# Without

## ないで

Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない).
It is a bit more casual than ずに.

> [!info] Example
> {勉強|べんきょう}し==ないで=={卒業|そつぎょう}した。
> I graduated without studying.

## ず(に)

Means "without doing". Formed with a verb in the negative tense (ない) by removing the -ない stem and adding ず(に).
する transforms to せずに.
It is a bit more formal than ないで. Used more often in written form than ないで.

> [!info] Example
> 毎日食べ==ずに==出かける。
> Everyday, I go out without eating.

## ずに済む・なくて済む (NEW!)

<div class="usage">
<div class="">
	<p><span class="box">V-<strike>ない</strike></span></p>
</div>
	<p class="r">+ ずに済む</p>
</div>
<div class="usage">
<div class="">
	<p><span class="box">V-ない</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="r">+ なくて済む</p>
</div>
<div class="usage">
<div class="">
	<p><span class="box">V-ない</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="r">+ で済む</p>
</div>

ずに{済|す}む and なくて{済|す}む mean "get by without doing". Used with a negative verb.

> [!info] Example
> {天才|てんさい}ので、彼は{勉強|べんきょう}==せずに済んだ=={合格|ごうかく}できました。
> He passed the exam without having to study, since he's a genius.

## ことなく (NEW!)

Means "without doing". Implies that it is regretful that it happened.
Used with a verb (dictionary form).

> [!info] Example
> {私|わたし}が{作|つく}ったケーキを{食|た}べる==ことなく=={友達|ともだち}は{帰|かえ}ってしまた。
> My friend went home without eating the cake I made.

## 抜きで・抜きにして (NEW!)

{抜|ぬ}きにして・{抜|ぬ}きで means "without".
Used with nouns.

> [!info] Example
> {彼女|かのじょ}==抜きで==何もできない。
> I can't do anything without her.

## もかまわず (NEW!)

<div class="usage">
<div class="">
	<p><span class="box">V + の</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="r">+ も構わず</p>
</div>
<div class="usage">
<div class="">
	<p><span class="box">N</span></p>
</div>
	<p class="r">+ も構わず</p>
</div>

も{構|かま}わず means "without worrying about".

> [!info] Example
> {未来|みらい}==も構わず==、{全然|ぜんぜん}{勉強|べんきょう}した。
> Without worrying about the future, I didn't studied at all.