Added all N3 notions

🔰 Grammar/Observation - hearsay.md

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+# Observation: hearsay
+
+## んだって
+
+<div class="usage">
+<div class="left">
+	<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
+	<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
+	<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
+	<p><span class="box">N + な</span></p>
+</div>
+	<p class="right">+ んだって・んですって</p>
+</div>
+
+Used to quote something that you heard in a casual conversation.
+Similar in the quotation sense to [[Description#って・って言う・と言う|って]], but here the nuance is that the information is new or unexpected.
+
+> [!info] Example
+> ワールドカップでアルゼンチンが{勝|か}した==んだって==!
+> Argentina won the world cup! (you just saw it on TV but you were doing something else and are surprised)
+
+## と聞いた
+
+Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
+Mostly used formally.
+
+> [!info] Example
+> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
+> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).
+
+## と言われている
+
+Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
+For nouns, だ is placed before.
+Mostly used formally.
+
+> [!info] Example
+> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
+> They say the curry of this restaurant is good.
+
+## そうだ
+
+<div class="usage">
+<div class="left">
+	<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
+	<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
+	<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
+	<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
+</div>
+	<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
+</div>
+
+Means "I heard that".
+Do not confuse with [[Observation - looking like#そうだ]] (no stem modification).
+It is casual.
+
+> [!info] Examples
+> テストは{難|むず}しいだ==そうだ==。
+> The exam is said to be difficult.
+
+## ということだ
+
+It is used for hearsay. Has a nuance of being sure of the validity.
+Can also be used for a meaning close to "this means".
+More formal than そうだ.
+Can be used as ==ということだ== or ==とのことだ==. A more casual version is ==ってことだ==.
+
+> [!info] Examples
+> {専門家|せん|もん|か}によると、{今年|ことし}の{夏|なつ}は{最高|さいこう}{暑|あつ}くなる==ということです==。
+> According to the experts, this summer will be the hottest ever.
+
+## Summing up
+
+* ==んだって== used for quotation, similar to って, when the information is new.
+* ==と聞いた== is used for something for something you heard from an identifiable speaker. Is mostly formal.
+* ==と言われている== is used for something for something you heard from an unspecified speaker. Is mostly formal.
+* ==そうだ== is used for hearsay and is casual.
+* ==ということだ== is used for hearsay, when the validity of the information is certain. More formal than そうだ.
+
+## によると・によれば
+ 
+Means "according to".
+Used with nouns. With verbs, ところ is added before.
+
+> [!info] Examples
+> {天気予報|てんきよほう}==によると=={今日|きょう}は{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}るようだ。
+> According to the weather forecast, it's supposed to snow today.