88 lines
3.1 KiB
Markdown
88 lines
3.1 KiB
Markdown
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# Observation: hearsay
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## んだって
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + な</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + な</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ んだって・んですって</p>
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</div>
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Used to quote something that you heard in a casual conversation.
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Similar in the quotation sense to [[Description#って・って言う・と言う|って]], but here the nuance is that the information is new or unexpected.
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> [!info] Example
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> ワールドカップでアルゼンチンが{勝|か}した==んだって==!
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> Argentina won the world cup! (you just saw it on TV but you were doing something else and are surprised)
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## と聞いた
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Used for something you heard by someone identifiable: for example, you were told by someone.
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Mostly used formally.
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> [!info] Example
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> 彼はバカ==と聞いた==。
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> They say he's an idiot (I've heard that he's an idiot).
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## と言われている
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Used when you heard something, but not from someone specifically identifiable: general knowledge, a rumour, etc.
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For nouns, だ is placed before.
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Mostly used formally.
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> [!info] Example
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> このレストランのカレーはおいしいだ==と言われています==。
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> They say the curry of this restaurant is good.
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## そうだ
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<div class="usage">
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<div class="left">
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<p><span class="box">V (casual)</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">い-Adj</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">な-Adj + だ</span></p>
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<p><span class="box">N + だ</span></p>
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</div>
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<p class="right">+ そうだ</p>
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</div>
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Means "I heard that".
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Do not confuse with [[Observation - looking like#そうだ]] (no stem modification).
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It is casual.
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> [!info] Examples
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> テストは{難|むず}しいだ==そうだ==。
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> The exam is said to be difficult.
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## ということだ
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It is used for hearsay. Has a nuance of being sure of the validity.
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Can also be used for a meaning close to "this means".
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More formal than そうだ.
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Can be used as ==ということだ== or ==とのことだ==. A more casual version is ==ってことだ==.
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> [!info] Examples
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> {専門家|せん|もん|か}によると、{今年|ことし}の{夏|なつ}は{最高|さいこう}{暑|あつ}くなる==ということです==。
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> According to the experts, this summer will be the hottest ever.
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## Summing up
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* ==んだって== used for quotation, similar to って, when the information is new.
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* ==と聞いた== is used for something for something you heard from an identifiable speaker. Is mostly formal.
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* ==と言われている== is used for something for something you heard from an unspecified speaker. Is mostly formal.
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* ==そうだ== is used for hearsay and is casual.
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* ==ということだ== is used for hearsay, when the validity of the information is certain. More formal than そうだ.
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## によると・によれば
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Means "according to".
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Used with nouns. With verbs, ところ is added before.
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> [!info] Examples
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> {天気予報|てんきよほう}==によると=={今日|きょう}は{雪|ゆき}が{降|ふ}るようだ。
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> According to the weather forecast, it's supposed to snow today.
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