Update N2 notions

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2025-06-30 22:41:38 +02:00
parent da9b4141a2
commit a7bf683378
64 changed files with 543 additions and 12514 deletions

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[ [
"obsidian-markdown-furigana", "obsidian-markdown-furigana",
"obsidian-style-settings", "obsidian-style-settings",
"obsidian42-brat", "obsidian42-brat"
"obsidian-opener"
] ]

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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{ {
"id": "obsidian-style-settings", "id": "obsidian-style-settings",
"name": "Style Settings", "name": "Style Settings",
"version": "1.0.8", "version": "1.0.9",
"minAppVersion": "0.11.5", "minAppVersion": "0.11.5",
"description": "Offers controls for adjusting theme, plugin, and snippet CSS variables.", "description": "Offers controls for adjusting theme, plugin, and snippet CSS variables.",
"author": "mgmeyers", "author": "mgmeyers",

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@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
{ {
"id": "obsidian42-brat", "id": "obsidian42-brat",
"name": "BRAT", "name": "BRAT",
"version": "1.0.1", "version": "1.1.7",
"minAppVersion": "1.4.16", "minAppVersion": "1.7.2",
"description": "Easily install a beta version of a plugin for testing.", "description": "Easily install a beta version of a plugin for testing.",
"author": "TfTHacker", "author": "TfTHacker",
"authorUrl": "https://github.com/TfTHacker/obsidian42-brat", "authorUrl": "https://github.com/TfTHacker/obsidian42-brat",
"helpUrl": "https://tfthacker.com/BRAT", "helpUrl": "https://tfthacker.com/BRAT",
"isDesktopOnly": false, "isDesktopOnly": false,
"fundingUrl": { "fundingUrl": {
"Buy Me a Coffee": "https://bit.ly/o42-kofi",
"Visit my site": "https://tfthacker.com" "Visit my site": "https://tfthacker.com"
} }
} }

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@ -1,3 +1,105 @@
.brat-modal .modal-button-container { .brat-modal .modal-button-container {
margin-top: 5px !important; margin-top: 5px !important;
} }
.brat-modal .disabled-setting {
opacity: 0.5;
}
.brat-modal .disabled-setting:hover {
cursor: not-allowed;
}
/* Input validation styles */
.brat-settings .valid-input,
.brat-modal .valid-repository {
border-color: var(--color-green) !important;
}
.brat-settings .invalid-input,
.brat-modal .invalid-repository {
border-color: var(--color-red) !important;
}
.brat-settings .validation-error,
.brat-modal .validation-error {
border-color: var(--color-orange) !important;
}
/* Version selector */
.brat-version-selector {
width: 100%;
max-width: 400px;
justify-content: left;
}
.brat-token-input {
min-width: 33%;
}
/* Token info container styles */
.brat-token-info {
margin-top: 8px;
font-size: 0.8em;
padding: 8px;
border-radius: 4px;
background-color: var(--background-secondary);
}
/* Token status indicators */
.brat-token-info.valid,
.brat-token-status.valid {
color: var(--color-green);
}
.brat-token-info.invalid,
.brat-token-status.invalid {
color: var(--color-red);
}
.brat-token-info.valid {
border-left: 3px solid var(--color-green);
}
.brat-token-info.invalid {
border-left: 3px solid var(--color-red);
}
/* Token details and status */
.brat-token-status {
margin-bottom: 4px;
}
.brat-token-details {
margin-top: 4px;
color: var(--text-muted);
}
/* Token warnings */
.brat-token-warning {
color: var(--color-orange);
margin-top: 4px;
}
/* Token additional info */
.brat-token-scopes,
.brat-token-rate {
color: var(--text-muted);
margin-top: 2px;
}
/* Flex break utility */
.brat-modal .break {
flex-basis: 100%;
height: 0;
}
/* Validation status */
.brat-modal .validation-status-error {
color: var(--text-error);
}
.brat-modal .validation-status {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
font-size: 0.8em;
text-align: left;
}

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@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Negative form:
<p class="right">+ なければ</p> <p class="right">+ なければ</p>
</div> </div>
See Conjugation [[Basics]] for verbs (the う sound transforms the the corresponding え sound). See Conjugation [[Basics]] for verbs (the う sound transforms to the corresponding え sound).
Means "if". A conditional relationship without the cause-effect relationship of と. Means "if". A conditional relationship without the cause-effect relationship of と.
If A happens, then B. Situations must be hypothetical. Generally used for one-time results. If A happens, then B. Situations must be hypothetical. Generally used for one-time results.
@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ Means "if we assume that A, B".
## もし(も) ## もし(も)
Used with conditional forms ば, と, たら and ても (see [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも]]). Used with conditional forms ば, と, たら and ても (see [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも|Even if: ても・でも]]).
もしも puts more emphasis than もし. もしも puts more emphasis than もし.
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Misc. # Misc.
## ~まい (NEW!) ## ~まい
~まい is the opposition of the volitional form (よう). It means "will not". ~まい is the opposition of the volitional form (よう). It means "will not".
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Careful of two exceptions:
> この{川|かわは{危|あぶ}ないようだ。ここで{泳|およぐ}ぐ==まい==。 > この{川|かわは{危|あぶ}ないようだ。ここで{泳|およぐ}ぐ==まい==。
> This river seems dangerous. I won't swim here. > This river seems dangerous. I won't swim here.
## ~得る・~得ない (NEW!) ## ~得る・~得ない
{得|え}る means "able to", "possible". Can be conjugated: えない, えた, えなかった. {得|え}る means "able to", "possible". Can be conjugated: えない, えた, えなかった.
Made by: Made by:
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Made by:
⚠ Can also be read うる (on this tense only). ⚠ Can also be read うる (on this tense only).
## ぬ (NEW!) ## ぬ
It is the traditional negative form of verbs: ぬ instead of ない. It is the traditional negative form of verbs: ぬ instead of ない.
Exceptions: Exceptions:

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@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ Used with verbs in て form.
> {夜|よる}ので、{歌|うた}え==ている場合じゃない== > {夜|よる}ので、{歌|うた}え==ている場合じゃない==
> It's night, so it's no time to be singing! > It's night, so it's no time to be singing!
## てばかりはいられない (NEW!) ## てばかりはいられない
Means "can't keep doing". Can also be used as てばかりもいられない. Means "can't keep doing". Can also be used as てばかりもいられない.
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ Means "can't keep doing". Can also be used as てばかりもいられない.
> {走|は}==ってばかりはいられない==。 > {走|は}==ってばかりはいられない==。
> I can't keep running. > I can't keep running.
## ていては (NEW!) ## ていては
Means "if something continues". Used generally for negative outcomes. Means "if something continues". Used generally for negative outcomes.
Only used for verbs. Only used for verbs.
@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Only used for verbs.
> {酒|さけ}しかを{飲|の}ん==でいては==、{健康|けんこう}が{悪|わる}くなる。 > {酒|さけ}しかを{飲|の}ん==でいては==、{健康|けんこう}が{悪|わる}くなる。
> If you only drink alcool, your health will worsen. > If you only drink alcool, your health will worsen.
## てならない (NEW!) ## てならない
Means "extremely", "can't help but to do". Usually used for natural things occuring that cannot be controlled, like feeling. Means "extremely", "can't help but to do". Usually used for natural things occuring that cannot be controlled, like feeling.
@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ Means "extremely", "can't help but to do". Usually used for natural things occur
> この{町|まち}には{寒|さむ}く==てならない==。 > この{町|まち}には{寒|さむ}く==てならない==。
> It's extremely cold in this town. > It's extremely cold in this town.
## てたまらない (NEW!) ## てたまらない
With verbs conjugated in the たい form, this means "can't help but want to". With verbs conjugated in the たい form, this means "can't help but want to".
With other forms, this means "extremely". With other forms, this means "extremely".
@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ With other forms, this means "extremely".
> {留学|りゅうがく}に{行|い}きたく==てたまらない==。 > {留学|りゅうがく}に{行|い}きたく==てたまらない==。
> I can't help but want to go abroad. > I can't help but want to go abroad.
## てはいられない (NEW!) ## てはいられない
Means "unable to", "cannot afford to". Means "unable to", "cannot afford to".

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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Only for **verbs**.
> I bought a cake for my mother. > I bought a cake for my mother.
> >
For casual language, ==てやる== can be used. For casual language, てやる can be used.
## てくれる ## てくれる

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@ -68,9 +68,7 @@ Used to make a supposition. Would translate to something like "even if... is the
> ==たとえ=={新幹線|しん|かん|せん}==でも==、1時間かかる。 > ==たとえ=={新幹線|しん|かん|せん}==でも==、1時間かかる。
> Even if you take the Shinkansen, it will take one hour. > Even if you take the Shinkansen, it will take one hour.
# NEW ### てでも
## てでも (NEW!)
Means "even if I have to". Expresses a strong determination to do something. Means "even if I have to". Expresses a strong determination to do something.

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Te-Form (5) - Misc # Te-Form (5) - Misc
## て以来 (NEW!) ## て以来
て{以来|いらい} means "since". Not used for recent events. て{以来|いらい} means "since". Not used for recent events.
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
> {日本|にほん}に{引|ひ}っ{越|こき}し==て以来==、{帰国|きこく}していませんでした。 > {日本|にほん}に{引|ひ}っ{越|こき}し==て以来==、{帰国|きこく}していませんでした。
> Ever since I moved to Japan, I haven't been back to my own country. > Ever since I moved to Japan, I haven't been back to my own country.
## てこそ (NEW!) ## てこそ
Means "since", "only if", "unless", "until". Emphasizes on the relationship between the two parts of the sentence. Means "since", "only if", "unless", "until". Emphasizes on the relationship between the two parts of the sentence.
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Means "since", "only if", "unless", "until". Emphasizes on the relationship betw
> {先生|せんせい}にな==ってこそ==、{観点|かんてん}が{変|か}わる。 > {先生|せんせい}にな==ってこそ==、{観点|かんてん}が{変|か}わる。
> Only by becoming a teacher, your perspective changes. > Only by becoming a teacher, your perspective changes.
## てまで (NEW!) ## てまで
Means "to go as far as", "to do excessive effort". Means "to go as far as", "to do excessive effort".
@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Means "to go as far as", "to do excessive effort".
> カードゲームが{好|す}きですけど、{全部|ぜんぶ}の{給料|きゅうりょう}を{費|つい}やし==てまで==と{思|おも}わない。 > カードゲームが{好|す}きですけど、{全部|ぜんぶ}の{給料|きゅうりょう}を{費|つい}やし==てまで==と{思|おも}わない。
> I like card games, but I don't want to spend my entire salary on them. > I like card games, but I don't want to spend my entire salary on them.
## て当然だ (NEW!) ## て当然だ
て{当然|とうぜん}だ means that something is natural, expected. て{当然|とうぜん}だ means that something is natural, expected.
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Means "to go as far as", "to do excessive effort".
> 私が{作|つく}ったから、{完璧|かんぺき}==で当然だ== > 私が{作|つく}ったから、{完璧|かんぺき}==で当然だ==
> I made it, so obviously it's perfect! > I made it, so obviously it's perfect!
## ては・では (NEW!) ## ては・では
It is used as a condition: "if", "when", "whenever". Generally expresses a negative outcome. It is used as a condition: "if", "when", "whenever". Generally expresses a negative outcome.
は can be changed to ちゃ with verbs, and じゃ with な-adjectives and nouns. は can be changed to ちゃ with verbs, and じゃ with な-adjectives and nouns.
@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ It is used as a condition: "if", "when", "whenever". Generally expresses a negat
> {授業|じゅぎょう}に{来|こ}なく==ては=={卒業|そつぎょう}できない。 > {授業|じゅぎょう}に{来|こ}なく==ては=={卒業|そつぎょう}できない。
> If you don't come to class, you will not be able to graduate. > If you don't come to class, you will not be able to graduate.
## ては~ては (NEW!) ## ては~ては
Same structure as [[TeF (5) - Misc#ては・では (NEW!)]], this time only used with verbs. Means the repetition of an action or a phenomenon. Same structure as [[TeF (5) - Misc#ては・では]], this time only used with verbs. Means the repetition of an action or a phenomenon.
The verbs can be in the same order or not in the two part. The verbs can be in the same order or not in the two part.
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example

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@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ Of course, since I'm _learning_ the language, I need to get inspired from differ
* [Bunpro](https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points) * [Bunpro](https://bunpro.jp/grammar_points)
* [JLPT Sensei](https://jlptsensei.com/#jlpt-grammar-lists) * [JLPT Sensei](https://jlptsensei.com/#jlpt-grammar-lists)
* [Maggie Sensei](https://maggiesensei.com/) * [Maggie Sensei](https://maggiesensei.com/)
* [Try! Series of books](https://2024.ask-books.com/tag/try/) * [Try! Series of books](https://ask-books.com/tag/try/)
* [A Handbook of Japanese Grammar](https://www.9640.jp/nihongo/en/detail/?678)
* [Hedgehog Japanese](https://hedgehog-japanese.com/category/grammar/) * [Hedgehog Japanese](https://hedgehog-japanese.com/category/grammar/)
* [Wasabi](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/category/japanese-grammar/) * [Wasabi](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/category/japanese-grammar/)
* [Japanese StackExchange](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/) * [Japanese StackExchange](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/)
* [Guide du Japonais](https://guidedujaponais.fr/)
* [Tofugu](https://www.tofugu.com) * [Tofugu](https://www.tofugu.com)
* [Imabi](https://imabi.org/table-of-contents-%e7%9b%ae%e6%ac%a1/) * [Imabi](https://imabi.org/table-of-contents-%e7%9b%ae%e6%ac%a1/)
* [Tae-Kim's Guide](https://guidetojapanese.org/learn/) * [Tae-Kim's Guide](https://guidetojapanese.org/learn/)
@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ In addition to those I cited, here are other resources I find useful.
* [Jisho](https://jisho.org/), an online dictionary * [Jisho](https://jisho.org/), an online dictionary
* [Tatoeba](https://tatoeba.org), for its sentences database * [Tatoeba](https://tatoeba.org), for its sentences database
### Apps
- [Anki](https://apps.ankiweb.net/), the spaced repetition software
## Any errors? ## Any errors?
If you find any error, please do contact me! I wrote the examples by myself, so they might not be accurate. You can find my website in the footer of any page of this website. Thanks! If you find any error, please do contact me! I wrote the examples by myself, so they might not be accurate. You can find my website in the footer of any page of this website. Thanks!

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@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ Means "already". More formal than もう, implies that something is too late and
> {遅|おそ}く{起|お}きたので==すでに==バスは{出発|しゅっぱつ}してしまった。 > {遅|おそ}く{起|お}きたので==すでに==バスは{出発|しゅっぱつ}してしまった。
> I woke up late, so the bus already left. > I woke up late, so the bus already left.
## どうせ (NEW!) ## どうせ
Means "anyhow", "at any rate". Means "anyhow", "at any rate".
@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Means "anyhow", "at any rate".
> ==どうせ==、{僕|ぼく}のアドバイスを{聞|き}かないんでしょう。 > ==どうせ==、{僕|ぼく}のアドバイスを{聞|き}かないんでしょう。
> Anyhow, you won't listen to advice, right? > Anyhow, you won't listen to advice, right?
## なお (NEW!) ## なお
Means "more", "in addition". Used in writing. Means "more", "in addition". Used in writing.
Can be used: Can be used:

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@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Used with the たら form of verbs.
> 何を{飲|の}ん==だらいいですか==。 > 何を{飲|の}ん==だらいいですか==。
> What should I drink? > What should I drink?
## ことだ (NEW!) ## ことだ
Means "should do". It is used for suggestion or giving advice in spoken language. Means "should do". It is used for suggestion or giving advice in spoken language.
Used after verbs with a る or ない ending. Used after verbs with a る or ない ending.
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Used after verbs with a る or ない ending.
> {砂糖|さとう}が{多|おお}すぎる{食|た}べ{物|もの}を{食|た}べない==ことだ==。 > {砂糖|さとう}が{多|おお}すぎる{食|た}べ{物|もの}を{食|た}べない==ことだ==。
> You shouldn't eat food that is too high in sugar. > You shouldn't eat food that is too high in sugar.
## ようではないか (NEW!) ## ようではないか
Means "why don't we", "shall we", "let's do". Used with a verb in the volitional form (おう). ではないか can be replaced by じゃないか. Means "why don't we", "shall we", "let's do". Used with a verb in the volitional form (おう). ではないか can be replaced by じゃないか.

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Amounts of frequency # Amounts of frequency
## 再び (NEW!) ## 再び
{再|ふたた}び means "again", "once more". {再|ふたた}び means "again", "once more".

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@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Used with words in negative form.
> どうしてエアコンを{付|つ}きましたか。{今|いま}は==別に=={暑|あつ}==くない==よ。 > どうしてエアコンを{付|つ}きましたか。{今|いま}は==別に=={暑|あつ}==くない==よ。
> Why did you turn on the AC? It's not that hot right now. > Why did you turn on the AC? It's not that hot right now.
## わずかに (NEW!) ## わずかに
Means "slightly", "only", "a little". Used at the beginning of a phrase to indicate a particularly small amount of something. Means "slightly", "only", "a little". Used at the beginning of a phrase to indicate a particularly small amount of something.
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ Means "no matter what".
## At least ## At least
### 少なくとも (NEW!) ### 少なくとも
{少|すく}なくとも means "at least". Implies an obligation. {少|すく}なくとも means "at least". Implies an obligation.
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ Means "no matter what".
> ==少なくとも==もっと{三人|さんにん}が{必要|ひつよう}です。 > ==少なくとも==もっと{三人|さんにん}が{必要|ひつよう}です。
> At least three more people are required. > At least three more people are required.
### せめて (NEW!) ### せめて
Means "at least". Implies a request. Means "at least". Implies a request.
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Means "at least". Implies a request.
> ==せめて=={週|しゅう}に{一度|いちど}{勉強|べんきょう}してください。 > ==せめて=={週|しゅう}に{一度|いちど}{勉強|べんきょう}してください。
> Please study at least once a week. > Please study at least once a week.
## だけましだ (NEW!) ## だけましだ
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ Means "as much as possible". なるべく is a bit softer than できるだけ.
</div> </div>
Means "so much... that". Means "so much... that".
Adjectives nominalized can be used as nouns. See [[Transformation#~さ adjective as noun]] and [[Transformation#~み adjective as noun]]. Nominalized adjectives can be used as nouns. See [[Transformation#~さ adjective as noun]] and [[Transformation#~み adjective as noun]].
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> おいしさの==あまり==、このレストラン{毎日|まいにち}行きたい。 > おいしさの==あまり==、このレストラン{毎日|まいにち}行きたい。
@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ Means "so much... that". A version of あまり that can also be used with adjec
## Not at all ## Not at all
### ちっとも~ない (NEW!) ### ちっとも~ない
Means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. It is casual. Means "not at all". Has a nuance of perhaps happening once or twice. It is casual.
Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form. Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
> ==ちっとも=={学校|がっこう}を{休|やす}まない。 > ==ちっとも=={学校|がっこう}を{休|やす}まない。
> I never miss school. > I never miss school.
### 少しも~ない (NEW!) ### 少しも~ない
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<p class="iright">少しも + </p> <p class="iright">少しも + </p>
@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
> そのアパートは==少しも==大きくなかった。 > そのアパートは==少しも==大きくなかった。
> That appartment was really not big. > That appartment was really not big.
### 全く~ない (NEW!) ### 全く~ない
{全|まった}く~ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening. {全|まった}く~ない means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening.
Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form. Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ Used with a verb in the negative (ない) form.
> ==全く=={信|しん}じられない。 > ==全く=={信|しん}じられない。
> That is absolutely unbelievable. > That is absolutely unbelievable.
### として~ない (NEW!) ### として~ない
Means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening. Means "not at all". Has a nuance of absolutely never happening.
Insists more on the duration: "not even". Insists more on the duration: "not even".
@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ Used before a a duration, a number, etc.
> {彼女|かのじょ}は{一日|いちにち}==として=={仕事|しごと}を{遅|おく}れなかった。 > {彼女|かのじょ}は{一日|いちにち}==として=={仕事|しごと}を{遅|おく}れなかった。
> She has never missed a day of work, not even one day. > She has never missed a day of work, not even one day.
### 全然 (NEW!) ### 全然
{全然|ぜんぜん} means "not at all". {全然|ぜんぜん} means "not at all".

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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Also means "to the extent of".
> 食べなくて{寝|ね}たい==ぐらい=={疲|つか}れています。 > 食べなくて{寝|ね}たい==ぐらい=={疲|つか}れています。
> I'm tired to the extent of not eating and going to sleep. > I'm tired to the extent of not eating and going to sleep.
## ばかり (NEW!) ## ばかり
Means "about" or "approximately", when used with nouns indicating time or distance. Has the same meaning as ぐらい or ほど, but only in written form. Means "about" or "approximately", when used with nouns indicating time or distance. Has the same meaning as ぐらい or ほど, but only in written form.
@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ See [[🔰 Particles (1)#は]].
<p class="right">+ 程</p> <p class="right">+ 程</p>
</div> </div>
Like くらい, it describes an approximate amount. It focuses on a limit being reached. It translates to "about" or "to the extent". {程|ほど}, like くらい, it describes an approximate amount. It focuses on a limit being reached. It translates to "about" or "to the extent".
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> {地下鉄|ちかてつ}を{乗|の}るために、{死|し}ぬ==程=={走|はし}った。 > {地下鉄|ちかてつ}を{乗|の}るために、{死|し}ぬ==程=={走|はし}った。
> In order to catch the subway, I ran to death. > In order to catch the subway, I ran to death.
## 一応 (NEW!) ## 一応
{一応|いちおう} means "more or less", "roughly". {一応|いちおう} means "more or less", "roughly".
Can also mean "just in case". Used to tell the minimum required amount is done. Can also mean "just in case". Used to tell the minimum required amount is done.
@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Used with {少|すこ}し, means "little by little".
> {個|こ}==ずつ==ください。 > {個|こ}==ずつ==ください。
> I'll take two of each please. > I'll take two of each please.
## ろくに~ない (NEW!) ## ろくに~ない
Means "not enough, improperly, insufficiently". Used with a negative phrase. Means "not enough, improperly, insufficiently". Used with a negative phrase.

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Based on # Based on
## からして (NEW!) ## からして
Means "based on", "judging from". Extracts a conclusion from an observation. Means "based on", "judging from". Extracts a conclusion from an observation.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Also used to present an extreme example where if A is true, then of course B wil
> もちろん{親|おや}さんはうるさい==からしたら==、{子供|こども}もうるさいです。 > もちろん{親|おや}さんはうるさい==からしたら==、{子供|こども}もうるさいです。
> Of course if the parents are noisy, the kids will also be. > Of course if the parents are noisy, the kids will also be.
## をもとに・に沿って (NEW!) ## をもとに・に沿って
をもとに and に{沿|そ}って mean "based on", "in accordance with". Use a source to do something, following it. をもとに and に{沿|そ}って mean "based on", "in accordance with". Use a source to do something, following it.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> この{教科書|きょうかしょ}==をもとに==、{練習問題|れんしゅうもんだい}を{作|つく}った。 > この{教科書|きょうかしょ}==をもとに==、{練習問題|れんしゅうもんだい}を{作|つく}った。
> Based on this text textbook, I made practice questions. > Based on this text textbook, I made practice questions.
## に基づいて (NEW!) ## に基づいて
に{基|もと}づいて means "based on". It is more formal than をもとに and に沿って. に{基|もと}づいて means "based on". It is more formal than をもとに and に沿って.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> この{映画|えいが}は{漫画|まんが}==に基づいた==。 > この{映画|えいが}は{漫画|まんが}==に基づいた==。
> This movie was based on a manga. > This movie was based on a manga.
## に応えて (NEW!) ## に応えて
に{応|こた}えて means "in response to". Implies a change depending on what is necessary, suitable, etc. に{応|こた}えて means "in response to". Implies a change depending on what is necessary, suitable, etc.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> {社長|しゃちょう}の{願|ねが}う==に応えて==、{残業|ざんぎょう}をしました。 > {社長|しゃちょう}の{願|ねが}う==に応えて==、{残業|ざんぎょう}をしました。
> In reponse to my boss's request, I worked overtime. > In reponse to my boss's request, I worked overtime.
## に応じて (NEW!) ## に応じて
に{応|おう}じて means "in accordance with". It is less direct than に応えて. に{応|おう}じて means "in accordance with". It is less direct than に応えて.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> {社長|しゃちょう}の{願|ねが}う==に応じて==、{残業|ざんぎょう}をしました。 > {社長|しゃちょう}の{願|ねが}う==に応じて==、{残業|ざんぎょう}をしました。
> In response to my boss's request, I worked overtime. (the request might have been implicit, and not asked directly) > In response to my boss's request, I worked overtime. (the request might have been implicit, and not asked directly)
## の下で・のもとに (NEW!) ## の下で・のもとに
の{下|もと}で・の{下|もと}に means "under", "on the basis of". の{下|もと}で・の{下|もと}に means "under", "on the basis of".
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.

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@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Made with a verb in the negative form (ない) without the ない ending and add
> {悲|かな}しいのでアイスクリーム食べ==ずには入れれない==。 > {悲|かな}しいのでアイスクリーム食べ==ずには入れれない==。
> I'm sad so I can't help but eat ice cream. > I'm sad so I can't help but eat ice cream.
## ないではいられない (NEW!) ## ないではいられない
This means "cannot help doing something". Has the same nuance as ずにはいられない。 This means "cannot help doing something". Has the same nuance as ずにはいられない。
Made with a verb in the negative form (ない) without the ない ending and adding ではいられない. Made with a verb in the negative form (ない) without the ない ending and adding ではいられない.
@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ Made with a verb in the negative form (ない) without the ない ending and add
> ゲームをし==ないではいられない==。 > ゲームをし==ないではいられない==。
> I can't help but play games. > I can't help but play games.
## ざるを得ない (NEW!) ## ざるを得ない
ざるを{得|え}ない means "can't help doing". Implies that it is not the first choice, but that there is no other option available. ざるを{得|え}ない means "can't help doing". Implies that it is not the first choice, but that there is no other option available.
Made with a verb in the negative form (ない) and adding ざるを得ない. Made with a verb in the negative form (ない) and adding ざるを得ない.
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Exception: する becomes せ.
<p class="right">+ もかまわない・もかまいません</p> <p class="right">+ もかまわない・もかまいません</p>
</div> </div>
Means "it doesn't matter if", "I don't mind". ても{構|かま}わない means "it doesn't matter if", "I don't mind".
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> ここで{座|すわ}==っても構いません==か。 > ここで{座|すわ}==っても構いません==か。

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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
## Certain ## Certain
### に決まっている (NEW!) ### に決まっている
に{決|き}まっている means "certain that". It is casual. に{決|き}まっている means "certain that". It is casual.
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
> {絶対|ぜったい}に来る==に違いない==。 > {絶対|ぜったい}に来る==に違いない==。
> He's definitely coming. > He's definitely coming.
### に相違ない (NEW!) ### に相違ない
に{相|そう}{違|い}ない means "certain that". It is very formal. に{相|そう}{違|い}ない means "certain that". It is very formal.
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
> 彼女は{必|かなら}ず{悲|かな}しい==に相違ない==。 > 彼女は{必|かなら}ず{悲|かな}しい==に相違ない==。
> I'm certain that she's sad. > I'm certain that she's sad.
## Uncertain: というものではない (NEW!) ## Uncertain: というものではない
Means "there is no guarantee that", "not necessarily". Means "there is no guarantee that", "not necessarily".

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@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
> この13時間{飛行|ひこう}で{座|すわ}り==っぱなし==でした。 > この13時間{飛行|ひこう}で{座|すわ}り==っぱなし==でした。
> I sat the entire time on this 13 hours flight. > I sat the entire time on this 13 hours flight.
## ~かねる (NEW!) ## ~かねる
~かねる means "unable to do", due to an external circumstance. It is polite. ~かねる means "unable to do", due to an external circumstance. It is polite.
@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
> ごめんなさい、それをでき==かねます==。 > ごめんなさい、それをでき==かねます==。
> I'm sorry, I cannot do that. > I'm sorry, I cannot do that.
## ~っこない (NEW!) ## ~っこない
~っこない means that something is not possible. ~っこない means that something is not possible.
@ -146,15 +146,15 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
> {全然|ぜんぜん}{勉強|べんきょう}しなかった。。。{合格|ごうかく}し==っこない==よ。 > {全然|ぜんぜん}{勉強|べんきょう}しなかった。。。{合格|ごうかく}し==っこない==よ。
> I did not study at all... There's no way I'll pass. > I did not study at all... There's no way I'll pass.
## ~抜く (NEW!) ## ~抜く
~{抜|ぬ}く means to do something to the end, or completely. The nuance is that someone tried hard and has made an effort to achieve this result. ~{抜|ぬ}く means to do something to the end, or completely. The nuance is that someone tried hard and has made an effort to achieve this result.
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> それは{毎日|まいにち}やり==抜く=={無理|むり}ですよ。 > それは{毎日|まいにち}やり==抜く=={無理|むり}ですよ。
> You cannot do this every day. > You cannot do this every day.
## ~給え (NEW!) ## ~給え
~{給|たま}え is used for a light order. It is used by someone of higher rank to someone of lower rank. ~{給|たま}え is used for a light order. It is used by someone of higher rank to someone of lower rank.
@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
> ここに{座|すわ}り==給え==。 > ここに{座|すわ}り==給え==。
> Seat here. > Seat here.
## ~つつ(も) (NEW!) ## ~つつ(も)
~つつ means that something happens at the same time as another action. Adding も adds the meaning of "even": "even while doing". ~つつ means that something happens at the same time as another action. Adding も adds the meaning of "even": "even while doing".
@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ It focuses on the end of the action rather than the process.
> 食べ==つつ==、飲みましょう。 > 食べ==つつ==、飲みましょう。
> While eating, let's drink. > While eating, let's drink.
## ~つつある (NEW!) ## ~つつある
~つつある means that something is in an ongoing process or action, in a similar manner as てくる. ~つつある means that something is in an ongoing process or action, in a similar manner as てくる.

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@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
## より ## より
With the following pattern, it means that A is "more" Adj "than" B. With the following pattern, it means that A is "more" something "than" B.
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<p class="r">AはB +</p> <p class="r">AはB +</p>
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ With the following pattern, it means that A is "more" Adj "than" B.
> 電車は車==より=={速|はや}いです。 > 電車は車==より=={速|はや}いです。
> Trains are faster than cars. > Trains are faster than cars.
Do not confuse with [[🔰 Particles (2)#より (NEW!)]]. Do not confuse with [[🔰 Particles (2)#より]].
## より(も) ## より(も)
@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ See also [[Amounts#ほど]].
> {中国|ちゅうごく}{料理|りょうり}は{韓国|かんこく}{料理|りょうり}==ほど=={辛|から}く==ない==です。 > {中国|ちゅうごく}{料理|りょうり}は{韓国|かんこく}{料理|りょうり}==ほど=={辛|から}く==ない==です。
> Korean food is spicier than Chinese food. > Korean food is spicier than Chinese food.
## ならまだしも (NEW!) ## ならまだしも
Means that A is okay, but B is not. "Rather", "instead". Means that A is okay, but B is not. "Rather", "instead".
@ -128,18 +128,18 @@ Means that A is okay, but B is not. "Rather", "instead".
> {寒|さむ}いだけ==ならまだしも==、{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}ているから行きたくない。 > {寒|さむ}いだけ==ならまだしも==、{雨|あめ}が{降|ふ}ているから行きたくない。
> It would be fine if it was just cold, but since it's raining I don't want to go. > It would be fine if it was just cold, but since it's raining I don't want to go.
## に限る (NEW!) ## に限る
Means "the best is". に{限|かぎ}る means "the best is".
Used with verbs and nouns. Used with verbs and nouns.
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> パンなら、フランス==に限る==。 > パンなら、フランス==に限る==。
> Bread is best in France. > Bread is best in France.
## に越したことはない (NEW!) ## に越したことはない
に{越|こし}したことはない means "there's nothing better than...". Implies that is nice to reach it. に{越|こし}したことはない means "there's nothing better than...". Implies that it is nice to reach it.
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> {健康|けんこう}のために{早|はや}く{寝|ね}る==に越したことはない==。 > {健康|けんこう}のために{早|はや}く{寝|ね}る==に越したことはない==。

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@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ Used to introduce a new topic of conversation. Translates to "by the way".
> ==ところで==、車の{修理|しゅうり}はどう。 > ==ところで==、車の{修理|しゅうり}はどう。
> By the way, how are the repairs for your car? > By the way, how are the repairs for your car?
## By the way: ちなみに (NEW!) ## By the way: ちなみに
Used to provide a new information on the current topic of conversation. Translates to "by the way". Used to provide a new information on the current topic of conversation. Translates to "by the way".
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Used to provide a new information on the current topic of conversation. Translat
> {駅|えき}に行くつもりです。==ちなみに==、駅の{前|まえ}には{新|あたら}しいレストランが{開|あけた}けたと言われた。 > {駅|えき}に行くつもりです。==ちなみに==、駅の{前|まえ}には{新|あたら}しいレストランが{開|あけた}けたと言われた。
> I'm going to the train station. By the way, I heard that a new restaurant has opened in front of the station. > I'm going to the train station. By the way, I heard that a new restaurant has opened in front of the station.
## Come to think of it: そう言えば (NEW!) ## Come to think of it: そう言えば
Used to talk about a topic connected to the previous one, as something that is remembered. Used to talk about a topic connected to the previous one, as something that is remembered.

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Consequence # Consequence
## に関わる (NEW!) ## に関わる
に{関|かか}わる means "to affect", "to be involved". Used with nouns that express something influential. に{関|かか}わる means "to affect", "to be involved". Used with nouns that express something influential.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> {命|いのち}==に関わる=={事故|じこ}がありました。 > {命|いのち}==に関わる=={事故|じこ}がありました。
> There was a life-threatening incident. > There was a life-threatening incident.
## がきっかけで・をきっかけに (NEW!) ## がきっかけで・をきっかけに
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Means "to take advantage of", "because of", "as an opportunity to". It is a comm
> {彼女|かのじょ}と{出会|であ}ったの==がきっかけで==、ポップ{音楽|おんがく}が{好|す}き{始|はじ}まった。 > {彼女|かのじょ}と{出会|であ}ったの==がきっかけで==、ポップ{音楽|おんがく}が{好|す}き{始|はじ}まった。
> After meeting her, I started liking pop music. > After meeting her, I started liking pop music.
## を契機に (NEW!) ## を契機に
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Means "to take advantage of", "because of", "as an opportunity to". It is a comm
> {戦争|せんそう}==を契機に==、{人々|ひとびと}は{家|いえ}を{失|うしな}った。 > {戦争|せんそう}==を契機に==、{人々|ひとびと}は{家|いえ}を{失|うしな}った。
> As a result of the war, people lost their homes. > As a result of the war, people lost their homes.
## そうすると (NEW!) ## そうすると
Means "having done that". Used for something where there is no control, or to confirm an information. Means "having done that". Used for something where there is no control, or to confirm an information.
Used at the beginning of a phrase. Used at the beginning of a phrase.
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Used at the beginning of a phrase.
> ゆっくり{食|た}べてみて。==そうすると==、おいしくなる。 > ゆっくり{食|た}べてみて。==そうすると==、おいしくなる。
> Try eating slower. Doing that, it will taste better. > Try eating slower. Doing that, it will taste better.
## 甲斐がある (NEW!) ## 甲斐がある
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">

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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Means "named", "called".
> {台風|たいふう}が来る==という==ニュース。 > {台風|たいふう}が来る==という==ニュース。
> A news that a typhoon is coming. > A news that a typhoon is coming.
## いわゆる (NEW!) ## いわゆる
Means "called". Means "called".
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Emphasis # Emphasis
## に限って (NEW!) ## に限って
に{限|かぎ}って means "particularly when", "only when". に{限|かぎ}って means "particularly when", "only when".
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> このレストランは{金曜日|きにょうび==に限って==、{特別|とくべつな{食|た}べ{物|もの}を{作|つ}る。 > このレストランは{金曜日|きにょうび==に限って==、{特別|とくべつな{食|た}べ{物|もの}を{作|つ}る。
> This restaurant only makes special food on Fridays. > This restaurant only makes special food on Fridays.
## ことに (NEW!) ## ことに
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Means "particularly", "especially". Used to describe and emphasize the speaker's
> こんなに{長|なが}い{間|あいだ}{彼|かれ}から{連絡|れんらく}があった==ことに=={驚|おどろ}きました。 > こんなに{長|なが}い{間|あいだ}{彼|かれ}から{連絡|れんらく}があった==ことに=={驚|おどろ}きました。
> I was surprised to hear from him after such a long time. > I was surprised to hear from him after such a long time.
## それなら (NEW!) ## それなら
Means "if that's the case". Highlights the previous statement. Means "if that's the case". Highlights the previous statement.
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Means "if that's the case". Highlights the previous statement.
> {今週|こんしゅう}{忙|いそが}しいんでしょうか。==それなら==、{来週|らいしゅう}はどうですか。 > {今週|こんしゅう}{忙|いそが}しいんでしょうか。==それなら==、{来週|らいしゅう}はどうですか。
> You're busy this week, right? Then, what about the next one? > You're busy this week, right? Then, what about the next one?
## だって (NEW!) ## だって
Means "even someone". It is informal. Means "even someone". It is informal.

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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ With verbs and adjectives, かどうか is placed before.
> {勝|かつ}かどうか==は別として==、{試合|しあい}をやってみたい。 > {勝|かつ}かどうか==は別として==、{試合|しあい}をやってみたい。
> Whether we win or not, I want to play the game. > Whether we win or not, I want to play the game.
## を除いて (NEW!) ## を除いて
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class=""> <div class="">

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@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Means "also", "as well". Means that both N1 and N2 are true (and should share a
> {母|はは}はポルトガル{語|ご}==も==できれ==ば==スペイン{語|ご}==も=={話|はな}せる。 > {母|はは}はポルトガル{語|ご}==も==できれ==ば==スペイン{語|ご}==も=={話|はな}せる。
> My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish. > My mother can speak Portuguese as well as Spanish.
## おまけに (NEW!) ## おまけに
Means "in addition". Used for emphasis for similar qualities (positive, negative). Used orally. Means "in addition". Used for emphasis for similar qualities (positive, negative). Used orally.
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Means "in addition". Used for emphasis for similar qualities (positive, negative
> {暑|あつ}くて==おまけに==エアコンが{壊|こわ}れてしまった。 > {暑|あつ}くて==おまけに==エアコンが{壊|こわ}れてしまった。
> It was hot, and to make matters worse, the air conditioning broke. > It was hot, and to make matters worse, the air conditioning broke.
## しかも (NEW!) ## しかも
Means "moreover", "what's more". Talks about a same subject, for objective information, implying that A and B exist at the same time. It is similar to おまけに, but used for writing. Means "moreover", "what's more". Talks about a same subject, for objective information, implying that A and B exist at the same time. It is similar to おまけに, but used for writing.
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Means "moreover", "what's more". Talks about a same subject, for objective infor
> この{家|いえ}は{狭|せま}い==上に=={家賃|やちん}は{高|たか}すぎる。 > この{家|いえ}は{狭|せま}い==上に=={家賃|やちん}は{高|たか}すぎる。
> This house is small, and the rent is too expensive. > This house is small, and the rent is too expensive.
## その上 (NEW!) ## その上
その{上|うえ} means "besides", "in addition". Means the same as 上に, but with two separate sentences. その{上|うえ} means "besides", "in addition". Means the same as 上に, but with two separate sentences.
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Means "moreover", "what's more". Talks about a same subject, for objective infor
> この{家|いえ}は{狭|せま}い。==その上==、{家賃|やちん}は{高|たか}すぎる。 > この{家|いえ}は{狭|せま}い。==その上==、{家賃|やちん}は{高|たか}すぎる。
> This house is small. In addition, the rent is too expensive. > This house is small. In addition, the rent is too expensive.
## に加えて (NEW!) ## に加えて
に{加|くわ}えて means "in addition to". It is formal, and often used in business settings. に{加|くわ}えて means "in addition to". It is formal, and often used in business settings.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Means "not only but also", "not to mention". The most common form.
> このゲームセンターにはゲーム==はもちろん==ボウリング==も==あります。 > このゲームセンターにはゲーム==はもちろん==ボウリング==も==あります。
> This game center not only has games but also bowling. > This game center not only has games but also bowling.
### はもとより (NEW!) ### はもとより
Means "not only but also". Similar meaning than はもちろん. Conveys a sense of continuity. Used mostly in writing. Means "not only but also". Similar meaning than はもちろん. Conveys a sense of continuity. Used mostly in writing.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.

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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Means "instead" or "rather".
<p class="right">+ 代わりに</p> <p class="right">+ 代わりに</p>
</div> </div>
{代|か}わりに means "instead of", "in exchange for". Generally used about things. {代|か}わりに means "instead of", "in exchange for". Generally used to talk about things.
Does not have a notion of replacing in a temporal transition, more like a one off occurrence. Does not have a notion of replacing in a temporal transition, more like a one off occurrence.
> [!info] Examples > [!info] Examples

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@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ This particles means "and" or "with". Used for a list that is exhaustive. Connec
> フランス語==と==スペイン語を習っています。 > フランス語==と==スペイン語を習っています。
> I am learning French and Spanish. > I am learning French and Spanish.
### 及び (NEW!) ### 及び
{及|およ}び means "and", like と. Used in formal settings. {及|およ}び means "and", like と. Used in formal settings.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> お金がないのでカフェ**や**レストラン==など=={払|はら}えない。 > お金がないのでカフェ**や**レストラン==など=={払|はら}えない。
> I can't pay things like cafes or restaurant (etc.) because I have no money. > I can't pay things like cafes or restaurant (etc.) because I have no money.
### といった (NEW!) ### といった
Used to describe typical examples: "things as", "like", "such as". It is casual. It has the same meaning as など. Used to describe typical examples: "things as", "like", "such as". It is casual. It has the same meaning as など.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ It can be used to emphasize something when used at the end of a sentence.
> 言ってない==し== > 言ってない==し==
> I never said that! > I never said that!
### やら~やら (NEW!) ### やら~やら
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">

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@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Used with a noun.
> 台風==により==、出かけられない。 > 台風==により==、出かけられない。
> Because of the typhoon, I cannot go out. > Because of the typhoon, I cannot go out.
## 次第で (NEW!) ## 次第で
{次第|しだい}で means "depending on". The difference with によって is that the options are limited and quantifiable. {次第|しだい}で means "depending on". The difference with によって is that the options are limited and quantifiable.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Means "just as", "precisely". Can be written as 通り.
> {計画|けいかく}==どおり=={間|ま}に{合|あ}った。 > {計画|けいかく}==どおり=={間|ま}に{合|あ}った。
> We arrived on time as planned. > We arrived on time as planned.
## だけは (NEW!) ## だけは
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class=""> <div class="">

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Natural, expected # Natural, expected
## 当然だ (NEW!) ## 当然だ
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class=""> <div class="">
@ -27,13 +27,13 @@
<p class="r">+ は・も + 当然だ</p> <p class="r">+ は・も + 当然だ</p>
</div> </div>
{当然|とうぜん}だ means "it is only natural", "no wonder". {当然|とうぜん}だ means "it is only natural", "no wonder".
> [!info] Examples > [!info] Examples
> {彼女|かのじょ}に{負|ま}けた==のは当然だ==、プロだから。 > {彼女|かのじょ}に{負|ま}けた==のは当然だ==、プロだから。
> It's no wonder I lost to her, she's a pro. > It's no wonder I lost to her, she's a pro.
## のももっともだ (NEW!) ## のももっともだ
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Means "no wonder", "is only natural".
> {超自然的|ちょうしぜんてき}があるから、その{話|はなし}は{信|しん}じられない==のはもっともだ==。 > {超自然的|ちょうしぜんてき}があるから、その{話|はなし}は{信|しん}じられない==のはもっともだ==。
> There's supernatural elements, so it's only natural that this story is hard to believe. > There's supernatural elements, so it's only natural that this story is hard to believe.
## ものだ (NEW!) ## ものだ
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ Means "normally" or "should". Used to describe conventions, common sense, or wha
> {毎日|まいにち}{回|かい}{歯|は}を{磨|みが}く==ものだ==。 > {毎日|まいにち}{回|かい}{歯|は}を{磨|みが}く==ものだ==。
> You're supposed to brush your teeth twice a day. > You're supposed to brush your teeth twice a day.
## だけのことはある (NEW!) ## だけのことはある
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Means "as expected", "not surprising". Often used with [[Adverbs#さすが|さ
> {彼女|かのじょ}は{上手|じょうず}ですね。さすが{毎日|まいにち}{練習|れんしゅう}==だけのことはある==なあ。 > {彼女|かのじょ}は{上手|じょうず}ですね。さすが{毎日|まいにち}{練習|れんしゅう}==だけのことはある==なあ。
> She's very good. As expected from someone who trains everyday. > She's very good. As expected from someone who trains everyday.
## と考えられる (NEW!) ## と考えられる
と{考|かんが}えられる means "is thought to be", "can be considered as". Used to convey an objective or widely spread opinion, contrary to と思われる. と{考|かんが}えられる means "is thought to be", "can be considered as". Used to convey an objective or widely spread opinion, contrary to と思われる.
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ Means "as expected", "not surprising". Often used with [[Adverbs#さすが|さ
> タバコは{健康|けんこう}に{悪|わる}い==と考えられています==。 > タバコは{健康|けんこう}に{悪|わる}い==と考えられています==。
> Tobacco is considered bad for one's health. > Tobacco is considered bad for one's health.
## だけに (NEW!) ## だけに
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">

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@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ The contrary of べきだ is べきではない・べきじゃない.
> そんあ==はずがありません==。 > そんあ==はずがありません==。
> This cannot be true. > This cannot be true.
## ねばならない (NEW!) ## ねばならない
Means "must", "have to". Made by removing the ない verb ending and replacing it by ねばならない. It is a formal and literary structure. Means "must", "have to". Made by removing the ない verb ending and replacing it by ねばならない. It is a formal and literary structure.

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@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Similar in the quotation sense to [[Description#って・って言う・と言
## と聞いた ## と聞いた
Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone. と{聞|きい}いた is used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
Mostly used formally. Mostly used formally.
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Mostly used formally.
## と言われている ## と言われている
Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc. と{言|い}われている is used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
For nouns, だ is placed before. For nouns, だ is placed before.
Mostly used formally. Mostly used formally.
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ Used with nouns. With verbs, ところ is added before.
> {天気予報|てんきよほう}==によると=={今日|きょう}は{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}るようだ。 > {天気予報|てんきよほう}==によると=={今日|きょう}は{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}るようだ。
> According to the weather forecast, it's supposed to snow today. > According to the weather forecast, it's supposed to snow today.
## とか(で) (NEW!) ## とか(で)
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">

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@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ This is used (unlike other forms that can apply to abstract similarities) exclus
> {彼女|かのじょ}はフランス人==に見える==。 > {彼女|かのじょ}はフランス人==に見える==。
> She looks like she is French. > She looks like she is French.
## かのよう{だ・に・な} (NEW!) ## かのよう{だ・に・な}
Means "as if", "just like". Means "as if", "just like".
Use かのうようだ if it is ending the sentence, かのうように before a verb, かのような before a noun. Use かのうようだ if it is ending the sentence, かのうように before a verb, かのような before a noun.
@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ Use かのうようだ if it is ending the sentence, かのうように before a
> このゲームは{現実|げんじつ}==かのようだ==。 > このゲームは{現実|げんじつ}==かのようだ==。
> This game is just like reality. > This game is just like reality.
## どうやら (NEW!) ## どうやら
Means "it seems like", used with notions like ようだ or らしい. Means "it seems like", used with notions like ようだ or らしい.
Used at the beginning of a phrase. Used at the beginning of a phrase.
@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ Used at the beginning of a phrase.
> ==どうやら=={離婚|りこん}したようだ。 > ==どうやら=={離婚|りこん}したようだ。
> Apparently they got divorced. > Apparently they got divorced.
## げ (NEW!) ## げ
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Observation # Observation
## ところを見ると (NEW!) ## ところを見ると
ところを{見|み}ると means "judging from". ところを{見|み}ると means "judging from".
Used with verbs. Used with verbs.
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Used with verbs.
> ヘルメットを{被|かぶ}ている==ところを見ると==、{自転車|じてんしゃ}で{来|き}ました。 > ヘルメットを{被|かぶ}ている==ところを見ると==、{自転車|じてんしゃ}で{来|き}ました。
> Judging from the fact that he's wearing a helmet, he must have come by bicycle. > Judging from the fact that he's wearing a helmet, he must have come by bicycle.
## からすると・からすれば (NEW!) ## からすると・からすれば
Means "judging from", "considering". Means "judging from", "considering".
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.

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@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Can also be used as だけではなく.
> この{都市|とし}は大きい==だけでなく==、きれいでもある。 > この{都市|とし}は大きい==だけでなく==、きれいでもある。
> This city is not only big, it's also pretty. > This city is not only big, it's also pretty.
## のみ (NEW!) ## のみ
It is a more formal, written version of だけ. It is only used with nouns. It is a more formal, written version of だけ. It is only used with nouns.
@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ Can also be used as ばかりか, for a slightly stronger effect.
> 彼女は{綺麗|きれい}==ばかりでなく=={天才|てんさい}もあるです。 > 彼女は{綺麗|きれい}==ばかりでなく=={天才|てんさい}もあるです。
> She's not only beautiful, she's also a genius. > She's not only beautiful, she's also a genius.
## に限らず (NEW!) ## に限らず
に{限|かぎ}らず means "not only A, but also B". に{限|かぎ}らず means "not only A, but also B".
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> この{店|みせ}は{平日|へいじつ}==に限らず==、{週末|しゅうまつ}も{営業|えいぎょう}している。 > この{店|みせ}は{平日|へいじつ}==に限らず==、{週末|しゅうまつ}も{営業|えいぎょう}している。
> This store is open not only on weekdays but also on weekends. > This store is open not only on weekdays but also on weekends.
## のみならず (NEW!) ## のみならず
Means "not only, but also". Means "not only, but also".
@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ Used with a verb in て form.
> {僕|ぼく}の{犬|いぬ}は{鳴|な}け==てばかりいる==。 > {僕|ぼく}の{犬|いぬ}は{鳴|な}け==てばかりいる==。
> My dog is always barking. > My dog is always barking.
## でしかない (NEW!) ## でしかない
Means "nothing but" or "no more than". More often than not conveys a negative nuance. Means "nothing but" or "no more than". More often than not conveys a negative nuance.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> {彼|かれ}は{子供|こども}==でしかない==。 > {彼|かれ}は{子供|こども}==でしかない==。
> He nothing more than a child. > He nothing more than a child.
## に過ぎない (NEW!) ## に過ぎない
に{過|す}ぎない means "just", "no more than". Used for something that is not of great quality, quantity or level. に{過|す}ぎない means "just", "no more than". Used for something that is not of great quality, quantity or level.

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@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Means "although". Puts a nuance to the first statement describing that it is not
> {彼|かれ}は{医者|いしゃ}==といっても==、あまり{頭|あたま}が{良|よ}くない。 > {彼|かれ}は{医者|いしゃ}==といっても==、あまり{頭|あたま}が{良|よ}くない。
> He may be a doctor, but he is not very smart. > He may be a doctor, but he is not very smart.
## にも関わらず (NEW!) ## にも関わらず
にも{関|かか}わらず means "regardless", "despite". にも{関|かか}わらず means "regardless", "despite".
@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Means "although". Puts a nuance to the first statement describing that it is not
> {危険|きけん}==にもかかわらず==、{彼|かれ}はまだそれをやった。 > {危険|きけん}==にもかかわらず==、{彼|かれ}はまだそれをやった。
> Despite the danger, he still did it. > Despite the danger, he still did it.
## ものの (NEW!) ## ものの
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ Means "although", "even though". It is formal. Similar to のに. The first part
> {今日|きょう}は{晴|は}れた==ものの==とても{寒|さむ}い。 > {今日|きょう}は{晴|は}れた==ものの==とても{寒|さむ}い。
> It is sunny today, but very cold. > It is sunny today, but very cold.
## もっとも (NEW!) ## もっとも
Means "although", "but". Connects two phrases. Used in literature. Means "although", "but". Connects two phrases. Used in literature.

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@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Means "despite", "even tough". Has a negative connotation when a situation is no
## ながらも ## ながらも
Means "even while", "despite". It is used to express that while something is one state, something else. Cannot be used for an hypothesis: it is something that is happening right now. Means "even while", "despite". It is used to express that while something is one state, something else. Cannot be used for an hypothesis: it is something that is happening right now.
See also [[Time#ながら]]. See also [[Time - during#ながら]].
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> {病気|びょうき}==ながらも==、パーティーに行くつもりです。 > {病気|びょうき}==ながらも==、パーティーに行くつもりです。
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ It is used to talk about an unexpected result, that is contradictory to the prec
> {自転車|じてんしゃ}の{乗|の}り{方|かた}を{忘|わす}れるはありえないと{思|おも}っていた。==ところが==すっかり{忘|わす}れた。 > {自転車|じてんしゃ}の{乗|の}り{方|かた}を{忘|わす}れるはありえないと{思|おも}っていた。==ところが==すっかり{忘|わす}れた。
> I thought it was impossible to forget how to ride a bike. However, I completely forgot. > I thought it was impossible to forget how to ride a bike. However, I completely forgot.
## からと言って (NEW!) ## からと言って
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ It is used to talk about an unexpected result, that is contradictory to the prec
> {年上|としうえ}だ==からといって=={正|ただ}しいとは{限|かぎ}りません。 > {年上|としうえ}だ==からといって=={正|ただ}しいとは{限|かぎ}りません。
> Just because you're older doesn't mean you're right. > Just because you're older doesn't mean you're right.
## ことにはならない (NEW!) ## ことにはならない
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ Means "just because... doesn't mean that". Used at the end of a sentence.
> {卒業|そつぎょう}だからといって今すぐ{就職|しゅうしょく}できます==ことにはならい==。 > {卒業|そつぎょう}だからといって今すぐ{就職|しゅうしょく}できます==ことにはならい==。
> Just because you graduated doesn't mean you can get a job right away. > Just because you graduated doesn't mean you can get a job right away.
## とも (NEW!) ## とも
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ Means "even if", "no matter". Similar to ても ([[TeF (4) - even if]]). Used in
> {辛|から}く==とも==、{全部|ぜんぶ}{食|た}べるつもりであった。 > {辛|から}く==とも==、{全部|ぜんぶ}{食|た}べるつもりであった。
> Even if it was spicy, I planned to eat it all. > Even if it was spicy, I planned to eat it all.
## にせよ・にしろ (NEW!) ## にせよ・にしろ
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">

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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
に{対|たい}して. に{対|たい}して.
See [[Towards#In contrast to]]. See [[Towards#In contrast to]].
## 逆に (NEW!) ## 逆に
{逆|ぎゃく}に means "on the contrary". Means that it is the opposite of something else. {逆|ぎゃく}に means "on the contrary". Means that it is the opposite of something else.
@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ See [[Towards#In contrast to]].
> {人|ひと}が{大体|だいたい}ウサギが{好|す}き==逆に=={彼|かれ}は{嫌|きら}い。 > {人|ひと}が{大体|だいたい}ウサギが{好|す}き==逆に=={彼|かれ}は{嫌|きら}い。
> Most people like rabbits, but on the contrary he hates them. > Most people like rabbits, but on the contrary he hates them.
## かえって (NEW!) ## かえって
Means "on the contrary", "rather". Used for bad results, contrary to what was expected. Means "on the contrary", "rather". Used for bad results, contrary to what was expected.
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Means "on the contrary", "rather". Used for bad results, contrary to what was ex
> {薬|くすり}を{飲|の}んだら==却って=={調子|ちょうし}が{悪|わる}くなった。 > {薬|くすり}を{飲|の}んだら==却って=={調子|ちょうし}が{悪|わる}くなった。
> Despite drinking medicine, on the contrary my condition got worse. > Despite drinking medicine, on the contrary my condition got worse.
## 反面 (NEW!) ## 反面
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Also used between two phrases as その反面.
> スープはおいしい==反面==、ちょっと{冷|つめ}たい。 > スープはおいしい==反面==、ちょっと{冷|つめ}たい。
> The soup is good but a bit cold. > The soup is good but a bit cold.
## 一方で (NEW!) ## 一方で
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Also used between two phrases as その反面.
> その{犬|いぬ}は{大|おお}きい==一方で==、とても{穏|おだ}やかと{親切|しんせつ}です。 > その{犬|いぬ}は{大|おお}きい==一方で==、とても{穏|おだ}やかと{親切|しんせつ}です。
> The dog is big, but on the other hand he is very calm and kind. > The dog is big, but on the other hand he is very calm and kind.
## に関わらず (NEW!) ## に関わらず
に{関|かか}わらず means "regardless", "no matter". に{関|かか}わらず means "regardless", "no matter".
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Also used between two phrases as その反面.
> ここは{年齢|ねんれい}==に関わらず==、{誰|だれ}でも{歓迎|かんげい}します。 > ここは{年齢|ねんれい}==に関わらず==、{誰|だれ}でも{歓迎|かんげい}します。
> Everyone is welcome here, regardless of age. > Everyone is welcome here, regardless of age.
## を問わず (NEW!) ## を問わず
を{問|と}わず means "regardless of". を{問|と}わず means "regardless of".
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> {年齢|ねんれい}==を問わず==、{誰|だれ}でも{歓迎|かんげい}する。 > {年齢|ねんれい}==を問わず==、{誰|だれ}でも{歓迎|かんげい}する。
> Everyone is welcome, regardless of age. > Everyone is welcome, regardless of age.
## それなのに (NEW!) ## それなのに
Means "and yet". Means "and yet".
Used to combine two sentences, appearing at the start of the second one. Used to combine two sentences, appearing at the start of the second one.
@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Used to combine two sentences, appearing at the start of the second one.
> {同僚|どうりょ}が{風邪|かぜ}をひいた。==それなのに==、{事務所|じむしょ}に{行|い}くつもりです。 > {同僚|どうりょ}が{風邪|かぜ}をひいた。==それなのに==、{事務所|じむしょ}に{行|い}くつもりです。
> My colleague has a cold. And yet, he plans to go to the office. > My colleague has a cold. And yet, he plans to go to the office.
## それにしても (NEW!) ## それにしても
Means "even so", "nevertheless". Means "even so", "nevertheless".
@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ Means "even so", "nevertheless".
> {毎日|まいにち}{頑張|がんば}る、==それにしても==まだ{下手|へた}です。 > {毎日|まいにち}{頑張|がんば}る、==それにしても==まだ{下手|へた}です。
> I try my best every day, but I'm still not very good. > I try my best every day, but I'm still not very good.
## はともかく (NEW!) ## はともかく
Means "setting aside", "apart from". Can be completed by として. Means "setting aside", "apart from". Can be completed by として.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> この服は値段==はともかく==、完璧です。 > この服は値段==はともかく==、完璧です。
> These clothes are perfect, regardless of their price. > These clothes are perfect, regardless of their price.
## どころか (NEW!) ## どころか
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ Means "far from", "anything but". Negates what comes before and emphases what co
> {好|す}きな==どころか==、{事実|じじつ}は{嫌|きら}いだった。 > {好|す}きな==どころか==、{事実|じじつ}は{嫌|きら}いだった。
> Far from liking it, truth is that I hated it. > Far from liking it, truth is that I hated it.
## どころではない (NEW!) ## どころではない
Means "not the time for", "far from", "out of the question". Means that something is not ideal. Means "not the time for", "far from", "out of the question". Means that something is not ideal.

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Point of view # Point of view
## にしたら・にすれば (NEW!) ## にしたら・にすれば
Means "from the point of view of", "from the perspective of". Means "from the point of view of", "from the perspective of".
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> 猫==にとって=={睡眠|すい|みん}は{大切|たいせつ}です。 > 猫==にとって=={睡眠|すい|みん}は{大切|たいせつ}です。
> Sleeping is important for cats. > Sleeping is important for cats.
## の上で・上の (NEW!) ## の上で・上の
の{上|うえ}で・{上|うえ}の means "according to", "from the point of view of". Used for rules, information, data, etc. の{上|うえ}で・{上|うえ}の means "according to", "from the point of view of". Used for rules, information, data, etc.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> {規則|きそく}==の上で==はタバコを{吸|す}うは{禁止|きんし}です。 > {規則|きそく}==の上で==はタバコを{吸|す}うは{禁止|きんし}です。
> According to the rules, smoking is prohibited. > According to the rules, smoking is prohibited.
## 上: from the standpoint of (NEW!) ## 上: from the standpoint of
Attached to a noun, {上|じょう} means "from the standpoint of". Attached to a noun, {上|じょう} means "from the standpoint of".
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Attached to a noun, {上|じょう} means "from the standpoint of".
> {法律|ほうりつ}==上==、それは{禁止|きんし}です。 > {法律|ほうりつ}==上==、それは{禁止|きんし}です。
> Legally, that is prohibited. > Legally, that is prohibited.
## ものがある (NEW!) ## ものがある
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Means "there is something". Used to express subjective opinion.
> この{車|くるま}には{怪|あや}しい==ものがある==。 > この{車|くるま}には{怪|あや}しい==ものがある==。
> There's something suspicious about this car. > There's something suspicious about this car.
## から見ると (NEW!) ## から見ると
から{見|み}ると means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for objective judgment, based on a situation. から{見|み}ると means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for objective judgment, based on a situation.
Also used as から見れば, からみて or からみたら. Also used as から見れば, からみて or からみたら.
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Also used as から見れば, からみて or からみたら.
> {先生|せんせい}==からみると==、{学生|がくせい}は{怠|なま}け{者|もの}すぎる。 > {先生|せんせい}==からみると==、{学生|がくせい}は{怠|なま}け{者|もの}すぎる。
> From the teacher's point of view, the students are too lazy. > From the teacher's point of view, the students are too lazy.
## から言うと (NEW!) ## から言うと
から{言|い}うと means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for more subjective judgment, so cannot be used with people. から{言|い}うと means "from the point of view of", "by the look of". Used for more subjective judgment, so cannot be used with people.
Also used as から言えば or から言って. Also used as から言えば or から言って.

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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Means "cannot". This form implies a strong impossibility. Used with negative ver
> {苦|にが}い{食|たべ}べ{物|もの}は==とても==食べられ==ない==。 > {苦|にが}い{食|たべ}べ{物|もの}は==とても==食べられ==ない==。
> I cannot eat bitter food. > I cannot eat bitter food.
## ものか・もんか (NEW!) ## ものか・もんか
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">

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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Used with verbs in dictionary form.
> {説明書|せつめいしょ}を{読|よ}む==しかない==な。 > {説明書|せつめいしょ}を{読|よ}む==しかない==な。
> I guess I have no choice but to read to manual. > I guess I have no choice but to read to manual.
## よりほかない・にほかならない (NEW!) ## よりほかない・にほかならない
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class=""> <div class="">

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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Used to list one or more possible options.
> ジュース==でも==お茶==でも==飲もうか。 > ジュース==でも==お茶==でも==飲もうか。
> Shall we drink something like a juice or tea? > Shall we drink something like a juice or tea?
⚠ Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも]]. ⚠ Do not confuse with [[TeF (4) - even if#Even if ても・でも|Even if: ても・でも]].
## かどうか ## かどうか
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> ジュース==か何か=={飲|の}もうか。 > ジュース==か何か=={飲|の}もうか。
> Shall we drink something like a juice? > Shall we drink something like a juice?
## ようか~まいか (NEW!) ## ようか~まいか
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class=""> <div class="">
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ This is used to give a choice between a limited set of two options. It is casual
> 何が食べたい。ラーメン==それとも==カレーか。 > 何が食べたい。ラーメン==それとも==カレーか。
> What do you want to eat? Ramen or curry? > What do you want to eat? Ramen or curry?
## あるいは (NEW!) ## あるいは
Means "or", "perhaps". Mostly used in written form. Can be used orally, if the difference between the two options is large. Means "or", "perhaps". Mostly used in written form. Can be used orally, if the difference between the two options is large.

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@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Can be used as もしかしたら, もしかすると and もしかして.
> ==もしかして=={今日|きょう}も{郵便局員|ゆうびんきょくいん}が来ません==かもしれない==。 > ==もしかして=={今日|きょう}も{郵便局員|ゆうびんきょくいん}が来ません==かもしれない==。
> Perhaps the postman will not come today either. > Perhaps the postman will not come today either.
## かねない (NEW!) ## かねない
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Means "possibly", "might", "could be". Usually used for negative outcomes. Mostl
> この{道|みち}は{危|あぶ}ないので{事故|じこ}が{起|お}き==かねない==。 > この{道|みち}は{危|あぶ}ないので{事故|じこ}が{起|お}き==かねない==。
> This road is dangerous, so an accident might happen. > This road is dangerous, so an accident might happen.
## 恐らく (NEW!) ## 恐らく
{恐|おそ}らく means "probably", "perhaps". Placed at the beginning of a phrase. Implies a high probability. {恐|おそ}らく means "probably", "perhaps". Placed at the beginning of a phrase. Implies a high probability.
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Means "not impossible to", "it is not that". Used with negative forms.
> 本を{読|よ}ま==ないことはない==ですが、{最近|さいきん}は{暇|ひま}がない。 > 本を{読|よ}ま==ないことはない==ですが、{最近|さいきん}は{暇|ひま}がない。
> It's not that I don't read books, it's just that I don't have free time these days. > It's not that I don't read books, it's just that I don't have free time these days.
## 恐れがある (NEW!) ## 恐れがある
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Means "not impossible to", "it is not that". Used with negative forms.
> また{地震|じしん}の==恐らくがある==。{気|き}を{付|つ}けて。 > また{地震|じしん}の==恐らくがある==。{気|き}を{付|つ}けて。
> There will probably be another earthquake. Please be careful. > There will probably be another earthquake. Please be careful.
## ようでは (NEW!) ## ようでは
Means "if". Used when the result would be bad. Means "if". Used when the result would be bad.
Used with verbs. Used with verbs.
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Used with verbs.
> {化|ば}け{物|もの}が{来|く}る==ようでは==、あなたを{食|た}べちゃうよ。 > {化|ば}け{物|もの}が{来|く}る==ようでは==、あなたを{食|た}べちゃうよ。
> If a monster comes, it will eat you. > If a monster comes, it will eat you.
## ものなら (NEW!) ## ものなら
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class=""> <div class="">
@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ Means "if A were possible, then B". Implies that A is either impossible or unlik
> {合格|ごうかく}できる==ものなら==、{世界中|せかいじゅう}{一番|いちばん}うれしいなあ。 > {合格|ごうかく}できる==ものなら==、{世界中|せかいじゅう}{一番|いちばん}うれしいなあ。
> If I could pass, I would be the happiest in the world (but it is unlikely I'll pass). > If I could pass, I would be the happiest in the world (but it is unlikely I'll pass).
## ないことには~ない (NEW!) ## ないことには~ない
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ Means "unless you do something".
> {運転|うんてん}{免許|めんきょ}を{持|も}った==ないことには=={運転|うんてん}できない。 > {運転|うんてん}{免許|めんきょ}を{持|も}った==ないことには=={運転|うんてん}できない。
> You can't drive unless you have a driving licence. > You can't drive unless you have a driving licence.
## にしろ~にしろ (NEW!) ## にしろ~にしろ
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class=""> <div class="">
@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ Means "whether... or". Can be used as にせろ~にせろ or にしても~にし
> {動物|どうぶつ}==にしろ=={植物|しょくぶつ}==にしろ==、その{物質|ぶっしつ}は{危険|きけん}です。 > {動物|どうぶつ}==にしろ=={植物|しょくぶつ}==にしろ==、その{物質|ぶっしつ}は{危険|きけん}です。
> Whether animals or plants, the substance is dangerous. > Whether animals or plants, the substance is dangerous.
## なくはない・なくもない (NEW!) ## なくはない・なくもない
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">

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@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ This particle when added to the end of a sentence meaning "right?".
* ==ではないか==・==じゃないか== invites or suggests an action. * ==ではないか==・==じゃないか== invites or suggests an action.
* ==ね== asks an agreement or a confirmation. * ==ね== asks an agreement or a confirmation.
## ことか (NEW!) ## ことか
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">

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@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ See also [[Connectors - in order to#ために]].
See also [[Certainty#わけがない]]. See also [[Certainty#わけがない]].
## からこそ (NEW!) ## からこそ
Means "precisely because". Made with the [[🔰 Particles (2)#Because|から]] and [[🔰 Particles (2)#こそ|こそ]] particles, to emphasize the reason. Means "precisely because". Made with the [[🔰 Particles (2)#Because|から]] and [[🔰 Particles (2)#こそ|こそ]] particles, to emphasize the reason.
@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ Means "precisely because". Made with the [[🔰 Particles (2)#Because|から]] a
⚠ Uses the same rules as [[🔰 Particles (2)#Because|から]]. ⚠ Uses the same rules as [[🔰 Particles (2)#Because|から]].
## ことだから (NEW!) ## ことだから
Means "exactly because". Usually used to talk about something characteristic to someone. Means "exactly because". Usually used to talk about something characteristic to someone.
Used with nouns + の. Used with nouns + の.
@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ Used with nouns + の.
> {彼女|かのじょ}==のことだから==、{必|かなら}ず{来|き}ます。 > {彼女|かのじょ}==のことだから==、{必|かなら}ず{来|き}ます。
> It's precisely because it's her that I'm sure she'll come. > It's precisely because it's her that I'm sure she'll come.
## につき (NEW!) ## につき
Means "due to". Used when a change happens. It is formal. Means "due to". Used when a change happens. It is formal.
@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ Means "due to". Used when a change happens. It is formal.
> {年次|ねんじ}{休業|きゅうぎょう}==につき==、セールが{開催|かいさい}{中|ちゅう}。 > {年次|ねんじ}{休業|きゅうぎょう}==につき==、セールが{開催|かいさい}{中|ちゅう}。
> Due to the annual closure, a sale is being held. > Due to the annual closure, a sale is being held.
## もの・もん (NEW!) ## もの・もん
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ Means "because". It is usually casual.
> {具合|ぐあい}が{悪|わる}い。。。{臭|くさ}い==んだもの==。 > {具合|ぐあい}が{悪|わる}い。。。{臭|くさ}い==んだもの==。
> I don't feel well... because something stinks. > I don't feel well... because something stinks.
## ものだから (NEW!) ## ものだから
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ Means "because of". Used for positive contexts, like "thanks to".
> あなたの==おかげで=={勝|か}った。 > あなたの==おかげで=={勝|か}った。
> We won because of you. > We won because of you.
### だけあって (NEW!) ### だけあって
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ Means "because of". Mostly used for negative contexts, to blame, etc.
> あなたの==せいで=={負|ま}けた。 > あなたの==せいで=={負|ま}けた。
> We lost because of you. > We lost because of you.
### ばかりに (NEW!) ### ばかりに
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ Means "simply because". Usually used for negative results.
All three patterns mean "because A... obviously B". They have slight differences. All three patterns mean "because A... obviously B". They have slight differences.
Used when talking about things like decision, judgement, etc. Used when talking about things like decision, judgement, etc.
### 上は (NEW!) ### 上は
{上|うえ}は is the most formal form. {上|うえ}は is the most formal form.
Used with verbs (る, た forms). Used with verbs (る, た forms).
@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ Used with verbs (る, た forms).
> {先生|せんせい}が{言|い}った==上は=={必|かなら}ずする。 > {先生|せんせい}が{言|い}った==上は=={必|かなら}ずする。
> Since the teacher said it, I will definitely do it. > Since the teacher said it, I will definitely do it.
### 以上は (NEW!) ### 以上は
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ Only with this form, both parts of the sentence can talk about different persons
> {彼|かれ}がまだ{来|き}ません==以上は==、{今|いま}{帰|かえ}ります。 > {彼|かれ}がまだ{来|き}ません==以上は==、{今|いま}{帰|かえ}ります。
> Since he still have not come, I'm going home now. > Since he still have not come, I'm going home now.
### からには (NEW!) ### からには
It is used in conversations. Can only be used for talking about oneself. Generally used for positive results. It is used in conversations. Can only be used for talking about oneself. Generally used for positive results.
Used with verbs. Used with verbs.

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@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ It is used with verbs by removing the ます and adding なさい. In casual con
## ように言う ## ように言う
It means "to tell", "to request", "to order". It means "to tell", "to request", "to order".
It is form by added ように{言|い}う to a verb. The verb {頼|たの}む can be used for requests, while {命|めい}じる can be used for order. The verb {言|い}う can tell the three meanings depending on the tone. Other similar verbs can be used ({注意|ちゅうい}する, {進|すす}む, etc). It is form by adding ように{言|い}う to a verb. The verb {頼|たの}む can be used for requests, while {命|めい}じる can be used for order. The verb {言|い}う can tell the three meanings depending on the tone. Other similar verbs can be used ({注意|ちゅうい}する, {進|すす}む, etc).
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> {子供|こども}にお{菓子|か|し}を食べない==ように言った==。 > {子供|こども}にお{菓子|か|し}を食べない==ように言った==。

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@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Used with verbs that expresses change.
> {禁煙|きんえん}の{場所|ばしょ}は{増|ふ}えている==一方です==。 > {禁煙|きんえん}の{場所|ばしょ}は{増|ふ}えている==一方です==。
> The number of places where smoking is prohibited keeps increasing. > The number of places where smoking is prohibited keeps increasing.
## ばかりだ (NEW!) ## ばかりだ
Means "to continue to", in a negative direction. Used with verbs in the dictionary form (る), that describe a form of change. Can also be used as ばっかり, ばっか, ばかし, and ばっかし instead of ばかり. Means "to continue to", in a negative direction. Used with verbs in the dictionary form (る), that describe a form of change. Can also be used as ばっかり, ばっか, ばかし, and ばっかし instead of ばかり.

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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Means "this means", "known as", "because".
## において・における ## において・における
Means "in", "at", "regarding". Means "in", "at", "regarding".
Used with nouns. Is used in formal language. Used with nouns. It is used in formal language.
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> {冬|ふゆ}==において=={雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}る。 > {冬|ふゆ}==において=={雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}る。
@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> {面接|めんせつ}==について==はいつがよろしいでしょうか。 > {面接|めんせつ}==について==はいつがよろしいでしょうか。
> Regarding the interview, when would be a good time? > Regarding the interview, when would be a good time?
## をめぐって (NEW!) ## をめぐって
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class=""> <div class="">
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Means "concerning", "in regard to". It has the same meaning as について.
> 田中さん==をめぐって==、いろんな{噂|うわさ}がある。 > 田中さん==をめぐって==、いろんな{噂|うわさ}がある。
> There are many rumours concerning Tanaka-san. > There are many rumours concerning Tanaka-san.
## というものだ (NEW!) ## というものだ
Means "concerning", "something called". Used for explanations or morals. Means "concerning", "something called". Used for explanations or morals.
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Means "in other words". Used after a first phrase for an alternative explanation
> この{映画|えいが}は120分、==つまり==2時です。 > この{映画|えいが}は120分、==つまり==2時です。
> This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours. > This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours.
## ということは (NEW!) ## ということは
Means "that is to say", "in other words". Used when the answer needs thinking. つまり is more direct. Means "that is to say", "in other words". Used when the answer needs thinking. つまり is more direct.
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ Means "in other words". More formal than つまり.
> この{映画|えいが}は120分、==すなわち==2時です。 > この{映画|えいが}は120分、==すなわち==2時です。
> This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours. > This movie is 120 minutes, that is to say 2 hours.
## 要するに (NEW!) ## 要するに
{要|よう}するに means "in summary". It is placed at the beginning of the sentence. {要|よう}するに means "in summary". It is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ Means "such as", "things like". It is used to give examples or to show emphasis.
> {虫|むし}が{好|すき}きです。==例えば=={蝉|せみ}です。 > {虫|むし}が{好|すき}きです。==例えば=={蝉|せみ}です。
> I like insect. For example, cicadas. > I like insect. For example, cicadas.
## ものだ・ものではない (NEW!) ## ものだ・ものではない
<div class="usage"> <div class="usage">
<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ Means "such as", "things like". It is used to give examples or to show emphasis.
> {車|くるま}はいつも{高|たか}い==ものだ==。 > {車|くるま}はいつも{高|たか}い==ものだ==。
> Cars are always expensive. > Cars are always expensive.
## というふうに (NEW!) ## というふうに
Means "as if to say", "in such a way that", "like". Used to describe the manner in which something is done, give examples. Means "as if to say", "in such a way that", "like". Used to describe the manner in which something is done, give examples.
@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ Means "as if to say", "in such a way that", "like". Used to describe the manner
> {彼|かれ}は{泥棒|どろぼう}==というふうに=={立|た}ち{去|さ}ってしました。 > {彼|かれ}は{泥棒|どろぼう}==というふうに=={立|た}ち{去|さ}ってしました。
> He departed like a thief. > He departed like a thief.
## ふうに (NEW!) ## ふうに
Means "in the way of". Means "in the way of".
Used after words like こんな, そんな, あんな, どんな and verbs. Used after words like こんな, そんな, あんな, どんな and verbs.

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Thanks # Thanks
## せっかく (NEW!) ## せっかく
Means "with trouble", "thank you for the trouble", etc. Means "with trouble", "thank you for the trouble", etc.
Used at the beginning of a phrase. Used at the beginning of a phrase.
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Used at the beginning of a phrase.
> ==せっかく==ケーキを{持|も}てきてくれてありがとう。 > ==せっかく==ケーキを{持|も}てきてくれてありがとう。
> Thank you for bringing the cake. > Thank you for bringing the cake.
## 幸い・幸いなことに (NEW!) ## 幸い・幸いなことに
{幸|さいわ}い・{幸|さいわ}いなことに means "luckily", "fortunately". {幸|さいわ}い・{幸|さいわ}いなことに means "luckily", "fortunately".
Used at the beginning of a phrase. Used at the beginning of a phrase.

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@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Used by combining to a verb.
> 今ご{飯|はん}を作る==ところ==です。 > 今ご{飯|はん}を作る==ところ==です。
> I'm about to make dinner. > I'm about to make dinner.
## かと思ったら (NEW!) ## かと思ったら
かと{思|おも}ったら means "just when". かと{思|おも}ったら means "just when".
Can also be used as かと思うと and かと思えば. Can also be used as かと思うと and かと思えば.
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Used with a verb in the past (た) form.
> スーパーに{行|い}った==かと思ったら==、{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}り{出|だ}した。 > スーパーに{行|い}った==かと思ったら==、{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}り{出|だ}した。
> Just as I went to the supermarket, it started snowing. > Just as I went to the supermarket, it started snowing.
## か~ないかのうちに (NEW!) ## か~ないかのうちに
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<div class=""> <div class="">
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Used with a verb in the past (た) form.
> {彼|かれ}は{電車|でんしゃ}が{駅|えき}に{着|つ}く==か=={着|つ}かない==かのうちに=={走|はし}り{始|はじ}めた。 > {彼|かれ}は{電車|でんしゃ}が{駅|えき}に{着|つ}く==か=={着|つ}かない==かのうちに=={走|はし}り{始|はじ}めた。
> He started running as soon as the train arrived at the station. > He started running as soon as the train arrived at the station.
## 次第 (NEW!) ## 次第
{次第|しだい} means "as soon as". Made by removing the ます stem of a verb. {次第|しだい} means "as soon as". Made by removing the ます stem of a verb.
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ With に at the end, it means "gradually".
> {彼|かれ}は==次第に=={上手|じょうず}になってきた。 > {彼|かれ}は==次第に=={上手|じょうず}になってきた。
> He's gradually gotten better. > He's gradually gotten better.
## 直ちに (NEW!) ## 直ちに
{直|ただ}ちに means "immediately", "at once". {直|ただ}ちに means "immediately", "at once".
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ With に at the end, it means "gradually".
> ==直ちに=={出|で}かけなきゃ! > ==直ちに=={出|で}かけなきゃ!
> I need to get going right now! > I need to get going right now!
## ところに (NEW!) ## ところに
Means "at the time", "when", "while", "just as". Used with verbs in the ている form. Means "at the time", "when", "while", "just as". Used with verbs in the ている form.
Focuses on the scene or situation rather than the action. Focuses on the scene or situation rather than the action.
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Focuses on the scene or situation rather than the action.
> ばかばかしいことをしていた==ところに==、{先輩|せんぱい}{入|はい}りました。 > ばかばかしいことをしていた==ところに==、{先輩|せんぱい}{入|はい}りました。
> While I was doing something stupid, my senior came in. > While I was doing something stupid, my senior came in.
## 一気に (NEW!) ## 一気に
{一気|いっき}に means "at once", "all at once" and "instantly", "right away". {一気|いっき}に means "at once", "all at once" and "instantly", "right away".

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@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ Means "while", "at the same time". The difference with ながら is that here th
> スーパーに行く==ついでに==、おにぎりを{買|か}ってくれませんか。 > スーパーに行く==ついでに==、おにぎりを{買|か}ってくれませんか。
> While you're going to the supermarket, could you bring onigiri? > While you're going to the supermarket, could you bring onigiri?
## と同時に (NEW!) ## と同時に
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@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ Means "while". The nuance is that the time is optimal and should be taken advant
> {晴|は}れる==うちに=={散歩|さんぽ}しましょう。 > {晴|は}れる==うちに=={散歩|さんぽ}しましょう。
> Let's take a walk while the weather is nice. > Let's take a walk while the weather is nice.
## 限り (NEW!) ## 限り
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@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Used at the beginning of a phrase.
> ==ついに== {新|あたら}しい{地下鉄|ちかてつ}が{出来上|で|き|あ}がった。 > ==ついに== {新|あたら}しい{地下鉄|ちかてつ}が{出来上|で|き|あ}がった。
> At last, the new subway was completed. > At last, the new subway was completed.
## あげく (NEW!) ## あげく
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<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Means "in the end", "finally". Implies a negative result, despite effort given.
> {一緒|いっしょ}に{暮|く}らした==あげく==、{別|わか}れることに{決|き}めました。 > {一緒|いっしょ}に{暮|く}らした==あげく==、{別|わか}れることに{決|き}めました。
> After living together, we decided to break up. > After living together, we decided to break up.
## いよいよ (NEW!) ## いよいよ
Means "finally". Explains that something finally happened (after preparation, waiting, etc). Means "finally". Explains that something finally happened (after preparation, waiting, etc).
Used at the beginning of a phrase. Used at the beginning of a phrase.
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Used at the beginning of a phrase.
> ==いよいよ=={作|つく}り{終|お}わりました。 > ==いよいよ=={作|つく}り{終|お}わりました。
> I finally finished it. > I finally finished it.
## 末に (NEW!) ## 末に
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@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ The way the intervals are counted between these two grammar structure is differe
> 2日==おきに== =3日==ごとに== = every three days = every third day > 2日==おきに== =3日==ごとに== = every three days = every third day
> ●○○●○○●○○● > ●○○●○○●○○●
## につけ (NEW!) ## につけ
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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This means "suddenly", "unexpectedly", "unintentionally". Emphasis is on the lac
> ==ふと=={通|とお}りに1000円を{見|み}つけた。 > ==ふと=={通|とお}りに1000円を{見|み}つけた。
> I found 1000 yen on the street by chance. > I found 1000 yen on the street by chance.
## いきなり (NEW!) ## いきなり
Means "suddenly". Used before a phrase containing an action. It implies something that is more surprising than with 急に, puts more emotion into it. Means "suddenly". Used before a phrase containing an action. It implies something that is more surprising than with 急に, puts more emotion into it.

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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Means "through", "from... until". Indicates that something happens over a period
> {朝|あさ}==から=={夜|よる}==にかかて==ゲームしたい。 > {朝|あさ}==から=={夜|よる}==にかかて==ゲームしたい。
> I want to play games from morning to night. > I want to play games from morning to night.
## にわたって (NEW!) ## にわたって
Means "throughout", "over (a period)". It is formal. Means "throughout", "over (a period)". It is formal.
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.

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@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ Used with nouns measuring time.
> {年|ねん}==ぶりに==ブラジルを{戻|もど}ります。 > {年|ねん}==ぶりに==ブラジルを{戻|もど}ります。
> For the first time in 3 years, I'm returning to Brazil. > For the first time in 3 years, I'm returning to Brazil.
## に先立ち (NEW!) ## に先立ち
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<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ Also used as に先立つ when a second noun follows a first one.
> {面接|めんせつ}の==上で==、{連絡|れんらく}します。 > {面接|めんせつ}の==上で==、{連絡|れんらく}します。
> We will contact you after the interview. > We will contact you after the interview.
## にあたって (NEW!) ## にあたって
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<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ Used with verbs and nouns.
> {試験|しけん}を{受|う}ける==にあたって==、{鉛筆|えんぴつ}と{消|け}しゴムを{持|も}ってきてください。 > {試験|しけん}を{受|う}ける==にあたって==、{鉛筆|えんぴつ}と{消|け}しゴムを{持|も}ってきてください。
> Please bring a pencil and an eraser in preparation for the test. > Please bring a pencil and an eraser in preparation for the test.
## に際して (NEW!) ## に際して
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<div class="left"> <div class="left">
@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ Used with verbs and nouns.
> {試験|しけん}を{受|う}ける==に際して==、{静|しず}かにしてください。 > {試験|しけん}を{受|う}ける==に際して==、{静|しず}かにしてください。
> During the test, please be quiet. > During the test, please be quiet.
## とっくに (NEW!) ## とっくに
Means "long ago", "a long time ago". Means "long ago", "a long time ago".
@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ Means "long ago", "a long time ago".
> {彼女|かのじょ}は==とっくに=={帰|かえ}ってしまった。 > {彼女|かのじょ}は==とっくに=={帰|かえ}ってしまった。
> She went home long ago. > She went home long ago.
## やがて (NEW!) ## やがて
Means "before long", "eventually". Means "before long", "eventually".
@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ Means "before long", "eventually".
> ==やがて==この{新|あたら}しいゲームは{売|う}り{出|だ}すはずです。 > ==やがて==この{新|あたら}しいゲームは{売|う}り{出|だ}すはずです。
> This new game should be put on sale soon. > This new game should be put on sale soon.
## ところだった (NEW!) ## ところだった
Means "almost", "about to", "almost happened". Used with a verb (る) by adding ところだった. Means "almost", "about to", "almost happened". Used with a verb (る) by adding ところだった.

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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> この{建物|たてもの}は{南|みなみ}==向き==です。 > この{建物|たてもの}は{南|みなみ}==向き==です。
> This building is facing south. > This building is facing south.
## に向かって・に向けて (NEW!) ## に向かって・に向けて
に{向|む}かって means "to face", "towards". に{向|む}かって means "to face", "towards".

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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ It is a bit more formal than ないで. Used more often in written form than な
> 毎日食べ==ずに==出かける。 > 毎日食べ==ずに==出かける。
> Everyday, I go out without eating. > Everyday, I go out without eating.
## ずに済む・なくて済む (NEW!) ## ずに済む・なくて済む
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<div class=""> <div class="">
@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ It is a bit more formal than ないで. Used more often in written form than な
> {天才|てんさい}ので、彼は{勉強|べんきょう}==せずに済んだ=={合格|ごうかく}できました。 > {天才|てんさい}ので、彼は{勉強|べんきょう}==せずに済んだ=={合格|ごうかく}できました。
> He passed the exam without having to study, since he's a genius. > He passed the exam without having to study, since he's a genius.
## ことなく (NEW!) ## ことなく
Means "without doing". Implies that it is regretful that it happened. Means "without doing". Implies that it is regretful that it happened.
Used with a verb (dictionary form). Used with a verb (dictionary form).
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Used with a verb (dictionary form).
> {私|わたし}が{作|つく}ったケーキを{食|た}べる==ことなく=={友達|ともだち}は{帰|かえ}ってしまた。 > {私|わたし}が{作|つく}ったケーキを{食|た}べる==ことなく=={友達|ともだち}は{帰|かえ}ってしまた。
> My friend went home without eating the cake I made. > My friend went home without eating the cake I made.
## 抜きで・抜きにして (NEW!) ## 抜きで・抜きにして
{抜|ぬ}きにして・{抜|ぬ}きで means "without". {抜|ぬ}きにして・{抜|ぬ}きで means "without".
Used with nouns. Used with nouns.
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Used with nouns.
> {彼女|かのじょ}==抜きで==何もできない。 > {彼女|かのじょ}==抜きで==何もできない。
> I can't do anything without her. > I can't do anything without her.
## もかまわず (NEW!) ## もかまわず
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@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ When a sentence is negative, は is usually used instead of が and を.
> 肉==は==食べません。 > 肉==は==食べません。
> I don't eat meat. > I don't eat meat.
When used with a noun that is a number or an amount, it takes the meaning of "at least" or "around". Can be mixed with [[Amounts#くらい]]. When used with a noun that is a number or an amount, it takes the meaning of "at least" or "around". Can be mixed with [[Amounts#くらい・ぐらい]].
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> {毎週|まいしゅう}{回|かい}==は=={映画館|えいがかん}に行きます。 > {毎週|まいしゅう}{回|かい}==は=={映画館|えいがかん}に行きます。
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ It is also used for making a contrast.
In a noun modifying clause, は becomes が. In a noun modifying clause, は becomes が.
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> {彼|かれ}はラメんを{作|つく}。 > {彼|かれ}はラメんを{作|つく}った
> He made ramen. > He made ramen.
> >
> {彼|かれ}==が=={作|つく}ったラメんはおいしいです。 > {彼|かれ}==が=={作|つく}ったラメんはおいしいです。
@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ The first sentence would most likely be the answer to "where are you from?", whi
This particle is used for the target of the action of a verb. This particle is used for the target of the action of a verb.
> [!info] Examples > [!info] Examples
> ケーキ==を==る。 > ケーキ==を=={作|つく}る。
> I prepare a cake. > I prepare a cake.
## に ## に

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@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Means "until" or "to".
These two particles are frequently used together. It means "from X to Y". These two particles are frequently used together. It means "from X to Y".
> [!info] Example > [!info] Example
> {朝|あさ}に6時==から==7時==まで==電車で{通|かよ}うっています。 > {朝|あさ}に6時==から==7時==まで=={電車|でんしゃ}で{通|かよ}うっています。
> I commute by train from 6am to 7am. > I commute by train from 6am to 7am.
## っけ ## っけ
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Means "even", "not even" (with negative verbs).
⚠ With conditional verbs, it means "only". See [[State#さえ~ば]]. ⚠ With conditional verbs, it means "only". See [[State#さえ~ば]].
## にて (NEW!) ## にて
This particle is a formal version of [[🔰 Particles (1)#で]], and is used the same way. This particle is a formal version of [[🔰 Particles (1)#で]], and is used the same way.
@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ This particle is a formal version of [[🔰 Particles (1)#で]], and is used the
> {電話|でんわ}==にて=={連絡|れんらく}ください。 > {電話|でんわ}==にて=={連絡|れんらく}ください。
> Please contact us by phone. > Please contact us by phone.
## より (NEW!) ## より
It is a more formal form of から ([[#From, since]]). It is a more formal form of から ([[#From, since]]).