connection). ⚠ Despite using conditional form, it is not conditional in meaning.
[!info] Examples {母|はは}はポルトガル{語|ご}==も==できれ==ば==スペイン{語|ご}==も=={話|はな}せる。 My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish.
上に
V
い-Adj
な-Adj + な
N + の
+ 上(に)
{上|うえ}に means "and also", "in addition", "as well". Used with similar qualities (positive with positive, negative with negative).
[!info] Examples このスーパーは{高|たか}い==上に=={不便|ふべん}です。 This supermarket is expensive as well as inconvenient.
はもちろん
N
+ はもちろん +
phrase
+ も・さえ
Means "not only but also", "not to mention".
[!info] Examples このゲームセンターにはゲーム==はもちろん==ボウリング==も==あります。 This game center not only has games but also bowling.